Matakuliah
: D0194 / Perancangan Sistem Kerja & Ergonomi
Pertemuan 11
1
Shiftwork, defined as working other than daytime
hours, is becoming an ever-increasing problem
for industry.
The problem with shiftwork is the stress on
circadian rhythms, which are the roughly 24 hours
variations in bodily functions in human (as well as
other organisms).
It could be assumed that night workers would
adapt to night work because of the change in
work patterns
( Sumber : Niebel& Freivalds, ( 2003 )
2
There are many ways to organize shiftwork.
Typically, a three-system has an early shift from
8 am to 4 pm, a late-afternoon shift from 4 pm to
12 pm, and night shift from 12 pm to 8 am.
However, in many companies, the night shift is
mainly a maintenance shift with limited production.
In that case, a full crew is not needed, and it may
be simpler to rotate only the early and lateafternoon shifts, and operate a smaller, fixed night
shift, which can be staffed primarily by volunteers
who can better adapt to that shift
( Sumber : Niebel& Freivalds, ( 2003 )
3
Scheduling overtime on a regular basis cannot be
recommended. However, overtime may be necessary for
transient short periods, to maintain production or alleviate
temporary labor shortages.
In such cases, the following guidelines should be followed :
1. Avoid overtime for heavy manual work
2. Reevaluate machine-paced work for appropriate rest
periods or lowered rates.
3. For continuous or long periods of overtime, rotate the
work among several workers, or examine alternate shift
systems.
4. In choosing between extending a series of work days by
one or two hours versus extending the work week by one
day, most workers will opt for the former, to avoid losing a
weekend day with the family.
( Sumber : Niebel& Freivalds, ( 2003 )
4
Most injuries are the result of accidents caused by
unsafe condition, an unsafe act, or combination of
the two.
The unsafe condition is related to the physical
environment, which involves the equipment used
and all of the physical conditions surrounding the
workplace.
For example, hazards can stem from lack of
guarding or inadequate guarding for the equipment,
the location of machines, the condition of storage
areas, or the condition of the building
( Sumber : Niebel& Freivalds, ( 2003 )
5
Color and the danger signs should be used
throughout, to identify hazardous
conditions.
Companies should furnish protective
equipment to employees. Such equipment
would include goggles, face shields,
helmets, aprons, jackets, trousers,
leggings, gloves, shoes, and respiratory
equipment.
( Sumber : Niebel& Freivalds, ( 2003 )
6
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was
passed by Congress ‘to assure so far as possible every
working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful
working conditions and to preserve our human resources’.
Under the act, the OSHA was created to :
1. Encourage employers and employees to reduces
workplace hazards and to implement new or improve
existing safety and health programs.
2. Establish ‘separate but dependent responsibilities and
rights’ for employers and employees for the
achievement of better safety and health conditions.
( Sumber : Niebel& Freivalds, ( 2003 )
7
3. Maintain a reporting and recordkeeping system to
monitor job-related injuries and illnesses.
4. Develop mandatory job safety and health standards
and enforce them effectively.
5. Provide for development, analysis, evaluation, and
approval of state occupational safety and health
programs.
Furthermore, the act brings out that it is the employers
responsibility to become familiar with standards
applicable to their establishments and to ensure that
employees have and use personal protective gear and
equipment to safety
8