TABLE OF CONTENS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Objectives
2
1.3 Scope of Work
2
1.4 Project Flow Chart
3
1.5 Organisation of Thesis
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1 Introduction
5
2.2 Case Study by Zia Emin and Yu Kwong Tong:
5
Ferroresonance Experience in UK: Simulation and
Measurement
2.2.1 Objective
5
2.2.2 Voltage Transformer
6
2.2.2.1 Comparison Field Measurement and Simulation
7
Result
2.2.3 Single Phase Traction Supply Transformer
2.2.3.1 Comparison Field Measurement and Simulation
8
9
Result
2.2.4 Conclusion
9
2.3 Case Study by YK Tong: NGC Experience on Ferroresonance 10
In Power Transformer and Voltage on HV Transmission
System
2.3.1 Introduction
10
2.3.2 Power Transformers
10
2.3.3 Voltage Transformer
11
2.3.4 Measurement to Predict or Prevent Ferroresonance
11
2.4 Case Study by David A.N. Jacobson: Example of
12
Ferroresonance in High Voltage Power System
2.4.1 Objective
12
2.4.2 Wound Potential Transformer-Circuit Breaker
12
Grading Capacitor
2.4.2.1 Description of Disturbance
12
2.4.2.2 Simulation Result
13
2.4.2.3 Mitigation Options
13
2.4.3 Transformer – Circuit Breaker Grading Capacitor
2.4
14
2.4.3.1 Description of Disturbance
14
2.4.3.2 Simulation Result
14
2.4.3.3 Mitigation Options
15
2.4.4 Open Delta Potential Transformer
15
2.4.4.1 Description of Disturbance
16
2.4.4.2 Simulation Result
16
2.4.4.3 Mitigation Options
2.4.5 Conclusion
17
17
Summary
17
3
FERRORESONANCE
19
3.1 Basic of Ferroresonance
19
3.2 Main Characteristic
22
3.2.1 Sensitivity to System Parameter Value
22
3.2.2 Sensitivity to Initial Condition
24
3.3 Classification of Ferroresonance Mode
4
5
25
3.3.1 Fundamental Mode
25
3.3.2 Sub harmonic Mode
3.3.3 Quasi Periodic Mode
25
26
3.3.4 Chaotic Mode
26
3.4 Power System Ferroresonance
28
3.5 Symptoms of Ferroresonance
28
3.5.1 Audible Noise
29
3.5.2 Overheating
29
3.5.3 Arrestor and Surge Protector Failure
29
3.5.4 Flicker
30
3.5.5 Cable Switching
30
METHDOLOGY
32
4.1
System Modeling
32
4.2
ATP-EMTP Simulation
32
4.3
Selected model and Validation
33
4.4
Resistor and Capacitor Model
34
4.5
Overhead Transmission Lines
34
4.6
Transformer Model
34
4.6.1 Nonlinear and frequency Dependent Parameter
36
4.6.1.1 Modelling of Iron Core
36
4.6.1.2 Modelling of Eddy Currents Effects
37
SIMULATION: 400kV DOUBLE CIRCUIT
38
CONFIGURATION
5.1
Introduction
38
5.2
Simulation Procedures
38
5.3
Circuit Description
39
5.4
Simulation Model
40
5.4.1 Typical Overhead Line Spacing for 400kV
42
5.4.2 BCTRAN Transformer Model
44
5.4.3 Non-linear Inductance
47
5.4.4 Resistor and Capacitor Model
48
5.5
Result of Simulation for 400kV Double Circuit
48
5.6
Simulation by Changing the Magnetization Characteristic
51
5.6.1 Simulation Model
51
5.6.2 Simulation Result
56
5.7
6
5.6.2.1 Simulation Result for Curve 1
56
5.6.2.2 Simulation Result for Curve 2
58
5.6.2.3 Simulation Result for Curve 3
59
5.6.2.4 Simulation Result for Curve 4
60
Mitigation Technique
62
5.7.1 Simulation Model
64
5.7.2 Simulation Result
64
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
70
6.1
Conclusion
70
6.2
Recommendation
71
REFERENCES
72
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
5.1
Transformer Characteristic
44
5.2
Transformer Short Circuit Factory Data
45
5.3
Transformer Magnetizing Characteristic
47
5.4
Simulation Result for 400kV Double Circuit Configuration
49
5.5
Transformer Magnetizing Characteristic – Curve 1
52
5.6
Transformer Magnetizing Characteristic – Curve 2
53
5.7
Transformer Magnetizing Characteristic – Curve 3
53
5.8
Transformer Magnetizing Characteristic – Curve 4
54
5.9
The Effect of Using the Saturation -Curve 1
57
5.10
The Effect of Using the Saturation -Curve 2
58
5.11
The Effect of Using the Saturation -Curve 3
59
5.12
The Effect of Using the Saturation -Curve 4
61
5.13
The Effect of Adding Resistor on Secondary Side
65
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Project Flow Chart
4
2.1
