vii
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Development of wireless technology
2
1.3
Problem statement
4
1.4
Objective
5
1.5
Scope of Project
5
1.6
Project methodology
6
1.6.1 Suite Survey and Topographical Map Building
6
viii
1.6.2
1.7
2
Data Collection of Terrain and Buildings
7
1.6.3 VPL Simulation.
8
1.6.4
8
Real time measurements
Organization of the Thesis
10
PROPAGATION AND CHANNEL MODELING
11
2.1
Introduction
11
2.2
Free Space Propagation
12
2.3
Basic Propagation Mechanisms
14
2.3.1
Reflection
15
2.3.1.1 Reflection from Dielectrics
15
2.3.1.2 Brewster Angle
16
2.3.1.3 Reflection from Perfect Conductors
17
2.3.1.4 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
17
2.3.1.5 Diffraction
19
2.3.1.6 Fresnel Zone Geometry
19
2.3.1.7 Scattering
21
2.4
Multipath Fading
21
2.5
Importance of Propagation Prediction
23
2.5.1
Challenges to the Propagation Modeling
24
2.5.2
Empirical, Theoretical, and Site-Specific Models
25
2.5.2.1 Okumura Model and Hata Model
26
2.5.2.2 Over-Rooftop Models
27
2.6
Ray Tracing Models
28
2.6.1
Shooting-and-Bouncing ray (SBR) launching algorithm 28
2.6.2
Image Method and Hybrid Method
30
2.6.3
Acceleration of Ray-Tracing Algorithms
31
2.6.4
Accuracy of Ray-Tracing
34
2.6.5
Conclusion
34
ix
3
4
Broad Band Channel Characteristics
35
3.1
Wireless LAN and IEEE 802.11a/g
35
3.2
Broadband Radio Channel Characteristics
37
3.2.1
Envelope Fading
38
3.2.2
Time Dispersive Channel
38
3.2.3
Frequency Dispersive Channel
40
3.2.4
Summary
41
RAY TRACING PROPAGATION PREDICTION
42
4.1
Introduction
42
4.2
Site Survey
43
4.3
Introduction to VPL Tool
43
4.4
Algorithm of Simulation Software
44
4.5
Data for Simulation
46
4.5.1
Building Database
46
4.5.2
Receiver Database
47
4.5.3
Terrain Elevation Database
47
4.5.4 Antenna Radiation Pattern Database
48
4.6
Simulation Command Input
50
4.7
Output of the Prediction Tool
50
4.7.1
Power and Delay Spread Output
52
4.7.2
Impulse Response Output
52
4.7.3
Ray Path Information Output
53
4.8
Result Visualization
55
4.9
Summary
57
x
5
TEST BED OF WIRELESS CAMPUS
58
5.1
Introduction
58
5.2
Setting up the MikroTik RouterOSTM …
.60
5.2.1 Logging into the MikroTik Router
61
5.2.2 Adding Software Packages
62
5.2.3
62
5.3
6
7
Software Licensing Issues
Navigating Terminal Console
62
5.3.1 Web Browser and WinBox Console
63
5.4
Configuration of MikroTik PC Router
64
5.5.
DHCP Client and Server
65
5.6
Summary
66
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
67
6.1
Overview
67
6.2
Measurement Result
67
6.3
VPL Result and Analysis
69
6.4
Comparison between Prediction and Measurement Result
73
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
75
7.1
Conclusion
75
7.2
Future Work
76
REFERENCES
Appendices A – C
77
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
802.11a/g modem parameters
36
4.1
Command Input Simulation
51
6.1
signal strength in different data rates
68
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Boundary Limits
7
1.2
Flow chart of the methodology
9
2.1
Propagation mechanisms
14
2.2
Reflection coefficient between two dielectric
16
2.3
Two-ray ground reflection model
17
2.4
Fresnel zones
20
2.5
Ray launching procedure
28
2.6
Ray cone and ray tube
29
2.7
Illustration of image method
30
2.8
Schematic illustration of the ray-launching procedure in the VPL
33
3.1
Maximum emission in the UNII band
36
3.2
A time dispersive (frequency-selective) channel
39
3.3
A frequency dispersive (time selective) channel
40
4.1
Flow Chart of VPL Program
45
4.2
Terrain visualization
49
4.3
Receiver visualization
49
4.4
Radiation pattern in polar-logarithmic
49
4.5
Power and delay Spread Output
53
4.6
Impulse Response Output
54
4.7
Ray Path Information Output
54
4.8
VPL Output Visualization Using Math lap
55
4.9
Ray visualization in(Y, X, Z) Coordinates from front Angle
56
xiii
4.10
Ray visualization in(X, Y, Z) Coordinates from side Angle
56
5.1
Wireless campus test bed system.
58
5.2
Download and installation process of MikroTik RouterOSTM
60
5.3
WinBox Console
64
5.4
Network Setting for MikroTik PC Router
64
5.5
Setting of MikroTik PC router in WinBox
65
5.6
Network of the test bed of wireless campus
66
6.1
Measurement result
69
6.2
Prediction result
70
6.3
Ray visualization
71
6.4
Prediction result impulse response output
72
6.5
Prediction result delay spread output
72
6.6
Result Ray Path
73
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
CAD
-
computer aided design
UNII
-
unlicensed-national information infrastructure
BW
-
Band width
Rms
-
Root mean square
QoS
-
Quality of service
QAM
-
Quadrate amplitude modulation
QPSK
-
Quadrate phase shift keying
BPSK
-
Binary phase shift keying
mW
-
mili Watt
PHY
-
physical
GTD
-
Geometrical theory of Diffraction
UTD
-
Uniform theory of Diffraction
FDTD
-
Finite difference time domain
2-D
-
Two Dimension
3-D
-
Three Dimension
LOS
-
Line of sight
DEM
-
Digital Elevation Model
PC’S
-
Computers
AO
-
Paper size
IP
-
Internet Protocol
MIMO
-
Multiple input multiple outputs
CDMA
-
Code division multiple access
W-CDMA
-
Wideband CDMA
IMT
-
International Mobile Telecommunications
xv
4G
-
fourth-generation wireless communications
PDC
-
Personal Digital Cellular
3G
-
The third generations of wireless communications
2G
-
the second-generation digital cellular systems
GSM
-
Global System for Mobile Communications
AMPS
-
Advanced Mobile Phone System
NMT
-
Nordic Mobile Telephone
FM
-
Frequency Modulation
RF
-
Radio Frequency
WLAN
-
wireless local area networks
FCC
-
Federal Communication Commission
IEEE
-
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
VPL
-
Vertical Plane Launch
LOS
-
Line of sight
OFDM
-
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
DSSS
-
Direct sequence spread spectrum
Pt
-
Transmitting power
Pr
-
Receiving power
-
Transmitter antenna gain
-
Receiver antenna gain
-
Effective aperture of antenna
λ
-
Wavelength
C
-
Velocity of light
dB
-
Decibels
θ
-
Incidence angle
f
-
Frequency
ht
-
High of receiver antenna
hr
-
High of transmitter antenna
d1
-
Distance from transmitter to obstacle
d2
-
Distance from transmitter to obstacle
τ
-
Delay spread
xvi
L
-
Path loss
D
-
Distance
τn
-
Arrival time