Minnesota Physicians
Facts and Data 2008
The Office of Rural Health and Primary Care asks physicians to answer questions about their
employment status and the nature of their practices each year when they renew their licenses.
Response to the survey is voluntary and does not affect license renewal.
NUMBERS OF PHYSICIANS
Minnesota had 18,797 licensed physicians in mid-2008. Some of these were retired or not working
as doctors, and some were practicing in other states.
Based on survey responses and licensing data from the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice, the
Office of Rural Health and Primary Care estimates approximately 14,250 physicians were
practicing at least part time at Minnesota practice sites in mid-2008. Using the July 1, 2008,
population estimate for Minnesota, 14,250 physicians equates to 269 active physicians per
100,000 people.
The American Medical Association reported Minnesota had 13,541 patient-care physicians per
100,000 population in 2007, or 261 per 100,000 population, compared to 239 nationally.
The following data is for physicians who reported working in a paid or unpaid position at a
primary practice site in Minnesota in 2007. The data excludes most residents in graduate medical
education programs because they are not required to renew licenses annually.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Statewide
Metropolitan counties*
Micropolitan counties
Rural
2008 Population
5,287,926
3,965,678
669,993
652,305
% Population
100.0%
75.0%
12.7%
12.3%
% Physicians
100.0%
87.7%
7.8%
4.5%
As of November 2008, Blue Earth and Nicollet counties are classified as metropolitan.
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Physicians’ primary practice sites are disproportionately in metropolitan
area counties.
The 46 most rural counties have 12 percent of the state’s population, but only about
5 percent of the state’s practicing physicians. Estimates for previous years
place the rural share at about 8 percent; it is not known if the decline is real or due
to sampling error.
More than one in three (36 percent) physicians report a principal practice site in
Hennepin County. Olmstead County accounts for 15 percent and Ramsey County
12 percent.
SEX OF PHYSICIANS BY AGE AND LOCATION, 2007
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Page 2
Only 32 percent of all
physicians are women,
but women account for
55 percent of
physicians under age
35, and 43 percent of
physicians 35 to 44.
Males dominant older
age brackets; most of
the physicians
approaching retirement
age are male.
Female physicians are
somewhat more
common in metropolitan counties, but the gender mix of metropolitan counties is
not a great deal different than for micropolitan and rural areas.
Ninety percent of female physicians practice in metropolitan counties, compared to
87 percent of male physicians.
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Geographic Distribution of Active Physicians by Sex
Male
86.9%
Metropolitan
8.3%
Micropolitan
4.8%
Rural
AGE
All Physicians
By age
Under 35
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
By location
Metropolitan
Micropolitan
Rural
Female
89.7%
6.6%
3.7%
Respondents
7,069*
% MALE
67.8%
% FEMALE
32.2%
522
2,044
2,303
1,678
522
45.2%
56.8%
68.2%
80.2%
92.7%
54.8%
43.2%
31.8%
19.8%
7.3%
6,202
550
317
67.1%
72.7%
73.2%
32.9%
27.3%
26.8%
*Includes only active Minnesota physician respondents for whom gender is known.
AGE OF PHYSICIANS BY GENDER AND LOCATION
The median age of physicians active in Minnesota in 2008 was 49, the same as a year
earlier. Because of the long training period for physicians, few are under age 35.
Physicians by Age, 2008
32.6%
35%
28.9%
30%
23.7%
25%
20%
15%
10%
7.4%
7.4%
5%
0%
< 35
Page 3
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
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Thirty-one percent of physicians are 55 or older.
Female physicians are younger than their male counterparts. The median age of
active female physicians is 44, compared to 51 for males.
Fifty-two percent of active female physicians are under age 45; 71 percent of male
physicians are 45 or older.
Physicians practicing in the state’s 46 most rural counties are somewhat older than
physicians in metropolitan or micropolitan counties. Thirty-five percent of rural
physicians are 55 or older, compared to 31 percent of micropolitan and
metropolitan area physicians.
