Lattice Design Studies for the CERN Proton Driver
Accumulator and Compressor
B. Autin, C. Carli, M. Chanel, M. Giovannozzi, M. Martini, Ph. Royer
CERN PS Division, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
Abstract. The CERN baseline scenario for a Neutrino Factory comprises accumulation and compression of
the beam delivered by a 2.2 GeV kinetic energy H~ linac, to provide the time structure needed on the target.
Originally, accumulation and bunch compression in one single ring was envisaged. To limit the RF voltage
necessary for bunch rotation, quasi-isochronous lattices were studied. The low transition energy together with the
long circumference, either leads to large dispersion or necessitates the addition of bending magnets with negative
deflection angle. Several solutions for quasi-isochronous lattices were investigated. Finally, the quasi-isochronous
lattices were abandoned, and a solution has been chosen with two separate rings, one for accumulation and the
other for bunch-compression, and conventional lattices working far below transition.
INTRODUCTION
Basic Limitations For Isochronicity
For a Neutrino Factory, a proton beam with sufficient intensity has to be delivered onto a target with a time structure appropriate for ionisation cooling of the secondary
muon beam.
The CERN scenario [1] consists of acceleration in a
Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) [2], a 2.2 GeV kinetic energy H~ linac, followed by accumulation and
bunch compression for a total beam power of 4 MW. The
aim is to convert the long (about 2 ms) linac pulse into a
sequence of very short bunches with a spacing appropriate for the pion/muon cooling channel, and a total length
smaller than the muon decay ring.
The main difficulty [3, 4] encountered during the
search for quasi-isochronous lattices is to avoid an unacceptably large dispersion leading, in conjunction with
the large relative momentum spread during bunch compression, to large horizontal beam sizes.
This can be analysed by considering the standard expression for the momentum compaction factor:
QUASI-ISOCHRONOUS LATTICES
Originally, a solution consisting of one single ring for
accumulation and bunch compression has been envisaged [3].
At that time it was felt advantageous to work with a
very small momentum slip factor TJ, i.e. a machine close
to transition. Then, neglecting direct space charge forces
and potential deformations, modest RF voltages are sufficient to keep the beam bunched during the charge exchange injection and for the bunch rotation.
Furthermore, the circumference of the accumulator
ring should be large, in order to limit the number of foil
traversals during the charge exchange injection, but short
enough that the secondary muon beam fits into the decay
ring.
A ring of an appropriate circumference could be located in the existing Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR)
tunnel. Thus, lattices should have a geometry which fits
into this tunnel, i.e. with a mean radius of 150 m and a
width of about 15m.
: = ~ I ds
(1)
with C the machine circumference, D (s) and p (s) the dispersion and the curvature radius at the longitudinal location s respectively. In case of a quasi-isochronous lattice,
Ytr must be close to the relativistic y of the beam, which
is j = 3.45 in our case. Equation (1) can be rewritten, assuming a constant radius of curvature inside one bending
magnet (different magnets may have different curvature
radii)
« = ^I5,-^
(2)
with / an index running over all bending magnets, Dt
and Ot the average dispersion and the deflection angle
of the z-th magnet respectively. Requiring isochronicity and assuming only positive deflections, one can deduce a lower bound for the maximal average dispersion max^) > C/(27cyfc)9 in the case under discussion
max^) > 12.6 m. The only way to achieve the necessary small ytr, with the given long circumference and reasonable values of dispersion, is to combine dipoles with
both positive and negative deflection and, hopefully, positive and negative dispersion. These considerations are
the motivation for the lattices presented in the following.
CP642, High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams: 20th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on
High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams, edited by W. Chou, Y. Mori, D. Neuffer, and J.-F. Ostiguy
© 2002 American Institute of Physics 0-7354-0097-0/02/$ 19.00
160
describedinin
inthis
thissection
sectionisis
issimilar
similarto
tothat
that
The
Thelattice
latticedescribed
described
this
section
similar
to
that
EnergyAccumulator
AccumulatorRing
Ring(LEAR)
(LEAR)[5],
[5],in
in
ofofthe
theold
oldLow
LowEnergy
Energy
Accumulator
Ring
(LEAR)
[5],
in
focusingisis
ismainly
mainlyperformed
performedby
bydoublets
doublets
the
thesense
sensethat
thatfocusing
focusing
mainly
performed
by
doublets
bendingsection.
section.However,
However,one
onemore
more
eitherside
sideofofaabending
bending
section.
However,
one
more
ononeither
defocusingquadrupole
quadrupoleisis
isadded
addedatat
atthe
thecencenhorizontallydefocusing
defocusing
quadrupole
added
the
cenhorizontally
thebending
bendingsections.
sections.The
Thephase
phaseadvance
advancebetween
between
bending
sections.
The
phase
advance
between
tretreofofthe
centresofofbending
bendingsections
sectionsisissomewhat
somewhatlarger
largerthan
thanπnπas
as
sections
somewhat
larger
than
as
centres
led
negative
dispersion
at
the
in
LEAR.
Whereas
this
led
to
a
negative
dispersion
at
the
in LEAR. Whereas this led to a negative dispersion at the
negativeαa)
α) )inin
inLEAR,
LEAR,this
thisleads
leadsto
to
bendings(and
(andthus
thusaanegative
negative
LEAR,
this
leads
to
bendings
theappropriate
appropriatebehaviour
behaviour
the
dispersion
for
our
apbehaviourofof
ofthe
thedispersion
dispersionfor
forour
ourapapthe
plication,since
sincethe
thebending
bending
sections
have
alternatively
bendingsections
sectionshave
havealternatively
alternatively
plication,
positiveand
andnegative
negativedeflection
deflection
angle.
deflectionangle.
angle.
positive
Thegeometry
geometryand
andthe
the
lattice
functions
along
two
perithelattice
latticefunctions
functionsalong
alongtwo
twoperiperiThe
odsare
areshown
showninin
Fig.
The
total
positive
bending
angle
inFig.
Fig.1.1.
1.The
Thetotal
totalpositive
positivebending
bendingangle
angle
ods
4n,
thetotal
totalnegative
negative
bending
angle
(to
re4π, while
, whilethe
negativebending
bendingangle
angleisis
is22n
2ππ(to
(torereisis4π
storethe
thenecessary
necessary
overall
deflection).
The
maximal
overalldeflection).
deflection).The
Themaximal
maximal
necessary22n
2πoverall
π
store
dispersionisisreduced
reduced
about
m.
This
type
of
lattice
reducedtotoabout
about55m.
m.This
Thistype
typeof
oflattice
lattice
dispersion
leads
to
relatively
long
straight
sections
without
magnets,
relatively
long
straight
sections
without
magnets,
leads to relatively long straight sections without magnets,
leavingspace
spacefor
for
equipment.
forequipment.
equipment.
leaving
βH , βV and D (m)
βH , βV and D (m)
4040
3030
2020
1010
00
20
2020
40
4040
60
6060
s(m)
s (m)
s (m)
80
8080
100
100
100
120
120
120
FIGURE
Geometry
and
Twiss
functions
for
the
LEARFIGURE1.1.
1. Geometry
Geometryand
andTwiss
Twissfunctions
functionsfor
forthe
theLEARLEARFIGURE
like
isochronous
lattice
solid,
dashed,
and
dotβV dashed,
solid,βfiy
dashed,and
andDD
DHH dotdotlikeisochronous
isochronouslattice
lattice(β(fi
(βHHsolid,
like
H
V
H
dashed).
dashed).
dashed).
Modified
FODO
Lattice
ModifiedFODO
FODOLattice
Lattice
Modified
The
lattice
presented
this
section
similar
to
the
Thelattice
latticepresented
presentedinin
inthis
thissection
sectionisis
issimilar
similarto
tothe
the
The
one
described
above
in
the
sense
that
the
phase
advance
onedescribed
describedabove
aboveininthe
thesense
sensethat
thatthe
thephase
phaseadvance
advance
one
between
sections
with
positive
deflections
and
sections
betweensections
sectionswith
withpositive
positivedeflections
deflectionsand
andsections
sections
between
with
negative
deflections
is
somewhat
larger
than
n. The
with
negative
deflections
is
somewhat
larger
than
The
with
negative
deflections
is
somewhat
larger
than
ππ. .The
focusing
is
done
by
aa rather
regular
FODO
channel
with
focusing
is
done
by
rather
regular
FODO
channel
with
focusing
is done
by a rather
regularappropriate
FODO channel
with
the
bending
magnets
inserted
locations.
thebending
bendingmagnets
magnetsinserted
insertedatat
atappropriate
appropriatelocations.
locations.
the
Then,
the
gradients
the
quadrupoles
are
only
slightly
Then,the
thegradients
gradientsofof
ofthe
thequadrupoles
quadrupolesare
areonly
onlyslightly
slightly
Then,
readjusted
to
locate
the
transition
exactly
at
y
=
tr = 3.54.