Single Line Diagram of Voltage Transformer
6
2.2
Reduced Equivalent Ferroresonance Circuit
6
2.3
Measurement Output Voltage
7
2.4
Digital Simulation Output Voltage
8
2.5
Single Line Diagram of Traction Supply Transformer
8
2.6
Measurement Output Volatge
9
2.7
Digital Simulation Output Voltage
9
2.8
Single Line Diagram of Wound Power Transformer Circuit
13
2.9
A Single Diagram of Main Circuit
Component
14
2.10
A Single Diagram of Station Service Transformer
14
2.11
The Output Voltage Waveform of Bus Voltage
15
2.12
Typical Station
16
2.13
Example of Output Voltage
16
3.1
Resonance in RLC Circuit
20
3.2
Magnetization Curve
21
3.3
Basic Series Ferroresonance Circuit Parameter
22
3.4
Sensitivity to the System Parameter and Jump
23
Phenomenon
3.5
Sensitivity Initial Condition
24
3.6
Diagrams Illustrating the Fundamental Mode
25
of Ferroresonance
3.7
Diagrams Illustrating the Subharmonic Mode of
26
Ferroresonance
3.8
Diagrams Illustrating the Quasi Periodic Mode of
26
Ferroresonance
3.9
Diagrams Illustrating the Chaotic Mode of Ferroresonance
27
5.1
A Single Line Diagram of the Brinsworth/Thorpe Marsh
40
Circuit
5.2
Equivalent Circuit of Power Transformer
41
5.3
Line/Cable Dialog Box
43
5.4
Line Configuration
44
5.5
BCTRAN Dialog Box
46
5.6
The Saturation Curve for Nonlinear Inductor
48
5.7
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal–R Phase
49
5.8
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal–Y Phase
49
5.9
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal– B Phase
50
5.10
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal - R Phase
50
5.11
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal- Y Phase
50
5.12
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal- B Phase
51
5.13
Variation of Magnetization Curve
52
5.14
The Saturation Curve 1
54
5.15
The Saturation Curve 2
55
5.16
The Saturation Curve 3
55
5.17
The Saturation Curve 4
56
5.18
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal–R Phase
57
5.19
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal –R Phase
57
5.20
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal –R Phase
58
5.21
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal–R Phase
59
5.22
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal –R Phase
60
5.23
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal –R Phase
60
5.24
The Output Voltage Waveform at TR1 Terminal – R Phase
61
5.25
The Output Current Waveform at TR1 Terminal –R Phase
61
5.26
Simulated Power Transformer Circuit by Adding Loading
63
Resistor at Secondary Side
5.27
The Output Voltage Waveform by Adding R=1k Ohm
65
Resistance – R Phase
5.28
The Output Voltage Waveform by Adding R=1k Ohm
66
Resistance – Y Phase
5.29
The Output Voltage Waveform by Adding R=1k Ohm
66
Resistance – B Phase
5.30
The Output Current Waveform by Adding R=1k Ohm
66
Resistance – R Phase
5.31
The Output Current Waveform by Adding R=1k Ohm
67
Resistance – Y Phase
5.32
The Output Current Waveform by Adding R=1k Ohm
67
Resistance – B Phase
5.33
The Output Voltage Waveform by Adding R= 30k Ohm
67
Resistance – R Phase
5.34
The Output Voltage Waveform by Adding R= 30k Ohm
68
Resistance – Y Phase
5.35
The Output Voltage Waveform by Adding R= 30k Ohm
68
Resistance – B Phase
5.36
The Output Current Waveform by Adding R= 30k Ohm
68
Resistance – R Phase
5.37
The Output Current Waveform by Adding R= 30k Ohm
69
Resistance – Y Phase
5.38
The Output Current Waveform by Adding R= 30k Ohm
Resistance – B Phase
69
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DC
-
Direct Current
AC
-
Alternating Current
ATP
-
Alternative Transient Program
EMTP
-
Electro Magnetic Transient Program
PT
-
Potential Transformer
GB
-
Grading Bank
HV
-
High Voltage
LV
-
Low Voltage
LIST OF SYMBOLS
XL
-
Inductance reactance
XC
-
Inductance capacitance
C
-
Capacitance
L
-
Inductance
C
-
Capacitive
R
-
Resistance
VL
-
Load Voltage
E
-
Voltage source
f
-
Frequency
w
-
Frequency
Z
-
Impedance