Age Distribution of Active Physicians by Geography and Sex
Age Group
Median age
Less than 35
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Total
Statewide
n = 7,069
Metropolitan
n = 6,202
Micropolitan
n = 550
Rural
n = 317
respondents
respondents
respondents
respondents
48.9
7.4%
28.9%
32.6%
23.7%
7.4%
100.0%
48.8 49.7 50.3 51.2 44.1
7.5%
7.1%
6.3%
29.3%
26.7%
24.9%
32.4%
33.5%
33.7%
23.4%
26.2%
25.6%
7.4%
6.5%
9.5%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Males
Females
4.9%
24.2%
32.7%
28.1%
10.1%
12.6%
38.9%
32.2%
14.6%
1.7%
EDUCATION
Ninety-two percent of physicians
active in Minnesota hold M.D.
(Medical Doctor) degrees. Three
percent hold D.O. (Doctor of
Osteopathy). The other 5 percent
hold a variety of M.B. (Bachelor of
Medicine) degrees from other
countries with medical education
styled in the British model.
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
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Doctors of Osteopath are somewhat more common in rural areas. Eight percent of
rural physicians are D.O.s, compared to only 3 percent in metropolitan counties.
D.O. degrees are more common among younger physicians. The age pattern for
M.B.s is less clear.
Physicians with Medical Degree from Minnesota School
43%
All active physicians
45%
Females
41%
Males
42%
Metropolitan
46%
Micropolitan
48%
Rural
Percentage of Physicians by Type of Degree
M.D.
92%
All Physicians
93%
Male Physicians
91%
Female Physicians
93%
Metropolitan
89%
Micropolitan
88%
Rural
87%
Under 35 yrs.
90%
35-44
93%
45-54 yrs.
96%
55-64 yrs.
94%
65 or more yrs.
D.O.
3%
3%
4%
3%
8%
8%
6%
4%
4%
2%
1%
M.B.
5%
4%
5%
4%
3%
4%
7%
6%
3%
2%
5%
Forty-two percent of active Minnesota physicians received their medical degree from a
Minnesota medical school. The proportion of Minnesota-trained physicians varies little by
sex or age. Physicians working in rural or micropolitan areas are somewhat more likely to
have received their medical degrees from a Minnesota institution.
YEARS OF CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
More than three-quarters of physicians practicing in Minnesota report more than five years
clinical experience (beyond medical school and residency). This reflects recent growth in
the number of young physicians. However, more than one-in-five report more than 25
years of clinical experience.
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
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Nearly a third (31.4 percent) of female physicians had five or fewer years of
experience, reflecting recent growth in the number of women entering the
profession.
Twenty-seven percent of male physicians had more than 25 years experience,
compared to only 9 percent of females.
Rural physicians are slightly more experienced than micropolitan or metropolitan
area physicians. Twenty-four percent of rural physicians reported more than 25
years of clinical experience.
Years of Clinical Experience, by physician age and practice location
All Physicians Females
Male
Metropolitan
Micropolitan
31.4%
18.7%
23.1%
18.8%
22.8%
0-5 yrs.
16.3%
21.7%
13.7%
16.6%
13.9%
6-10 yrs.
13.5%
16.4%
12.1%
13.2%
15.7%
11-15 yrs.
13.6%
13.3%
13.8%
13.5%
15.9%
16-20 yrs.
9.4%
14.2%
12.6%
13.1%
12.7%
21-25 yrs.
10.4%
5.7%
12.7%
10.4%
10.9%
26-30 yrs.
10.7%
2.1%
14.8%
10.6%
11.7%
30+ yrs.
Rural
20.5%
14.8%
15.5%
12.0%
13.6%
11.0%
12.6%
PRACTICE PLANS
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Page 6
Overall, 19 percent of physicians active in 2008 said they expected to stop
practicing within five years. More than 40 percent expect to leave the profession
within 10 years.
Not all physicians nearing retirement age expect to leave their practices by age 65.
Thirty-one percent of physicians age 55 to 64 said they plan to work five years or
less, but 27 percent said they expect to practice at least 10 more years.
Perhaps surprisingly, 10 percent of physicians over 65 said they expect to work at
least another 10 years.
Seventy-five percent of those expecting to leave medical practice within five years
are male.
