vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF TABLE
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope of the Project
4
1.5
Structure of project report
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
viii
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Reactive power source
6
2.2.1 Generators
7
2.2.2 Transformer
8
2.2.3 Transmission Line
10
2.2.4 Loads
10
2.2.5 Reactive Power compensation devices
11
2.2.5.1 Synchronous condenser
11
2.2.5.2 Static Var Compensator
11
2.2.5.3 Static Syncronous Compensator
12
2.2.5.4 Shunt reactor and capacitor
12
2.3
Hierarchical voltage control scheme
13
2.4
Voltage control technique
15
2.4.1 Italy
16
2.4.2 Spain
17
2.4.3 Belgium
18
2.4.4 China
19
Conclusion
20
2.5
3
METHODOLOGY
22
3.1
Introduction
23
3.2
Research Flow Chart
22
3.3
Characteristic of hierarchical voltage control
23
3.3.1 Electrical distance
23
3.3.2 Zone partitioning
25
3.3.3 Pilot bus determination
27
3.3.4 Application of LTCs transformer
28
Development of voltage control scheme
29
3.4
4
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
33
4.1
33
Introduction
ix
5
4.2
Case 1: Load increase at bus 67
35
4.3
Case 2: Load increase at bus 11
39
4.4
Case 3: Load increase at bus 23 and addition load bus 9
43
4.5
Case 4: Load addition at bus 38
47
4.6
Summary of results
51
CONCLUSIONS
53
5.1
Conclusions
53
5.2
Future work
54
REFERENCES
55
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Reactive power capability dependence on real power
production for a synchronous generator
7
2.2
Off-load Tap changing transformer.
9
2.3
Flow chart of voltage control system
14
2.4
Organization of Decentralized secondary voltage control
16
2.5
Hierarchical structure for transmission network voltage
control in Italy
17
Proposed reactive power management and voltage control
in Spanish electric system
18
General Diagram of the proposed hierarchical voltage control
for the network of Belgium
19
2.8
Physical structure of china hierarchy voltage control
20
3.1
Transformer Equivalent circuit
28
3.2
Flow chart of voltage control scheme development
29
4.1
Adjustment of load bus 67
35
4.2
Tap changer unit 4, 5 and 6 adjustments
36
4.3
Comparison of system voltage profile before control and
2.6
2.7
xi
after control
4.4
37
Comparison of LTCs transformer and generator application in
voltage control scheme
38
4.5
Adjustment of load bus 11
40
4.6
Tap changer unit 1, 2 and 3 adjustment
40
4.7
Comparison of system voltage profile before control
and after control
4.8
41
Comparison of LTCs transformer and generator application in
voltage control scheme
42
4.9
Adjustment of load bus 23 and bus 9
43
4.10
Tap changer unit 9 adjustment
44
4.11
Comparison of system voltage profile before control
and after control
4.12
45
Comparison of LTCs transformer and generator application in
voltage control scheme
46
4.13
Adjustment of load bus 38
47
4.14
Tap changer unit 2, 3 and 4 adjustments
48
4.15
Comparison of system voltage profile before control
and after control
4.16
49
Comparison of LTCs transformer and generator application in
voltage control scheme
50
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Information of Transformers
33
4.2
Partition of 118 bus system
34
4.3
Reactive power allocation
35
4.4
Zone and bus affected
36
4.5
LTCs engagement to restore voltage profile
37
4.6
Comparison between system voltage before and after control
38
4.7
Comparison between generator and LTCs transformer
application results
39
4.8
Zone and bus affected
40
4.9
LTCs engagement to restore voltage profile
41
4.10
Comparison between system voltage before and after control
42
4.11
Comparison between generator and LTCs transformer
application result
43
4.12
Zone and bus affected
44
4.13
LTCs engagement to restore voltage profile
45
xiii
4.14
Comparison between system voltage before and after control
4.15
Comparison between generator and LTCs transformer
46
application result
47
4.16
Zone and bus affected
47
4.17
LTCs engagement to restore voltage profile
48
4.18
Comparison between system voltage before and after control
49
4.19
Comparison between generator and LTCs transformer
application result
51
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SVC
-
Secondary Voltage Control
PVR
-
Primary Voltage Regulator
LTCs
-
Load Tap Changers
TVC
-
Tertiary Voltage Control
STATCOM
-
Static Syncronous Compensator
DC
-
Direct Current
TCR
-
Thyristor Control Reactor
TSC
-
Thyristor Switch Capacitor
CSVC
-
Coordinated Secondary Voltage Control
DSVC
-
Decentralized Secondary Voltage Control
AVR
-
Automatic Voltage Regulator
TSO
-
Transmission System Operator
SVR
-
Secondary Voltage Regulator