vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii.
DEDICATION
iii.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv.
ABSTRACT
v.
ABSTRAK
vi.
TABLES OF CONTENTS
vii.
LIST OF FIGURES
xi.
LIST OF TABLES
xiv.
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
xv.
LIST OF APPENDIX
xvi.
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Work
4
1.5
Thesis Organization
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Positioning System
7
2.2
Classification of Positioning Infrastructures
9
2.2.1
Integrated and Stand-Alone
Infrastructures
2.2.2
Network and Terminal-based Positioning
9
10
viii
2.2.3
Satellites, Cellular, and Indoor
Infrastructures
2.3
2.4
2.2.3.1 Satellite Infrastructures
11
2.2.3.2 Cellular Infrastructures
12
2.2.3.3 Indoor Infrastructures
13
Global Positioning System (GPS)
13
2.3.1
Space Segment
13
2.3.2
Control Segment
14
2.3.3
User Segment
15
Cell of Origin (COO) /Cell ID (CID)
2.4.1
Cell of Origin (COO) /Cell ID (CID)
Positioning Technique
2.4.1.1 Timing Measurements
TOA/TDOA
2.4.1.2 Angle of Arrival
2.4.1.3 Enhanced-Observed Time
Difference
2.5
2.6
3
17
18
18
19
20
Indoor Positioning System
21
2.5.1
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
21
2.5.1.1 Principles of WLAN Positioning
22
2.5.1.2 WLAN Fingerprinting
23
2.5.2
RFID Positioning
25
2.5.3
Infrared (IR) Based
26
2.5.4
Ultrasound-based Systems
28
Ekahau Positioning Engine
29
2.6.1
Positioning Engine Architecture
31
2.6.1.1 Hardware Components
31
2.6.1.2 Software Components
33
2.6.2
2.7
11
Positioning Method
Market segments of Location Based Services
SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
33
34
35
ix
3.1
Designing and Developing Real Time Equipment
Tracking System
3.2
Indoor WLAN positioning engine (Ekahau
Positioning Engine 3.)
39
3.3
Test-Bed selection
40
3.4
Hardware Specification and Setup
40
3.4.1
Wireless IEEE 802.11g Access. points
41
3.4.2
Mobile Station (Laptop)
43
3.4.3
Ekahau T101 Wi-Fi Tag
44
3.5
Ekahau Software Setup (both engine and client)
46
3.6
Ekahau site Calibration
48
3.7 Software Development Tools
50
3.7.1
Ekahau Software Development Kit 3.0
(SDK 3.0)
3.7.2
Selection of SDK™ Java API or Ekahau
YAX™
3.7.3 Understanding Location Estimates
3.7.4 Understanding the Logical Areas
3.8
3.7.5.1 Creating Logical Areas
Java and the Java Development Kit (JDK 1.4.2)
3.8.1
Mastering a Java Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)-JBuilder
3.8.1.1 JBuilder Workspace
3.9 Development of Equipment Tracking System userinterface Module
51
51
52
53
53
54
55
55
56
3.10
Development of Tracking Module
56
3.11
Trail Run of the System
57
3.12
WLAN Signal Strength (SS) Measurement
57
3.13
The Effect of Access Points and Calibration
Nodes on the Accuracy
4
35
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AND
DISCUSSION
58
59
4.1
Positioning System Program Requirement
59
4.2
Program Functionality
60
x
4.3
5
Program Implementation
PROPERTIES of WLAN-BASED INDOOR
LOCATION TRACKING SYSTEM
5.1
Properties WLAN Signal Strength
5.1.1
Properties of Signal Strength at Different
Time
5.1.2
Properties of Signal Strength at Different
Locations
5.2
5.3
Effects of Number of APs on the Accuracy
Effects of Number of Calibration Nodes on the
Accuracy.
6
61
64
64
65
66
70
71
CONCLUSION AND PROPOSED FUTURE
WORK
6.1
Conclusion
72
6.2
73
REFERENCES
APPENDICES A-E
Future Works
72
74
77-102
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Tree diagram of location-A ware Equipment tracking and
5
security system using WLAN indoor location tracking
system
2.1
Positioning Infrastructures
8
2.2
Classification scheme for Positioning Infrastructures
9
2.3
GPS Constellation
14
2.4
GPS Control stations
15
2.5
GPS Absolute Positioning
16
2.6
GPS Positioning Based on Time of Arrival Principles
16
2.7
Base Station Configurations in a Cellular Network
17
2.8
Cell-ID Methods
18
2.9
TOA/TDOA
19
2.10
Angle of Arrival
20
2.11
E-OTD
20
2.12
Modes for fingerprinting
24
2.13
ActiveBadge and WIPS
27
2.14
Ultrasound Infrastructure
29
3.1
Block Diagram of the System
36
3.2
System Design and Development Flowchart
37
3.3
EPE Concept
39
st
3.4
WCC 1 Floor layout
40
3.5
Dlink DWL-2000AP+ Wireless Router and Access point
42
xii
3.6
Toshiba Satellite M100 equipped with WLAN Card (Intel
44
PRO/Wireless 3945ABG)
3.7
Ekahau T101 Wi-Fi Tag
44
3.8
EPE Model Creating and Calibration Setup
48
3.9
Ekahau Manger Login Screen
48
3.10
Using the Measure tool for setting map scale and
49
conversion from pixels to meters
3.11
Calibration Phase; sample points are recorded while the
50
user rotates laptop at a full 360o
3.12
Assignments of Logical Areas
54
3.13
JBuilder workspace
55
3.14
Main window of the Program
56
3.15
A screenshot of NetStumbler Listing Available Access
57
Points
3.16
Ekahau Manager (Accuracy analysis)
58
4.1
Main Program Interface
61
4.2
Interface of Adding New Equipment
61
4.3
View the Available Equipments
62
4.4
Alert if the Equipment taken away from defined location
62
4.5
Interface of searching for specific Equipment
63
4.6
Ekahau Tracking View map
63
5.1
Measurement of the SS during non-busy Hours
65
5.2
Measurement of the SS during busy Hours
65
5.3
Floor 1 WCC, UTM with the locations of APs
66
5.4
RSS at location A
67
5.5
RSS at location B
67
5.6
RSS at location C
67
5.7
RSS at location D
68
5.8
RSS at location E
68
5.9
RSS at location F
68
5.10
RSS at location G
69
xiii
5.11
shows the overall result of RSS, at different locations
69
5.12
Effects of number of APs on the accuracy
70
5.13
Effects of number of APs on the Accuracy
71
5.14
Effects of number of Calibration nodes on the accuracy
71
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Overview of positioning methods
8
2.2
Overview of WLAN fingerprinting systems
25
2.3
3.1
location-based Application based on Market
segment
Components of Ekahau Positioning Engine
34
47
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AOA
-
Angle of Arrival
AP
-
Access Point
CID
-
Cell Identification
COO
-
Cell of Origin
EPE
-
Ekahau Positioning Engine
GPS
-
Global Positioning System
GSM
-
Global System
IEEE
-
Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
LAN
-
Local Area Network
RSS
-
Received Signal Strength
SS
-
Signal Strength
WCC
-
Wireless Communication centre
WLAN
-
Wireless Local Area Network
Wi-Fi
-
Wireless Fidelity
xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
EKAHAU SDK TESTER VIEWR
77
B
Signal Strength Measurement during Non-Busy Hours
92
and Non Busy Hours
C
Measurement of the RSS at different Location
94
D
Number of Access points(Accuracy analysis)
101
E
Number of Calibration Nodes (Accuracy analysis)
102