3.54.
readjusted
to
locate
the
transition
exactly
at
γ
3.54.
readjusted
to locate
the transition
exactlythe
at γtotal
trtr= positive
The
result
is
shown
in
Fig.
2.
Again,
The
result
is
shown
in
Fig.
2.
Again,
the
total
positive
Thenegative
result is deflection
shown in Fig.4n2. and
Again, the
total positive
and
respectively,
and
andnegative
negativedeflection
deflectionisis
is4π
4πand
and22n
2ππrespectively,
respectively,and
and
and
the
maximum
dispersion
is
about
5
m.
The
focusing
the
maximum
dispersion
is
about
5
m.
The
focusing
the
maximum
dispersion
is about
5 m.
The focusing
is smooth
smooth
and
the
betatron
functions
remain
generally
andthe
thebetatron
betatronfunctions
functionsremain
remaingenerally
generally
isis
smooth
and
small.
small.
small.
βH , βV and D (m)
βH , βV and D (m)
LEAR-likeLattice
Lattice
LEAR-like
LEAR-like
Lattice
15
g 15
15
10
° 10
10
«
555
0
S_°0−5
−5
25
25
25
50
50
75
75
100
100
100
s(m)
(m)
ss(m)
FIGURE
2.2. Geometry
Geometry
and
functions
ed
FIGURE2.
Geometryand
andTwiss
Twissfunctions
functionsfor
forthe
themodifi
modified
FIGURE
modified
FODO
lattice
solid,
solid,βflyβVVdashed,
dashed,and
andDDHHHdot-dashed).
dot-dashed).
FODOlattice
lattice((fi
β(βHHHsolid,
FODO
Lattice
LatticeWith
WithWigglers
Wigglers
Lattice
The
design
philosophy
ofofthe
the
lattice
wigglers
Thedesign
designphilosophy
philosophyof
thelattice
latticewith
withwigglers
wigglersdifdifThe
with
differs
from
the
lattices
presented
above.
fersfrom
fromthe
thelattices
latticespresented
presentedabove.
above.One
One starts
startsfrom
from
fers
One
starts
from
piece
of
regular
FODO
lattice
(called
arc
ininthe
the
folpieceof
ofaaaregular
regularFODO
FODOlattice
lattice(called
(calledarc
arcin
thefolfolaaapiece
lowing)
and
adds
FODO
cells
with
positive
and
negalowing)and
andadds
addsFODO
FODOcells
cellswith
with positive
positive and
and neganegalowing)
tive
bending
angles,
such
that
the
optics
tivebending
bendingangles,
angles,such
suchthat
thatthe
theoptics
opticsin
thearc
arcis
not
tive
ininthe
the
arc
isisnot
not
affected
by
these
wigglers
[4].
Focusing
is
provided
affected
by
these
wigglers
[4].
Focusing
is
provided
by
affected by these wigglers [4]. Focusing is provided by
by
a
regular
FODO
lattice
and,
since
this
machine
is
moda
regular
FODO
lattice
and,
since
this
machine
is
moda regular FODO lattice and, since this machine is modelled
in
thin
element
approximation,
elledin
inthin
thinelement
elementapproximation,
approximation,the
thedipoles
dipolesdo
donot
not
elled
the
dipoles
do
not
affect
the
Twiss
functions.
The
regular
arc
consists
affect
the
Twiss
functions.
The
regular
arc
consists
of
affect the Twiss functions. The regular arc consists of
of
one
single
FODO
cell,
extending
from
the
centre
of
one
one
single
FODO
cell,
extending
from
the
centre
of
one
one single FODO cell, extending from the centre of one
defocusing
quadrupole
totothe
the
(see
defocusingquadrupole
quadrupoleto
thenext
next(see
(seeFig.
Fig.3)
3)with
withtwo
two
defocusing
next
Fig.