More than one fourth of rural physicians said they expect to leave within five years,
compared to less than one fifth of all physicians.
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Physicians Expected Years of Work, 2008
Females
Males
0%
15%
20%
22%
65%
24%
20%
40%
54%
60%
80%
100%
Practice Plans by age, sex and location
Additional years planning to work as a physician
Less than 5
6-10
More than 10
Age < 35
Age 35-44
Age 45-54
Age 55-64
Age 65+
Male
Female
Metropolitan
Micropolitan
Rural
All Physicians
26%
10%
6%
31%
69%
22%
15%
19%
21%
26%
19%
6%
11%
22%
43%
21%
24%
20%
23%
22%
22%
22%
68%
79%
72%
26%
10%
54%
65%
58%
57%
52%
59%
Hours worked
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Page 7
More than half of active physicians report working 45 to 60 hours per week, and
another 12 percent worked more than 60 hours. Nonetheless, more than one in six
physicians reported working 36 hours or less.
Age makes little difference in hours worked until after age 65. More than a third of
senior physicians work 45 hours or more.
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Total work hours by age
Reported
work
< 35 yrs
week
mean
49.1
1-8 hours
.2%
9-20 hours
1.2%
21-36 hrs
10.7%
37-44 hrs
24.4%
45-60 hrs
53.2%
61+ hrs
10.3%
Age
35-44
45-54
49.4 50.5 48.7 36.3
.4%
.8%
1.0%
2.4% 2.3% 3.1%
11.6%
9.4%
10.7%
22.6% 19.2% 19.4% 16.1% 20.4%
50.1% 54.4% 55.6% 31.3% 51.7%
12.9% 13.9% 10.2%
Average hours worked per week
Minnesota physicians, 2008
50
40
30
20
10
0
55-59
55-64
60-64
65-69
70+
65+
All Ages
7.9%
1.2%
21.9%
3.9%
16.8% 11.0%
6.0%
11.8%
A closer look at the relationship
between age and work hours shows
that, among those physicians who
continue to work into their 60s,
work hours do not drop off much
until age 65. Physicians 60-64 still
work an average of 47 hours per
week. Average hours drop to 42 in
the 65-69 age group, and then fall
sharply to 29 hours among
physicians 70 and older.
Age
Female physicians work fewer hours than male physicians.
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Page 8
Twenty-five percent of female physicians said they worked 36 hours or less per
week, compared to only 12 percent of males.
Seventy percent of male physicians said they worked 45 hours or more per week,
compared to only 51 percent of females.
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Physician average hours worked per week, 2008
60
50
50.3
45.1
40
30
20
10
0
Males
Females
Female physicians are much more likely to be young, so the difference between males and
females could reflect a tendency for younger physicians to work shorter hours than older
physicians. However, the tendency of females to work shorter hours than males holds even
among younger physicians
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Twenty-three percent of females physicians under age 40 reported working 36
hours or less per week, compared to only 6 percent of male physicians in the same
age bracket.
Seventy-two percent of male physicians under age 40 reported working 45 hours or
more per week, compared to only 53 percent of female physicians.
Total work hours by sex
Females
45.1
mean
.9%
1-8 hours
4.8%
9-20 hours
19.5%
21-36 hours
24.1%
36-44 hours
41.7%
45-60 hours
9.0%
> 60 hours
Page 9
Males
50.3
1.3%
3.4%
6.8%
18.7%
56.6%
13.2%
Work hours of physicians under 40
Females
Males
n = 687
Mean
1-8 hours
9-20 hours
21-36 hours
36-44 hours
45-60 hours
> 60 hours
45.5 yrs
.5%
3.7%
18.8%
24.2%
45.1%
7.7%
n = 737
52.7 yrs
.1%
.8%
4.5%
22.7%
56.0%
15.9%
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
RACE AND ETHNICITY
With the exception of Asians and Pacific Islanders, minorities remain underrepresented in
Minnesota’s physician workforce. Eighty-eight percent of actively practicing physicians
are White. Asian and Pacific Islanders account for 7 percent. Two percent identified
themselves in a race other than
White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander
or American Indian/Alaska Native.
About a fourth of these reported an
identity that fits within the
Asian/Pacific Islander category,
bringing the Asian/Pacific Islander
Racial identities reported by active physicians
N = 2,786*
Percent
88.1%
White
2.0%
Black
7.1%
Asian or Pacific Islander
.2%
American Indian/Alaska Native
2.0%
Other
.6%
Mixed race
* only about 40 percent of respondents answered this question.
total to about 8 percent.
Only 1 percent of respondents said they were of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin.
TYPES OF PRACTICE SITE
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Page 10
More than 60 percent of physicians said their primary practice site was a provider
office or clinic. One-third said
their primary practice site was a
hospital or emergency room.
Physicians in micropolitan and
rural counties are less likely than
metropolitan area physicians to
be based in hospitals and more
likely than metropolitan
physicians to work in provider
offices and clinics.
Nearly a fourth (24 percent) of
physicians in metropolitan area
counties have their primary
practice sites in teaching hospitals.
Teaching hospitals are
concentrated in the Twin Cities and Rochester.
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Type of Site
Respondents
Office/Clinic
Teaching Hospitals
Other Hospitals
Emergency Rooms
Other*
All physicians
6,535
60.5%
20.8%
8.9%
3.3%
6.5%
Metropolitan Micropolitan
5,712
523
58.2% 75.0% 78.7%
23.6%
1.9%
8.3%
14.9%
3.0% 5.2% 6.3%
6.9% 3.0% 4.0%
Rural
300
2.0%
9.0%
*“Other” includes laboratories, medical schools, nursing homes, hospices, treatment facilities and other kinds
of workplaces.
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Female physicians are more likely than male physicians to have a primary practice
site in a physician office or clinic. Sixty-six percent of women practice in offices or
clinics, compared 58 percent of men.
Male physicians are more likely than female physicians to practice in hospitals or
emergency rooms. Thirty-five percent of men practice in hospital settings,
compared to 28 percent of women.
Respondents
Office/Clinic
Teaching Hospitals
Other Hospitals
Emergency Rooms
Other
Total
Male
4,417
58.1%
21.6%
10.2%
3.6%
6.5%
100.0%
Female
2,118
65.5%
19.2%
6.2%
2.5%
6.6%
100.0%
The tendency for females to be more likely to work in clinics than hospitals holds up in
both metropolitan and micropolitan areas. In rural areas, males and females are nearly as
likely to work in clinic settings.
Percentages of physicians working in clinics and hospitals by geography and sex
Metropolitan
Micropolitan
Rural
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
37.5%
29.4% 25.2% 13.4% 16.9% 18.9%
Hospital*
55.5%
63.8% 72.7% 81.0% 78.2% 80.0%
Clinic
7.0%
6.8% 2.1% 5.6% 4.9% 1.1%
Other
*including emergency rooms
Page 11
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
WORK RESPONSIBILITIES
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Most of physicians’ work time is devoted to outpatient care. Nearly half (49
percent) of active physicians said they spend at least 80 percent of their time at their
primary practice site in outpatient care. One-in-five (21 percent) of physicians said
outpatient care accounted for all their time at their primary work site. These
statistics reflect the fact that most physicians have a primary practice site in a
physician office or clinic.
Twenty-nine percent of physicians devote at least 20 percent of their primary work
site time to inpatient care. This reflects the percentage of physicians that report a
primary work site in a hospital setting.
Relatively small numbers of physicians report spending a significant portion of
their time on administration, teaching or research.
Physicians reporting work time devoted to patient care and other activities
Percent of time devoted to each kind of work
Kind of work
no time
1-19% 20-39%
40-59%
60-79% 80-99%
50%
21%
12%
7%
4%
3%
Inpatient care
19%
4%
7%
9%
11%
28%
Outpatient care
86%
12%
2%
*
*
*
Rounds
70%
21%
5%
2%
*
1%
Administration
72%
23%
4%
1%
*
*
Teaching
86%
8%
3%
1%
1%
*
Research
96%
1%
1%
1%
*
*
Other activities
*less than .5 percent of reporting physicians/Percentages may add to less than 100% due to rounding
Full time
3%
21%
*
1%
*
*
1%
SPECIALTIES
Applicants for Minnesota physician licensure must have completed at least one year of
graduate medical education program. These programs lead to certification by national
boards in a wide variety of specialties. Physician specialties are broadly categorized into
primary care and non-primary care. Primary care includes family medicine, general internal
medicine and pediatrics. Sometimes obstetrics-gynecology is also considered a primary
care specialty.
