vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
CERTIFICATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.1.1 Wimax Spectrum allocation
2
1.2
Objectives
2
1.3
Scope of Work
3
1.4
Outline of Thesis
4
viii
2
3
WIMAX TECHNOLOGY & FIXED WIMAX
5
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
NLOS Technology Solution
6
2.2.1 OFDM
8
2.2.2 Sub Channelization
9
2.2.3 Antennas for Fixed Wireless Applications
11
2.2.4 Transmit and Receive Diversity
11
2.2.5 Adaptive Modulation
12
2.2.6 Error Correction Techniques
15
2.2.7 Power Control
15
2.3
The 802.16a standard
16
2.4
Why 3.5 GHz?
23
2.5
Summary
23
PROPAGATION PATH LOSS MODEL &
24
EXISTING CHANNEL MODEL
3.1
3.2
Introduction
24
3.1.1 Theoretical Models or stochastic models
25
3.1.2 Empirical Models
26
3.1.3
26
Physical Models or deterministic models
Propagation model used in the project
28
3.2.1 Overview
28
3.2.2 COST 231
29
3.2.3 Electronic Communication
3.3
Committee – Report 33 (ECC 33)
31
Stanford University Interim (SUI) model
33
3.3.1 Introduction
33
3.3.2 SUI parameter
35
ix
3.3
Verification of performance for SUI
38
channel in the existing 802.16a
3.3.1 Introduction
38
3.3.2 BER performance of SUI
3.4
4
5
channel ( for 3 taps)
39
3.3.2.1 Introduction
39
3.3.2.2 BER Performance
39
Summary
SIMULATION SPECIFICATION
44
4.1
Introduction
44
4.2
Design specification
45
4.3
Simulation results representation
47
4.4
Parameter set up in the channel model
61
4.5
Summary
62
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
63
5.1
Introduction
64
5.2
System performance results in term of
bit-error-rate (BER)
5.3
5.4
6
43
61
Analysis of results for all environments in
all channel model
82
Summary
88
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
89
6.1
Conclusion
89
6.2
Suggestion for future work
91
6.3
Wimax in Malaysia
92
x
REFERENCES
93 - 95
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
802.16a PHY Features
17
2.2
OFDM symbol parameters
18
3.1
Parameters for various terrain type
34
3.3
SUI model parameter1
35
3.4
SUI model parameter2
35
4.1
Parameter set up in the channel model
61
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
LOS Propagation
6
2.2
NLOS Propagation
8
2.3
Single Carrier and OFDM
10
2.4
Single carrier and OFDM received signal
11
2.5
The effect of sub-channelization
12
2.6
Relative cell radii for adaptive modulation
14
2.7
Simulator front panel of 802.16a physical layer
11
2.8
Simulator Block Diagram of 802.16a physical layer
12
3.1
The generic structure of SUI channel models
36
3.2
BER curves for AWGN
39
3.3
BER curves for QPSK under various channel condition
40
3.4
Comparison of channel estimation method on QPSK
modulation in SUI-3
41
xiii
3.5
Performance improvement for equalization and coding
for SUI-3
42
4.1
Front panel of the amended simulator of 802.16a
48
4.2
Block diagram of the amended simulator of 802.16a
49
4.3
Front panel of the OFDM in 802.16a simulator
50
4.4
Block diagram of the OFDM in 802.16a simulator
51
4.5
Front panel of the channel model in 802.16a simulator
52
4.6
Block diagram of the channel model in 802.16a simulator
53
4.7
Front panel of the Rician Fading in 802.16a simulator
54
4.8
Block diagram of the Rician Fading in 802.16a simulator
55
4.9
Front panel of the one tap processing in 802.16a simulator
56
4.10
Block diagram of the one tap processing in 802.16a simulator
57
4.11
Front panel of the AWGN in 802.16a simulator
58
4.12
Block diagram of the AWGN in 802.16a simulator
59
4.13
Front panel of the channel model in 802.16a simulator
60
5.1
SUI (CPE antenna height = 10 m, URBAN)
64
5.2
SUI (CPE antenna height = 10 m, SUBURBAN)
65
5.3
SUI (CPE antenna height = 10 m, RURAL)
66
xiv
5.4
SUI (CPE antenna height = 10m , ALL ENVIRONMENT)
5.5
SUI (CPE antenna height = 6 m, no Ch. Estimation, URBAN) 69
5.6
SUI (CPE antenna height = 6 m, URBAN)
70
5.7
SUI (CPE antenna height = 6 m, SUBURBAN)
72
5.8
SUI (CPE antenna height = 6 m, ALL ENVIRONMENT)
73
5.9
COST 231 (CPE antenna height = 10 m, URBAN)
75
5.10
COST 231
(CPE antenna height = 10 m, ALL ENVIRONMENT)
5.11
68
76
COST 231
(CPE antenna height = 6 m, ALL ENVIRONMENT)
77
5.12
ECC 33 (CPE antenna height = 10 m, ALL ENVIRONMENT) 79
5.13
ECC 33 (CPE antenna height = 6 m, ALL ENVIRONMENT)
5.14
SUI
(CPE antenna height = 6 m, QPSK, ALL ENVIRONMENT)
80
85
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BWA
-
Broadband Wireless Access
FWA
-
Fixed Wireless Access
WIMAX-
-
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
OFDM -
-
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
BER
-
Bit error rate
SUI
-
Stanford University Interim
ECC 33
-
Electronic Communication Committee Report 33
TDD
-
Time Division Multiplexing
FDD
-
Frequency Division Multiplexing
LAN
-
Local Area Network
LOS
-
Line of Sight
NLOS
-
Non Line of Sight
CPE
-
Customer Premise Equipment
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
f
-
frequency
d
-
distance
hb
-
Access Panel antenna height above ground level in
metres
nCOST
-
Path loss exponent for COST 231
λ
-
wavelength
γ
-
path-loss exponent of SUI