vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Project
2
1.2
Objective of the Project
3
1.3
Problem Statement
3
1.4
Scopes of Project
4
1.5
Organization of Thesis
6
viii
2
3
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER DIVIDERS
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
Microstrip Technology
8
2.3
Basic Properties of Power Divider
10
2.4
Wilkinson Power Divider
13
2.4.1
Introduction
13
2.4.2
Brief Basic Theory
14
2.5
Design of Modified Wilkinson Power Divider
17
2.6
Design Methodology
22
SOFTWARE USED
3.1
4
AWR Microwave Office
RESLUTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
Basic Conventional Wilkinson Power Divider
4.2
Tri Section Modified Wilkinson Power Divider with
Lumped Element
4.3
5
24
27
34
Tri Section Modified Wilkinson Power Divider with
R Segment in Cascade
45
4.4
Improving the Modified Wilkinson Power Divider
53
4.5
Summary
56
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS
5.1
Conclusion
57
5.2
Suggestions for Further Research
58
REFERENCES
59
APPENDIX
62
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Prototype values for conventional design.
27
4.2
Simulated data reading for conventional WPD.
33
4.3
Simulated results with varying L.
39
4.4
Simulated results with varying C.
42
4.5
Simulated results with varying L and C.
45
4.6
Performance comparisons between all WPD configurations.
56
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Antenna sectors of the ELINT System.
2
1.2
Land Mobile ELINT System.
2
1.3
Conventional 2-way WPD.
5
1.4
Dual-band WPD with open stub.
5
1.5
2 Way WPD with RLC.
6
2.1
Power division.
8
2.2
Cross sectional view of a microstrip line.
8
2.3
Electric field and magnetic field line in microstrip line.
9
2.4
Power divider developed by Wilkinson.
13
2.5
Schematic diagram of a Wilkinson power divider.
14
2.6
15
2.7
Symmetrical circuit for the even-odd mode analysis of
Wilkinson network
Simplified equivalent circuit for the even mode analysis .
2.8
Simplified equivalent circuit for the odd mode analysis .
16
2.9
Simplified equivalent circuit of the Wilkinson power divider.
16
2.10
18
2.11
Wilkinson power divider based on the transmission line
transformer structure .
Layout of a Tri Section Wilkinson Power Divider.
2.12
Simulated return losses responses of a Tri Section WPD.
21
2.13
Simulated isolation responses of a Tri Section WPD.
21
2.14
Simulated coupling responses of a Tri Section WPD.
22
2.15
Design Methodology.
23
3.1
An Example of AWR Microwave Office sheet.
25
15
20
xi
4.1
Basic Conventional WPD Circuit.
28
4.2
Simulated return loss of basic WPD at 0.9 GHz.
28
4.3
Simulated isolation of basic WPD at 0.9 GHz.
29
4.4
Simulated power division of basic WPD at 0.9 GHz.
29
4.5
Simulated return loss of basic WPD at 1.8 GHz.
30
4.6
Simulated isolation of basic WPD at 1.8 GHz.
30
4.7
Simulated power division of basic WPD at 1.8 GHz.
31
4.8
Simulated return loss of basic WPD at 2.7 GHz.
31
4.9
Simulated isolation of basic WPD at 2.7 GHz.
32
4.10
Simulated power division of basic WPD at 2.7 GHz.
32
4.11
The schematic layout for basic Tri Section Modified
WPD.
Simulated return loss of basic Tri Section Modified
WPD.
Simulated isolation of basic Tri Section Modified WPD.
34
Simulated power division of basic Tri Section Modified
WPD.
The schematic layout for Tri Section Modified WPD
with RL Element.
Simulated return loss of Tri Section Modified WPD
with RL Element.
Simulated isolation of Tri Section Modified WPD with
RL Element.
Simulated coupling or power division of Tri Section
Modified WPD with RL Element.
The schematic layout for Tri Section Modified WPD
with RC Element.
Simulated return loss of Tri Section Modified WPD
with RC Element.
Simulated isolation of Tri Section Modified WPD with
RC Element.
Simulated coupling or power division of Tri Section
Modified WPD with RC Element.
The schematic layout for Tri Section Modified WPD
with RLC Element.
36
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
35
35
37
37
38
38
40
40
41
41
43
xii
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
Simulated return loss of Tri Section Modified WPD
with RLC Element.
Simulated isolation of Tri Section Modified WPD with
RLC Element.
Simulated coupling or power division of Tri Section
Modified WPD with RLC Element.
The schematic layout for Tri Section Modified WPD
with 2nd Segment in Cascade.
Simulated return loss of Tri Section Modified WPD
with 2nd Segment in Cascade.
Simulated isolation of Tri Section Modified WPD with
2nd Segment in Cascade.
Simulated power division of Tri Section Modified WPD
with 2nd Segment in Cascade.
The schematic layout for Tri Section Modified WPD
with 1st Segment in Cascade.
Simulated return loss of Tri Section Modified WPD
with 1st Segment in Cascade.
Simulated isolation of Tri Section Modified WPD with
1st Segment in Cascade.
Simulated power division of Tri Section Modified WPD
with 1st Segment in Cascade.
The schematic layout for Tri Section Modified WPD
with Full Segment in Cascade.
Simulated return loss of Tri Section Modified WPD
with Full Segment in Cascade.
Simulated isolation of Tri Section Modified WPD with
Full Segment in Cascade.
Simulated power division of Tri Section Modified WPD
with Full Segment in Cascade.
The schematic layout for Final Design of Tri Section
Modified WPD with Full Segment in Cascade.
Simulated return loss for Final Design of Tri Section
Modified WPD with Full Segment in Cascade.
Simulated isolation for Final Design of Tri Section
Modified WPD with Full Segment in Cascade.
Simulated power division for Final Design of Tri
Section Modified WPD with Full Segment in Cascade.
43
44
44
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
54
54
55
55
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
h
-
Thickness of Substrate

r
-
Relative Permittivity
ε
e
-
Effective Permittivity
vp
-
Phase Velocity
α
-
Attenuation Constant
β
-
Phase Constant
t
-
Thickness of Conductor
R
-
Resistance
G
-
Conductance
L
-
Inductance
C
-
Capacitance
Z0
-
Characteristic Impedance
ZL
-
Load Impedance
Γ
-
Reflection Coefficient
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EW
Electronic Warfare
ELINT
Electronic Intelligence
WPD
Wilkinson Power Divider
MWO
Microwave Office
EM
Electromagnetic
BW
Bandwidth
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Simulation Result for Tri Section Modified WPD
PAGE
62