If obstetrics-gynecology is included, about 50 percent of physicians actively practicing in
Minnesota are principally trained in a primary care specialty. Most of these probably work
in practices devoted to primary care, but training does not necessarily equate with type of
medical practice.
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Geography. Rural medicine is mainly primary care medicine – 83 percent of rural
physicians are trained in primary care. More than half – 53 percent – of physicians in
metropolitan areas are trained in non-primary care specialties.
Sex. Females constitute more than half of all pediatricians and obstetrician/gynecologists,
but less than 20 percent of anesthesiologists and surgeons. Thirty-six percent of family
medicine specialists are female.
Age. More than half of surgeons, psychiatrists and obstetricians/gynecologists are older
than 50. Pediatricians and general internal medicine practitioners are among the youngest
physicians. The median age of family medicine specialists is 48.
Young physicians are more likely to have their principal training in primary care
specialties. Twenty-seven percent of physicians under age 45 are trained as family
medicine specialists, compared to only 23 percent of all physicians.
Physician Specialties by Geography, 2008
Primary care,
83.5%
Rural
Primary care,
66.0%
Micropolitan
Metropolitan
0%
Non-primary care,
16.5%
Primary care,
47.3%
20%
Non-primary care,
34.0%
Non-primary care,
52.7%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Physician Specialties by Sex and Geography
Primary Care Non-primary Care
50.3%
49.7%
All physicians
44.7%
55.3%
Males
61.9%
38.1%
Females
47.3%
52.7%
Metropolitan counties
66.0%
34.0%
Micropolitan counties
83.5%
16.5%
Rural counties
Page 13
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Female share of Physician Workforce, Selected Specialties
% Female
58.6%
Pediatrics
54.4%
Obstetrics and gynecology
36.3%
Family medicine
34.6%
Psychiatry
32.7%
General internal medicine
23.6%
Internal medicine subspecialties
20.6%
Radiology
15.9%
Anesthesiology
12.2%
urgery
Geographic Distribution of Physicians, Selected Specialties
% Metropolitan % Micropolitan
Internal medicine subspecialties
97.6%
2.0%
Anesthesiology
94.3%
5.3%
Radiology
94.1%
4.9%
Pediatrics
93.7%
5.6%
Psychiatry
92.7%
7.0%
General internal medicine
92.0%
6.0%
Surgery
88.3%
8.3%
Obstetrics and gynecology
88.1%
10.4%
Family medicine
73.2%
13.8% 13.0%
% Rural
.4%
.4%
1.0%
.7%
.3%
2.0%
3.4%
1.5%
Median Age of Physicians by Selected Specialties
Surgery
Psychiatry
Obstetrics and gynecology
Anesthesiology
Internal medicine subspecialties
Family medicine
Radiology
General internal medicine
Pediatrics
Median age
51.3
50.8
50.1
49.7
49.2
48.3
47.7
46.8
46.3
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Obstetrics. Fifteen percent of physicians actively practicing in Minnesota reported they
practice either prenatal or delivery obstetrics. Thirteen percent deliver babies and 14
percent provide prenatal care.
Physicians delivering
babies by specialty, 2008
Of those physicians who deliver babies,
only 21 percent report spending half or
more of their time in obstetrics practice.
Only about 22 percent of physicians who
deliver babies have obstetrics/gynecology
as their principal specialty. Two-thirds of
OBGYN specialists who deliver babies
devote half or more of their practice time
to delivery. Family practice specialists
account for about 58 percent of physicians delivering babies. OBGYN specialists account
for about 24 percent.
