vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction to Metamaterial
1
1.2 Objective of the Project
3
1.3
Scope of the Project
3
1.4
Summary
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
5
Brief Theory
2.1.1 Negative Index Refraction
8
2.1.2 Refraction and Snell’s Law
9
2.2 Single-Ring SRR and Double-Ring SRR
14
viii
3
2.3
Different Metamaterial Structure
17
2.4
Metamaterial as Antenna Substrate to Enhance Directivity
21
2.5
Summary
31
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
32
3.1 Methodology Overview
32
3.2
33
3.3 Calculation of the Metamaterial Design Structure
36
3.4
Calculation of Patch Antenna
38
3.5
Simulation of the Metamaterial Unit Cell
40
3.6
Simulation of the Metamaterial Array
42
3.7
Simulation of the Patch Antenna
44
3.8
Simulation of the Patch Antenna with Metamaterial
3.9
…..4
Metamaterial Structure
Structure
44
Summary
45
SIMULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS
46
4.1 Metamaterial Unit Cell’s Dimension Variation
46
4.2 LHM/ Negative Index Medium Properties of the
Metamaterial Unit Cell
49
4.3 LHM/ Negative Index Medium Properties of
the Metamaterial 2x3 Array
4.4
4.5
5
53
S parameter of the Patch Antenna with and without
the Metamaterial Structure
55
Summary
57
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
58
REFERENCES
60
APPENDIX A -
65
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Comparison among different metamaterial structure
21
4.1
Effect of dimension variations on the frequency region
47
4.2
Summary Relation of Unit Cell Dimension and
Frequency Response
48
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
2.1
Electromagnetic waves
2.2
Permittivity, ε - permeability,μ and refractive index (n)
PAGE
6
diagram
7
2.3
Wave incident on a positive index material
8
2.4
Wave incident on a negative index material
9
2.5
The angle of incidence of the prism
11
2.6
Conventional material – the wave refracted towards the
surface normal
2.7
11
Left-handed material – the wave refracted away from the
surface normal
12
2.8
Refracted rays in conventional material
12
2.9
Refracted rays in Left-handed material
13
2.10
Single-ring SRRs
14
2.11
Transmission versus Frequency for single-ring SRRs
15
2.12
Magnetic permeability for the single-ring SRRs
15
2.13
Single-ring and Double-ring SRRs
16
2.14
Transmission versus Frequency for double-ring and its isolated
outer and inner rings
17
2.15
Different metamaterial structure
18
2.16
Retrieval results for 1-D Split-Ring structure
19
2.17
Retrieval results for Symmetrical-Ring structure
19
2.18
Retrieval results for Omega structure
20
2.19
Retrieval results for S structure
20
xi
2.20
Full size rod structure
22
2.21
Slab of metamaterial in a waveguide
23
2.22
One cell rod structure in a waveguide
23
2.23
Retrieval results for rod medium
24
2.24
Radiated power and normalized radiation from simulation
for rod
25
2.25
The structure of metamaterial cover with patch antenna
26
2.26
S11 of conventional type and metamaterial type patch
antenna
26
2.27
Radiation pattern under different distances of gaps
27
2.28
Radiation directivity of metamaterial-cover patch antenna
change with different distances between layers
27
2.29
Schemetic representation of the structure
29
2.30
Experimental and theoretical transmission of the slab of
metamaterial for a normal incidence.
30
2.31
Emission diagram of the antenna
30
3.1
Methodology Flow
33
3.2
SRR structure
34
3.3
Strip wire structure
35
3.4
Metamaterial structure
35
3.5
Square patch antenna structure
38
3.6
The boundary conditions & waveports for metamaterial
structure
41
3.7
The 2 x 3 array of metamaterial structure
43
3.8
Patch antenna structure
44
3.9
Patch antenna with metamaterial structure
45
4.1
Metamaterial unit cell
47
4.2
The magnitude of the simulated S parameters for unit cell
50
4.3
The phase of the simulated S parameters for unit cell
50
4.4
The retrieved index of the unit cell
51
4.5
The retrieved impedance of the unit cell
51
xii
4.6
The permittivity of the unit cell
52
4.7
The permeability of the unit cell
52
4.8 :
Field pattern of metamaterial structure (E field)
53
4.9
The magnitude and phase of the simulated S paramers for
2x3 array
54
4.10
The retrieved material parameters for 2x3 array
54
4.11
S11 parameter of the patch antenna
55
4.12
S11 parameter of the patch antenna with metamaterial structure
56
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HFSS
-
High Frequency Simulator System
LH
-
Left -Handed
LHM
-
Left-Handed Material
PEC
-
Perfect Electric Conductor
PMC
-
Perfect Magnetic Conductor
RHM
-
Right-Handed Material
SRR
-
Split Ring Resonator
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
-
antenna aperture
c
-
free space velocity of the light
D
-
aperture diameter
f
-
frequency
F
-
filling factor
g
-
gap
h
-
height
l
-
length
n
-
refractive index
s
-
separation
w
-
width
z
-
impedance
ε
-
permittivity
μ.
-
permeability
ω
-
resonance frequency
θ
-
angle
λ
-
wavelength