vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRAK
v
ABSTRACT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLE
xi
LIST OF CHART
xii
LIST OF FIGURE
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Project Objective
4
1.3
Scope of work
5
1.4
Background on the Unit Commitment Analysis
6
1.5
Problem Statement
9
1.6
Project Report Outline
10
THEORY ON UNIT COMMITMENT
11
viii
2.1
Introduction to Unit Commitment (UC)
11
2.2
Application of Unit Commitment
14
2.3
Factor to Consider in Solving the UC Problem
15
2.3.1
The Objective of Unit Commitment
15
2.3.2
The Quantity of Supply
16
2.3.3
Compensating of Electricity Supplier
16
2.3.4
The Source of Electric Energy
17
2.4
2.5
3
Solution for Unit Commitment
18
2.4.1
Complete Enumeration
19
2.4.2
Priority List Methods
20
2.4.3
Dynamic Programming (DP)
21
2.4.4
Branch and Bound
25
2.4.5
Simulated Annealing
25
2.4.6
Decommit and Prune
27
2.4.7
Lagrangian Relaxation
28
Summary
30
PROJECT BACKGROUND
31
3.1
General Background and Concept
31
3.2
UC under Deregulated Power Industry
33
3.3
Load Demand Cycle
34
3.4
Constraint of Unit Commitment
36
3.4.1
Spinning Reserve Constraint
37
3.4.2
Thermal Unit Constraints
38
3.4.3
Start-up Cost Constraints
38
3.5
3.4.4 Hydro Constraints
39
3.4.5
Must-Run Constraints
40
3.4.6
Fuel Constraints
40
Introduction to Malaysia Grid Code System
40
3.5.1 General
46
ix
3.6
3.7
4
The Scope
47
3.5.3
General Requirement
48
3.5.4 Purpose
49
3.5.5
51
Generating Scheduling
Modeling the Malaysia Grid Code System for UC
Solution
52
Summary
56
METHODOLOGY
57
4.1
Introduction
57
4.2
Process Step of the Project Implementation
57
4.3
The UC Solution Methodology
60
4.3.1 Overview
60
4.3.2 Dynamic Programming Approach in UC
61
4.3.3 Modeling Approach
63
4.3.4 Solution Difficulty
65
4.3.5 Dynamic Programming Enhancement
67
Implementation
71
4.4.1 Input Requirement
73
4.4
5
3.5.2
4.4.1.1 Power Generation
73
4.4.1.2 Electrical Demand
75
4.5
Problem Facing
76
4.6
Summary
76
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
78
5.1
Testing the Algorithm (Program)
78
5.1.1 System Data
79
5.1.1.1 Generation Unit Data
79
5.1.1.2 Load Curve Data
89
x
5.1.1.3 Input Data File Format
5.1.2 Testing Data
81
Results and Analysis
88
5.2.1 Test 1 (IEEE 4 unit’s data)
88
5.2.2 Test 2 (IEEE 8 unit’s data)
90
5.2.3 Test 3 (IEEE 10 unit’s data)
92
5.2.4 Test 4 (IEEE 32 unit’s data)
94
5.2.5 Test 5 (MGC 10 unit’s data – Johore state)
95
5.2.6 Test 6 (MGC 10 unit’s data – Malacca state)
97
5.3
Discussion
98
5.4
Summary
99
5.2
6
80
CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSED FUTURE WORK
100
6.1
Conclusions
100
6.2
Proposed Future Work
101
REFERENCES
103
APPENDIX
106
Appendix A
106
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
Table 4.1
Unit Generation data required for UC program
74
Table 4.2
Load Demand in 24 hours period
75
Table 5.1
IEEE 4 unit’s data
82
Table 5.2
IEEE 8 unit’s data
83
Table 5.3
IEEE 10 unit’s data
84
Table 5.4
IEEE 32 unit’s data
85
Table 5.5
MCG 10 unit’s data (Johore state)
86
Table 5.6
MCG 10 unit’s data (Malacca state)
87
xii
LIST OF CHART
CHART NO
TITLE
PAGE
Chart 4.1
Load Demand for one day (24 hours)
75
Chart 5.1
Load Demand profile for IEEE 4 units
82
Chart 5.2
Load Demand profile for IEEE 8 units
83
Chart 5.3
Load Demand profile for IEEE 10 units
84
Chart 5.4
Load Demand profile for IEEE 32 units
86
Chart 5.5
Load Demand profile for MGC 10 units
(Johore state)
87
Load Demand profile for MGC 10 units
(Malacca state)
88
Chart 5.6
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
Figure 2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Changes in producer surplus when committing
generator G2
13
Treating the market as an additional generator
and / or load
18
Restricted search path in DP algorithm with N=3
And X=5
24
Figure 3.1
Simple “peak valley” load pattern
35
Figure 3.2
The entities in the Grid Code
42
Figure 3.3
The Malaysia Electricity Industry structure as
used in the Grid Code
43
Planning code (data required to be annually
submittedto the GSO)
44
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Power system structure connected parties and
applicable code
45
Figure 3.6
The generation dispatch process
46
Figure 3.7
Main Grid system in Peninsular Malaysia
49
Figure 3.8
Major Generation Station under Malaysia Grid Code
50
Modeling the MGC system for UC solution
53
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10 Typically, the incremental and average heat-reat
Curves for Fossil-fuel unit
54
xiv
Figure 3.11 Hydro Plant Efficiency
55
Figure 4.1
Project Process step Flow Diagram
59
Figure 4.2
Standard DP logic
66
Figure 4.3
Enhance DP logic
68
Figure 4.4
Enhance DP with hourly state Restriction
70
Figure 4.5
Flow diagram of the program
72
Figure 5.1
Result output on the IEEE 4 unit’s data with
Priory list
89
Result output on the IEEE 4 unit’s data with
Complete enumeration
90
Result output on the IEEE 8 unit’s data with
Priory list
91
Result output on the IEEE 8 unit’s data with
Complete enumeration
92
Result output on the IEEE 10 unit’s data with
Priory list
93
Result output on the IEEE 10 unit’s data with
Complete enumeration
94
Result output on the IEEE 32 unit’s data with
Priory list
95
Result output on the MGC 10 unit’s data
(Johor State) with Priory list
96
Result output on the MGC 10 unit’s data
(Melaka State) with Priory list
97
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Program
PAGE
106
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AFLC
-
Average Full Load Cost
B&B
-
Branch and Bound
UC
-
Unit Commitment
CC
-
Combine Cycle
CPU
-
Control Processor Unit
CUF
-
Commitment Utilization Factor
DP
-
Dynamic Programming
DP-TC
-
Dynamic Programming Truncated Combination
DP-SC
-
Dynamic Programming Strict Combination
DP-STC
-
Dynamic Programming Sequential / Truncated Combination
DP-VW
-
Variable Window Dynamic Program
DP-ANN
-
Dynamic Programming – Artificial Neural Network
DISCO
-
Distribution Company
EC
-
Energy Commission
ESCO
-
Electricity Supply Company
FDP
-
Fuzzy Dynamic Programming
GENCO
-
Generating Companies
GSO
-
Grid System Operator
GT
-
Gas Turbine
IEEE
-
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer
MGC
-
Malaysia Grid Code
MW
-
Mega Watt
MWh
-
Mega Watt hour
NLDC
-
National Load Dispatch Centre
QS
-
Qualifying Facility
SA
-
Simulated Annealing
xvii
SESCO
-
Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation
SESB
-
Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd
ST
-
Steam Turbine
TNB
-
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Users
-
Power Generating Company
.