While many family practice physicians deliver babies, deliveries usually account for a
small amount of their work time. Ninety-five percent of family practice physicians who
deliver babies spend less than one-third of their practice time in deliveries. Sixty-four
percent spend less than 10 percent of their time in deliveries.
Family practice physicians also account for 60 percent of physicians providing prenatal
care; OBGYN specialists account for 23 percent.
Family medicine physicians played an even more important role in rural areas, where
family medicine specialists accounted for 94 percent of physicians delivering babies, and
96 percent of physicians providing prenatal care. Among physicians delivering babies,
family medicine specialists outnumbered OB/GYN specialists more than 10 to one.
The data does not reflect the role of certified nurse midwives or other
non-physician practitioners.
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
Pediatrics. Forty-seven percent of actively practicing physicians provide pediatric
services. Only 15 percent of these claim pediatrics or a pediatrics subspecialty as their
principle practice specialty. Thirty-nine percent of those providing pediatric service are
family medicine specialists. Many other specialists – including internal medicine
specialists, orthopedic surgeons, emergency medicine physicians and anesthesiologists –
account for the other physicians who provide pediatric services.
Pediatricians play a much smaller role in rural areas. Seventy-six percent of physicians
providing pediatric services in rural counties are family medicine specialists.
The vast majority (95 percent) of pediatrics specialists and subspecialists practice in
metropolitan area counties. But even in metropolitan counties, family medicine specialists
account for a third of all physicians providing pediatric services.
Physicians providing pediatric
services by specialty, 2008
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
METHODOLOGY
Data reported here is from responses received from physicians renewing their licenses
during 2008. License renewals come due by birth date. For this reason, answers to survey
questions are not from a single point in time, but over a 12-month period.
The Minnesota Board of Medical Practice processed about 17,650 license renewal
applications in 2008. This estimate is based on the following data:
18,265 active licenses in 2007
+ 1,156 newly issued licenses
-18,797 active licenses in
2008624 non-renewed licenses
18,265 active licenses in 2007
- 624 non-renewals
17,641 license renewals
Data on age, gender, degree, specialization and work site location is collected by the Board
during the licensing process. The ORHPC survey collects additional data on work hours,
type of practice site, and work activity.
The 2008 survey produced usable data on 11,109 physicians, giving a response rate of
about 63 percent. The survey produced information on work status for 11,056 of these.
Work site location information was available from the Board of Medical Practice for
7,322 physicians.
Both work site and work status information was available for 7,293 respondents. Of these,
7,069 said they were working as a physician in a paid position at a principal work site in
Minnesota. These 7,069 physicians are 63.6 percent of the usable responses.
The exact number of physicians actually practicing in Minnesota is not known. Minnesota
had 18,797 licensed physicians in mid-2008. If 64 percent of all licensed physicians were
Page 17
Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009
actively practicing at a Minnesota work site, the total number of physicians working at
least part time in Minnesota in 2008 would have been about 12,030. This number is low
because the file used for analysis is missing work site information for many physicians.
Using 2007 survey data, ORHPC estimated about 13,700 physicians were working at least
part time in Minnesota. Applying the same methodology to physicians licensed as of July
1, 2008, produced an estimate of about 14,250 physicians working at Minnesota sites. By
comparison, the American Medical Association master file included information on 14,300
active Minnesota physicians in 2007; of these, 13,531 were classified as patient care
physicians.1
Geographic Definitions. For 2008, data is reported for three groupings that focuses
greater attention on the 46 most rural counties:
MSA counties – 23 Minnesota counties included in eight metropolitan statistical
areas (Minneapolis-St. Paul, Mankato, St. Cloud, Rochester, Duluth-Superior,
Fargo, Grand Forks and La Crosse)
Micropolitan counties – 18 counties surrounding smaller urban centers of at least
10,000 people
Rural – 46 counties outside MSAs and Micropolitan areas.
Data users should be aware that other data sources may use different definitions. For
example, some researchers define “rural” to include all counties outside the original sevencounty Twin Cities metropolitan area. Others consider all counties outside metropolitan
statistical areas to be rural.
1
American Medical Association, Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S., 2009 Edition.
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Minnesota Physician Facts and Data—October 2009