vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Problem statement
1
1.2
Objective of the Project
2
1.3
Scope of the Project
3
1.4
Thesis outline
7
LITERTURE RVIEW
8
2.1
Introduction
8
2.2
Transient Protection of Transmission Line
9
Using Wavelet Transform
2.3
Wavelet Transform In The Accurate
detection of high Impedance Arcing Faults In
High Voltage Transmission Lines
14
viii
3
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
20
3.1
Introduction
20
3.2
Rotor angle stability
21
3.2.1
Small-signal
22
3.2.2
Transient stability
24
3.3
Voltage stability and voltage collapse
24
3.4
Mid-term and long-term stability
25
3.5
Block Model
25
3.5.1 Classical Model
26
3.5.2
Detail model with out control
26
3.5.3
Detail Model of the excitation control
26
3.6
Basic concepts in applying PSS
27
3.7
Types of input signals which used in
30
power system stabilizer (PSS)
3.8
Control signal
30
3.9
Structure and Tuning of PSS
32
3.9.1 Washout circuit
33
3.9.2
Dynamic compensator
33
3.9.3
Torsional filter
35
3.9.4
Limiter
35
3.10
Wavelet Transforms
36
3.10.1 Short-Time Fourier analysis
38
3.10.2 The ability of the Wavelet Transforms
39
3.10.3 Easy steps to continuous Wavelet
41
Transform
3.10.4 The suitable selecting for the
43
Wavelet algorithms
3.10.4.1
Haar Wavelet algorithms
3.10.4.1.1
3.10.4.2
Limitation of the Haar
The Daubechies Wavelet
45
45
46
Transforms
3.10.4.3
Comparison between Haar
47
and Daubechies
3.11
Neural Networks
48
ix
4
3.11.1 Generalized Regression Neural Networks
48
3.11.2 Probabilistic Neural Networks(PNN)
49
3.11.2.1
The Problem with PNN
50
3.11.2.2
The Solution Weighted PNN
51
METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT
53
4.1
Methodology of the Project
53
4.2
Test the system
55
4.2.1
Run the Base Program
55
4.2.2
Run the Wavelet Program
55
4.3
Fault Detection
56
4.4
Fault Classification
57
4.5
Using GRNN As Fault Classifier
58
and Detector
4.6
Using PNN As Fault Classifier
58
and Detector
5
RESULTS
60
5.1
Introduction
60
5.2
Test the system
61
5.2.1
Run the Base Program
61
5.2.2
Run the Wavelet Program
63
5.3
Result and Discussion
67
5.4.
Fault Classification
71
5.4.1
72
5.5
Using GRNN as a Fault Classifier
5.4.2 Using PNN as a Fault Classifier
72
Fault Location
73
5.5.1
73
Using GRNN as a Fault Detector
5.5.2 Using PNN as a Fault Detector
6
74
CONCLUSION AND FURTHER
76
6.1
77
Conclusion
x
6.2
Further Work
78
REFERENCES
79
APPENDIX A
82
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Comparison of speed of different wavelet
12
3.1
Comparison between Haar and Daubechies
47
5.1
The best features for db5-L5 analysis when
67
three phase fault occurs in generator 1.
5.2
The best features for Haar analysis when
67
three phase fault occurs. in generator 1.
5.3
The best features for db5-L5 analysis when
68
three phase fault occurs in generator 2.
5.4
The best features for Haar analysis when
68
three phase fault occurs in generator 2.
5.5
The best features for db5-L5 analysis when line to
69
line to ground fault occurs in generator 1.
5.6
The best features for Haar analysis when line to
69
line to ground fault occurs in generator 1.
5.7
The best features for db5-L5 analysis when line to
70
line to ground fault occurs. in generator 2.
5.8
The best features for Haar analysis when line to
71
line to ground fault occurs in generator 2.
5.9
Classification the Faults by using GRNN
72
5.10
5.11.
Classification the Faults by using PNN.
Using GRNN as a detection fault
73
74
4.12.
Using PNN as a detection fault
74
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Single Line Diagram of Two-Area system
4
1.2
Flow chart for the methodology of the project.
6
2.1
system configuration
10
2.2
The a-g fault current waveform
11
2.3
Detail coefficients for a-g fault signal
13
2.4
Flow chart for wavelet algorithm.
14
2.5
The 154 kV Korean transmission system studied
16
2.6
A typical fault current waveform at relaying point
16
2.7
The coefficient of d1 under ‘a’-earth HIF using DWT
17
2.8
A block diagram of the fault detection technique
18
3.1
Synthesis of accelerating power signal
31
3.2
Configuration of PSS Function
32
3.3
Block diagram of PSS
32
3.4
Washout circuit.
33
3.5
The mother wavelet
36
3.6
Wavelet analysis
37
3.7
Short-Time Fourier analysis
39
3.8
ability the Wavelet to perform local analysis
40
3.9
Difference between Fourier and Wavelet Coefficients
40
3.10
Steps of the Continuous Wavelet Transform
41
3.11
A comparison of the DWT and CWT
43
3.12
Difference between Haar and Daubechies
44
for the same Data
3.13
MATLAB GRNN Network Architecture
49
xiii
(FROM MATLAB)
3.14
PNN is not robust with respect to a define
50
Transformations of feature space. Originally
3.15
The principle axes of the affine transformation
51
4.1
Flow chart for the methodology of the project.
54
5.1
Single Line Diagram of Two-Area system.
60
5.2
The Generator Speed Deviation following a three phase
62
fault at 5% of Transmission line
5.3
The Generator Speed Deviation following a Line to Line
63
to Ground fault at 5% of transmission Line
5.4
The DWT of a Speed Deviation of Generator No1,
63
using db5 analysis
5.5
The DWT of a Speed Deviation of Generator No 1
64
as an out put of the ezd5_33 program.
5.6
The DWT of a Speed Deviation of Generator No1,
65
using Haar analysis
5.7
The DWT of a Speed Deviation of Generator No.1.
as an out put of the abd_33 program.
66
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PSS
-
Power System Stabilizer
PST
-
Power System Toolbox
AVR
-
Automatic Voltage Regulator
WT
-
Wavelet Transforms
MRA
-
Multi Resolution Analysis
GRNN
-
Generalized Regression Neural Networks.
PNN
-
Probabilistic Neural Networks
T.L
-
Transmission Line
F.T
-
Fourier Transform
CWT
-
Continuous Wavelet transform
DWT
-
Discrete Wavelet transform
ϕ
-
Mother Wavelet
δ
-
Smoothing Factor
FIR
-
Filter Implementation
HIF
-
High Impedance Faults
EMTP
-
Electromagnetic Transients Program
MVA
-
Mega Volt Amperes
CT
-
Current Transform
d
-
Detail Coefficient
a
-
Approximate Coefficient
FC
-
Fault Current
HVDC
-
High Voltage Direct Current
EMTP
-
Electro Magnetic Transients Program
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
MATLAB PROGRAM
82