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Table 1 Project Chronology
Date
Description
Sept 86
Project start
May 87
Initial architecture studies reported
Aug 88
Implementation started
Dec 90
Layout complete
Jun 91
First silicon
Jan 92
Second pass silicon
May 93
Evaluation reported
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the 1993 ISCA-20 paper.
This research was supported by the Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-85ER25001
and by the National Science Foundation under Grants
No. US NSF-MIP-8410110 and NSF-MIP-89-20891, an
NSF PYI grant NSF-CCR-89-57310, and support from
several industrial affiliates including Alliant, IBM, AT&T,
DEC, and CDC.
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1. A limited pointer directory maintains pointers to a
fixed number of cached copies of data. A limited
broadcast directory divides the processors into sets,
and maintains a pointer to each set of processors,
sending broadcast invalidations to the entire set
when needed.
2. During the early Alewife days, the notion of shared
memory with weaker memory semantics had not yet
been formally defined. Therefore, we took sequentially consistent shared memory as a given. As discussed later, we chose to use context switching as a
way of tolerating latency. When the weaker models
began to appear in a sequence of path-breaking
papers from USC, Wisconsin, and Stanford, we were
faced with the choice of adopting a weaker model.
At this point, we decided to support the sequentially
consistent memory model since it did not require
compromising the shared memory programming
abstraction, and since our investigations revealed
that the performance of weak consistency was comparable to other forms of latency tolerance.
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6. Chaiken’s Master’s thesis discusses the thrashing
problems and one of our early solutions. Kubiatowicz’s PhD thesis elaborates on the window of vulnerability and the transaction buffer solution.
Kubiatowicz’s thesis also contains a nice discussion
of the chip design, implementation and test efforts,
and the futility of chip refabrication in a university.
7. Ken Mackenzie and others built the Fugu system a
few years later to explore the issues of protection
and virtual memory.
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91
CMMU spec
Sparcle nets run first program
gË È
Sparcle layout begins
92
CMMU nets execute "Hello World"
Sparcle chips return
93
CMMU base wafer tapeout
CMMU metal layout begins
May 4
CMMU chips (3) return
Alewife at 32 MHz (2 nodes) May 8
9 CMMU chips arrive
8−node Alewife runs Water May 17
10 CMMU chips arrive
June 17
16−node Alewife runs
40 CMMU chips arrive
70 assembled boards
~Nov 4
32−node Alewife
~Nov 8
94
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9. Bianchini and Lim evaluated context switching on
Alewife and published their findings in the August
1996 issue of JPDC. They conclude that “prefetching is preferable over multithreading for machines
with low remote access latencies and/or applications
with poor locality and consequently short runlengths. The performance of both techniques is comparable for applications with high remote access
latencies and/or good locality.” They also argue that
context switching has added value in microkernel
environments.
8. One might be tempted to speculate that many of
these applications were developed for DASH or Alewife, both cache-based machines, and therefore
coded in a cache-friendly style.
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