vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem statements
2
1.3
Objectives of the project
3
1.4
Scope of the project
3
1.5
Report outline
4
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
5
BACKGROUND
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Technique
5
2.2.1 Theory of NIR Spectroscopy Technique
6
2.2.2 Frank – Condon Principle
8
viii
2.3
NIRS Analysis
8
2.3.1 Advantages of NIR
9
2.3.2 Disadvantages of NIR
10
2.4
SSC Analysis
11
2.5
Composition Of An Apple
11
2.5.1 Sugar content
12
System Identification
12
2.6.1 ARX Model
13
2.6.2 Nonlinear ARX Model
15
2.6
3
FRUIT QUALITY PREDICTION EXPERIMENT
17
3.1
Introduction
17
3.2
Sample of labelling
17
3.3
Instruments
19
3.3.1 Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) Field
20
Spec HandHeld Spectroscopy
3.3.2 ATAGO Digital Hand-Held “Pocket”
21
Refractometer
4
5
3.4
Procedure of spectrum acquisition
22
3.5
Procedure of real SSC acquisition
26
METHODOLOGY
28
4.1
Introduction
28
4.2
Principal Component Regressions (PCR)
29
4.2.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
30
4.2.2 SVD (singular value decomposition)
31
4.3
Data Processing
34
4.4
System Identification
35
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
47
5.1
Introduction
47
5.2
ARX Model
47
5.3
Nonlinear ARX Mode
53
ix
6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
58
6.1
Conclusion
58
6.2
Recommendation
59
REFERENCES
60
Appendices
65
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
3.1
TITLE
Specifications of Digital Hand-Held “Pocket”
PAGE
21
Refractometer
5.1
Performance of ARX Models
48
5.2
Performance of Nonlinear ARX Model
53
5.3
Value of regressors were used in the nonlinear block
57
of NARX741
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLES
PAGE
1.1
Food guide pyramid
2
2.1
A block diagram of basic NIR Spectroscopy
6
2.2
Some of the energy from spectra will be absorbed by
7
the bonding between atoms
2.3
System identification procedure
13
2.4
The Nonlinear ARX Model block diagram
15
3.1
Sample of labelling
18
3.2
Instruments (i) ASD Field Spec HandHeld
19
Spectroscopy; (ii) ATAGO Digital Hand-Held
“Pocket” Refractometer; (iii) ASD Pro Lamp
3.3
Apparatus arrangement for white reference
23
calibration
3.4
The platform for optical reflectance measurement
24
of apple
3.5
The inner view of experimental instrument set up
24
3.6
The outer view of experimental instrument set up
25
3.7
Modified fruit knife
26
4.1
Overall methodology chart
29
4.2
Load folder contains the mat file and m file
37
4.3
Steps to load the data into workplace
37
4.4
Data were loaded at workplace
38
4.5
The m-file
38
4.6
Step to call System Identification Tool
39
4.7
System Identification Tool
39
xii
4.8
Import Data Box (1)
40
4.9
Import Data Box (2)
40
4.10
System Identification window with measurement
41
data
4.11
Step to select the data range
41
4.12
Data range for DATAe
42
4.13
Data range for DATAv
42
4.14
Drag DATAe and DATAv
43
4.15
Select models
43
4.16
Linear Parametric Models window
44
4.17
Order Editor window
44
4.18
New orders for the model
45
4.19
Nonlinear models
45
4.20
Estimated model output
46
5.1
Measured and simulated model output for
49
ARX 881
5.2
Measured and simulated model output for
54
NARX 741
5.3
Estimation Report
55
5.4
The nonlinearity for NARX 741
55
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NIR
-
Near Infrared
NIRS
-
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
SSC
-
Soluble Solid Content
ARX
-
Auto-Regressive with Exogenous Input
NARX
-
Nonlinear Auto-Regressive with Exogenous Input
ASD
-
Analytical Spectral Devices
PCR
-
Principal Component Regression
PCA
-
Principal Component Analysis
MLR
-
multiple linear regression
PLS
-
partial least squares
PC
-
Principal Components
SVD
-
singular value decomposition
FPE
-
final prediction error
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
The Real Soluble Solid Content Data
66
B
Matlab Program
68
C
Gantt Chart
71