TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1.
TITEL
PAGE
DECLARATIONS
ii
DEDICATIONS
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of work
3
1.5
Thesis Outline
4
RADIO-OVER-FIBRE TECHNOLOGY
5
2.
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
What is Radio-over-Fibre Technology?
6
2.3
Benefits of Radio-over-Fibre Systems
8
2.4
2.3.1
Low Attenuation Loss
9
2.3.2
Large Bandwidth
10
2.3.3
Immunity to Radio Frequency Interference
11
2.3.4
Easy Installation and Maintenance
11
2.3.5
Reduced Power Consumption
12
2.3.6
Multi-Operator and Multi-Service Operation
12
2.3.7
Dynamic Resource Allocation
13
Radio-Over-Fiber for Fi-Wi Systems
13
2.4.1
Supporting Multiple Wireless Standards
14
2.4.2
Issues with the Fi-Wi System
15
2.4.3
Solutions for the Issues
16
2.4.3.1
Nonlinearity Compensation
16
2.4.3.2
Estimation and Equalization
16
2.4.3.3
Noise Characterization and
Cancellation
3.
18
2.5
Myths and realities of fiber-wireless access
18
2.6
Applications of Radio-over-Fiber Technology
20
2.6.1
Wireless LANs
20
2.6.2
Cellular Networks
21
2.6.3
Satellite Communications
21
2.6.4
Video Distribution Systems
22
2.6.5
Mobile Broadband Services
22
2.6.6
Vehicle Communication and Control
23
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
24
(OFDM)
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
3.3
24
24
General Principles
26
3.3.1 Multicarrier transmission
26
3.3.2
30
Fast Fourier Transform
3.3.3 Guard interval and its implementation
3.4
31
Coded OFDM
32
3.4.1
Coded OFDM Systems
33
3.4.2
Trellis Coded Modulation
34
3.4.3 Bit-interleaved Coded OFDM
3.5
OFDM Advantages
3.6
OFDM Disadvantages
36
40
40
4.
METOHODOLOGY
4.1
Introduction
41
4.2
Project methodology
41
4.3
Blocks Used In Simulink
4.3.1
Bernoulli Binary Generator
4.3.2
Reed Solomon (Rs) Double Error Correcting
(15, 11) Code
42
42
43
4.3.3
QPSK Mapping:
43
4.3.4
Training
44
4.3.5
OFDM baseband modulator and add cyclic
prefix
44
4.3.6
Training Insertion
46
4.3.7
parallel to serial converter
46
4.3.8
laser diode
47
4.3.9
AWGN Channel and Optical Fiber Link
47
4.3.10
Photodiode
48
4.3.11
serial to parallel converter
48
4.3.12
Training Separation
49
4.3.13
OFDM baseband demodulator and remove
cyclic prefix
50
4.3.14
Channel Estimator
50
4.3.15
Channel Compensation
51
4.3.16
Remove Zero
52
4.3.17
QPSK Demodulator
52
4.3.18
Reed Solomon (RS) double error correcting
(15, 11) decode
3.4 .19
53
3.5
Laser Diode Modeling
54
4.4
Simulation model of the project
56
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5
6
Error Rate Calculation
53
59
5.1 Introduction
59
5.2 OFDM Transmitted and Received Signal
59
5.3 The constellation before and after channel estimation
61
5.4 power spectrum before the transmission over fiber
63
5.5 Comparison between Theoretical and Simulation BER
5.6 OFDM over fiber Transmitted and Received Power
Spectrum
5.7 OFDM over fiber Transmitted and Received Signal
64
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
65
67
68
6.1
Conclusion
68
6.2
Future of work and recommendations
69
REFERENCES
70
APPENDICES A
72
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Myths and realities of fiber-wireless access
19
3.1
Data rates and modulation schemes for the 802.11 a W-LAN
34
system
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Two types of modulation involved with the radio-over
8
2.2
Fiber-wireless solution for cellular radio networks
14
3.3
OFDM Symbol a) Three Orthogonal Sub-carriers in one b)
25
Spectra of three OFDM sub-carriers
3.2
A block diagram of an OFDM transmitter
28
3.3
Block diagram for multicarrier transmission: Version 1
29
3.4
Block diagram for multicarrier transmission: Version 2
30
3.5
IFFT/FFT
30
3.6
Guard Interval
31
3.7
a) An example of 8-PSK modulation. (b) An example of a
35
trellis diagram for a coded modulation scheme.