3)
with
two
bendings
in
the
centre
between
quadrupoles.
bendingsin
inthe
thecentre
centrebetween
betweenquadrupoles.
quadrupoles.One
Onewigwigbendings
One
wiggler
consists
of
three
FODO
periods
with
glerconsists
consistsof
ofthree
threeFODO
FODOperiods
periodswith
withdipoles
dipolesin
begler
dipoles
ininbebetween.
The
first
attempt,
placing
the
dipoles
at
the
tween.The
Thefirst
firstattempt,
attempt,placing
placingthe
thedipoles
dipolesatatthe
thecencentween.
centres
between
quadrupoles,
did
not
tresbetween
betweenquadrupoles,
quadrupoles, did
did not
not allow
allow to
satisfyall
all
tres
allow
toto satisfy
satisfy
all
requirements.
Thus
additional
bendings
were
placed
requirements.Thus
Thusadditional
additionalbendings
bendingswere
were placed
placedat
requirements.
atat
both
ends
of
the
wiggler
structure,
thus
bothends
endsof
ofthe
thewiggler
wigglerstructure,
structure,thus
thusimplying
implyingcomcomboth
implying
combined
function
elements,
3/2
periods
from
the
bined
function
elements,
3/2
periods
from
thebeginning
beginning
bined function elements, 3/2 periods from the
beginning
and
the
end,
and
atat the
centre
the
andthe
theend,
end,and
andat
thecentre
centreof
thestructure.
structure.Finally,
Finally,
and
the
ofofthe
structure.
Finally,
four
such
modules
were
placed
between
regular
arc
cells.
four
such
modules
were
placed
between
regular
arc
cells.
four such modules were placed between regular arc cells.
For
aa given
focal
length,
the
three
bending
angles
are
For
given
focal
length,
the
three
bending
angles
are
For a given focal length, the three bending angles are
used
as
parameters
to
adjust
the
geometry
(total
deflecused
as
parameters
to
adjust
the
geometry
(total
deflecused as parameters to adjust the geometry (total deflection
of
wiggler
vanishes),
the
dispersion
arcs
tionof
ofwiggler
wigglervanishes),
vanishes),the
thedispersion
dispersionin
arcs(not
(notafaftion
ininarcs
(not
affected
by
wigglers)
and
a.
In
thin
lens
approximation,
fected
by
wigglers)
and
α
.
In
thin
lens
approximation,
fected by wigglers) and α . In thin lens approximation,
this
can
be
done
analytically
[4].
turns
thiscan
canbe
bedone
doneanalytically
analytically[4].
[4].It
turnsout
outthat
thatthe
thefofothis
ItItturns
out
that
the
focal
length
of
the
lenses
has
to
be
rather
short
w.r.t.
the
cal
length
of
the
lenses
has
to
be
rather
short
w.r.t.
the
cal
lengthbetween
of the lenses
has totobefind
rather short
w.r.t. the
distance
quadrupoles
distancebetween
betweenquadrupoles
quadrupolesto
tofind
findreal
realsolutions.
solutions.This
This
distance
real
solutions.
This
leads
to
large
variations
ofof the
leadsto
tolarge
largevariations
variationsof
thebetatron
betatronfunctions
functionsand,
and,
leads
the
betatron
functions
and,
thus,
to
rather
large
chromatic
effects.
thus,to
torather
ratherlarge
largechromatic
chromaticeffects.
effects.
thus,
Lattice
With
Dispersion
Suppressors
LatticeWith
WithDispersion
DispersionSuppressors
SuppressorsAnd
And
Lattice
And
Low-j8
Insertions
Lowβ
Insertions
Low-β Insertions
Such
lattice
isisbuilt
by
combining
Suchaaalattice
latticeis
builtby
bycombining
combiningdifferent
differentmodules
modules
Such
built
different
modules
in
thin
lens
approximation.
The
optical
properties
are,
in
thin
lens
approximation.
The
optical
properties
are,
in
thin
lens
approximation.
The
optical properties
are,
as
far
as
possible,
expressed
by
analytic
formulae.
The
as
far
as
possible,
expressed
by
analytic
formulae.
The
as far as possible, expressed by analytic formulae. The
161
βH , βV and D (m)
βH , βV and D (m)
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
"Wiggler"
DOF
DOF
FOD
FOD
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
3030
2020
1010
00
20
20
20
40
40
40
60
60
60
s (m)
(m)
ss(m)
80
80
80
100
100
100
120
120
120
FIGURE 3.3.
Geometry
and Twiss
Twiss
3. Geometry
Geometry and
Twiss functions
functions for
for
the
lattice
FIGURE
functions
for the
the lattice
lattice
withwigglers
wigglers((fi
solid, βfly
dashed,
βV dashed,
(βHH solid,
dashed, and
and D
DHH dot-dashed).
dot-dashed).
β
with
and
D
dot-dashed).
H
V
H
Matching
Matching
dispersion
dispersion
suppressor
suppressor
βH , βV and D (m)
βH , βV and D (m)
half arc
half arc
3/2 FODO
3/2 FODO
dispersion
dispersion
suppressor
suppressor
Matching
Matching
2 FODO
2 FODO
modules(see
(seealso
also symbolic
symbolic
representation
symbolic representation
representation in
in
Fig.
4)
are:
modules
inFig.
Fig.4)
4)are:
are:
• regular arc (made of 3 FODO cells),
• •regular arc
(made of 3 FODO cells),
•• dispersion suppressors (made of 1 FODO on
on both
both
• dispersion suppressors (made of 1 FODO on both
sides of arc with 2 bendings between
quadrupoles),
between
quadrupoles),
sides of arc with 2 bendings between quadrupoles),
•• matching section (doublet) and
• matching section (doublet) and
•• lowlow-/3
insertion made of 3 FODO cells.
β insertion
• low-β insertion made of 3 FODO cells.
For a given focal
focal length of the quadrupoles,
quadrupoles, three
three paramparamFor
a givendeflection
focal length of the
quadrupoles,
three parameters
eters (the
(the deflection angles
angles of
of both
both the
the arc
arc dipoles
dipoles and
andthe
the
eters
deflection
angles
of both
the arc
andthe
the
two
dipoles
in
allow
to
the
geometry,
two (the
dipoles
in the
the arc)
arc)
allow
to adjust
adjust
thedipoles
geometry,
the
two
dipoles
in
the
arc)
allow
to
adjust
the
geometry,
the
dispersion
dispersion (zero
(zero inside
inside the
the insertion)
insertion) and
and the
the momentum
momentum
dispersion
(zero
inside
the
insertion)
and
the
momentum
compaction
compaction a.
α . Also
Also in
in this
this case
case the
the focal
focal length
length must
must
compaction
. Alsoreal
in this
case for
the
focal
length must
be
solutions
deflection
anbe small
small to
to αobtain
obtain
real
solutions
for the
the
deflection
anbegles.
small
to
obtain
real
solutions
for
the
deflection
anTwo
solutions
are
found,
one
with
a
positive
and
gles. Two solutions are found, one with a positive and
gles.
Two
solutions
are
found,
one
with
a
positive
and
one
with
a
negative
deflection
angle
in
the
arc.
Only
the
one with a negative deflection angle in the arc. Only the
one
with
a negative
deflection
angle
the arc.
Only
the
latter
is
in
4,
being
apart
from
latter
is shown
shown
in Fig.
Fig.
4, the
the first
first
beinginsimilar
similar
apart
from
the
geometry.
latter
is
shown
in
Fig.
4,
the
first
being
similar
apart
from
the geometry.
the geometry.
3 FODO ("arc")
40
60
80
100
s (m)
60
80
100
one period
3 FODO ("arc")
one period
20
2010
10 0
0
20
20
40
120
120
120
FIGURE
s (m) function
FIGURE 4.
4. Geometry
Geometry and
and Twiss
Twiss
function for
for the
the lattice
lattice
with
insertions (f$
(βHH solid,
βV
with dispersion
dispersion suppressors
suppressors and
and low-/3
low-β insertions
solid, fly
dashed,
dot-dashed).
FIGURE
4. D
and Twiss function for the lattice
dashed, and
and
DHHGeometry
dot-dashed).
with dispersion suppressors and low-β insertions (βH solid, βV
dashed, and DH dot-dashed).
162
Inthis
thispaper,
paper,aa anumber
number
ring
lattices
have
been
preIn
of
ring
lattices
have
been
preIn
this
paper,
number
ofof
ring
lattices
have
been
presented,
having
a
large
circumference
combined
with
sented,
sented, having
having aa large
large circumference
circumference combined
combined with
with aa a
low
transition
energy
and
rather
small
maximum
value
low
low transition
transition energy
energy and
and rather
rather small
small maximum
maximumvalue
value
of
the
dispersion
function.
This
has
been
achieved
by
of
of the
the dispersion
dispersionfunction.
function.This
Thishas
hasbeen
beenachieved
achievedby
byusus-using
different
schemes
with
various
combinations
of
altering
ingdifferent
differentschemes
schemeswith
withvarious
variouscombinations
combinationsofofalteralternating
sign
dipoles.
All
these
properties
make
the
optical
nating
sign
dipoles.
All
these
properties
make
the
optical
nating sign dipoles. All these properties make the optical
structures
in
previous
sections
good
candidates
structuresdiscussed
discussed
previous
sections
good
candidates
structures
discussed
inin
previous
sections
good
candidates
for
ring
where
both
accumulation
and
for
lattice
ofofaasingle
ring
where
both
accumulation
andand
foraaalattice
latticeof
asingle
single
ring
where
both
accumulation
bunch
place.
bunch
rotation
take
place.
bunchrotation
rotationtake
take
place.
However,
considerations
are
not
the
only
However,
plain
optics
considerations
areare
notnot
thethe
only
However,plain
plainoptics
optics
considerations
only
arguments
considered
ininin
the
choice
of
final
ring
arguments
totobe
bebe
considered
the
choice
ofthe
thethe
final
ring
argumentsto
considered
the
choice
of
final
ring
layout.
performed
ininthe
framework
layout.
InInfact,
fact,
the
analysis
performed
thethe
framework
layout.In
fact,the
theanalysis
analysis
performed
in
framework
of
atatat
CERN,
showed
that
the
of
Neutrino
Factory
study
CERN,
showed
that
thethe
ofaaaNeutrino
NeutrinoFactory
Factorystudy
study
CERN,
showed
that
very
conditions
of
the
beam
during
acvery
different
physical
conditions
ofof
thethe
beam
during
ac-acverydifferent
differentphysical
physical
conditions
beam
during
cumulation
make
ititnot
feasible
totopercumulation
and
compression
make
notnot
feasible
percumulationand
andcompression
compression
make
it
feasible
to
perform
both
actions
in
the
same
ring.
form
formboth
bothactions
actionsininthe
thesame
samering.
ring.
The
beam
loading
inin the
high
The
main
problem
the
beam
loading
high
Themain
mainproblem
problemisisisthe
the
beam
loading
inthethe
high
voltage
RF
system
needed
toto perform
the
bunch
comvoltage
RF
system
needed
perform
the
bunch
comvoltage RF system needed to perform the bunch
compression.
Therefore, the
envisaged solution
consists of
pression.
of of
pression.Therefore,
Therefore,the
theenvisaged
envisagedsolution
solutionconsists
consists
two
rings
[6]:
in
the
first
one
aa low
voltage
RF
system
two
rings
[6]:
in
the
first
one
low
voltage
RF
system
two rings [6]: in the first one a low voltage RF system
(about
needed toto compensate
the
(about 0.5
0.5 MV
the longitudinal
(about
0.5MV
MVneeded
needed during
tocompensate
compensate
thelongitudinal
longitudinal
space
space charge
charge forces)
forces)runs
runs duringthe
the22ms
msaccumulation
accumulation
space
charge
forces)
runs
during
the
2
ms
accumulation
stage,
stage, while
while in
in the
the second
secondring
ringthe
thehigh
highvoltage
voltageRF
RFsyssysstage, while
in the second ring
the compression
high voltage RF system
tem (about
(about 88 MV),
MV),performs
performsthe
thefast
fast compressionstage
stage
tem (about machine
8 MV), performs the fast compression stage
during
during aa few
few machinerevolutions.
revolutions.
during a few machine revolutions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We
We would
wouldlike
liketo
tothank
thankall
allmembers
membersof
ofthe
theCERN
CERNProton
Proton
We
would
like
to
thank
all
members
of
the
CERN Proton
Driver
Rings
Working
Group
for
stimulating
Driver Rings Working Group for stimulatingdiscussions.
discussions.
Driver Rings Working Group for stimulating discussions.
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