3.8
A block diagram of Bit-interleaved coded OFDM
37
3.9
(a) Constellations of 16-QAM with Gray mapping.
39
(b) Constellations of 16-QAM with set partitioning.
4.1
The flow chart of the methodology of the project
42
4.2
Bernoulli Binary Generator
43
4.3
Reed Solomon (Rs) Double Error Correcting (15, 11) Code
43
4.4
QPSK Mapping
43
4.5
Training
44
4.6
OFDM baseband modulator and add cyclic prefix
44
4.7
components of OFDM baseband modulator
45
4.8
Zero pad blocks
45
4.9
Cyclic prefix
45
4.10
Training Insertion
46
4.11
parallel to serial converter
46
4.12
laser diode
47
4.13
AWGN Channel and Optical Fiber Link
47
4.14
Photodiode
48
4.15
serial to parallel converter
49
4.16
Training Separation
49
4.17
OFDM baseband demodulator and remove cyclic prefix
50
4.18
Channel Estimator
51
4.19
Channel Compensation
51
4.20
Remove Zero
52
4.21
QPSK Demodulator
52
4.22
Reed Solomon (RS) double error correcting (15, 11) decode
53
4.23
Error Rate Calculation
53
4.24
Laser Diode Modeling
56
4.25
Simulation model of the project
57
5.1
OFDM transmitted signal
60
5.2
OFDM received signal
60
5.3
The constellation before channel estimation
61
5.4
The constellation after channel estimation
62
5.5
OFDM transmitted spectrum over AWGN channel
63
5.6
OFDM received spectrum over AWGN channel
64
5.7
Comparison between Theoretical and Simulation BER
65
5.8
OFDM transmitted spectrum over fiber
66
5.9
OFDM received spectrum over fiber
66
5.10
OFDM over fiber Transmitted Signal
67
5.11
OFDM over fiber Received Signal
67
LIST OF SYMBOLS
ROF
-
Radio-over-Fiber
OFDM
-
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
QPSK
-
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
WLAN
-
Wireless Local Area Network
DVB
-
Digital Video Broadcasting
CS
-
Central Site
RS
-
Remote Site
IF
-
Intermediate Frequency
RF
-
Radio Frequency
ITS
-
Intelligent Transport Systems
BS
-
Base Station
APs
-
Access Points
QAM
-
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
DAB
-
Digital Audio Broadcasting
BER
-
Bit Error Rate
Fi-Wi
-
Fiber-Wireless
ADROIT
-
Advanced Radio-Optics Integrated Technology
MSC
-
Mobile Switching Centre
RAP
-
Radio Access Point
CDMA
-
Code Division Multiple Access
WDM
-
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
SMF
-
Single Mode Fibre
POF
-
Polymer Optical Fibre
EDFA
-
Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier
OTDM
-
Optical Time Division Multiplexing
DWDM
-
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
MZI
-
Mach Zehnder Interferometer
SCM
-
Sub-Carrier Multiplexing
IM-DD
-
Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection
ISI
-
Inter Symbol Interference
PN
-
Pseudo-Noise
DEF
-
Decision Feedback Equalizer
RIN
-
Relative Intensity Noise
FFT
-
Fast Fourier Transform
ICI
-
Inter-Carrier Interference
ADSL
-
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
VDSL
-
Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Lines
HDTV
-
High Definition Television
BER
-
Bit Error Rate
SER
-
Symbol Error Rate
FFT
-
Fast Fourier Transform
IFFT
-
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform