vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
Ii
DEDICATION
Iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iv
ABSTRACT
V
ABSTRAK
Vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vii
LIST OF TABLES
Xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Background of Study
2
1.2 Problem Statements
3
1.3 Objectives
4
1.4 Scope of Project
5
1.5 Thesis Organization
5
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
7
2.1
Classification
8
2.2
Sites
9
2.3
Important Formulas
10
2.3.1
Output Power Formula
10
2.3.2
Gear Ratio Formula
12
2.4
2.5
3
Design Stage
13
2.4.1
The Waterwheel
14
2.4.2
The Gear Ratio
14
2.4.3
The Water Channel/ Penstock
15
2.4.4
The Alternator
16
2.4.5
The Support Structure Material
16
2.4.6
The MHPP Configuration
16
Conclusion
17
METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
18
3.1
Literature Review
19
3.2
Site Visit and Data Gathering
19
3.2.1
Current Meter
20
3.2.2
Precise Level
22
3.2.3
1.136L Bottle and Stopwatch
22
3.3
Designing The MHPP Prototype
23
3.3.1
The Waterwheel
23
3.3.2
The Gear Ratio
25
3.3.3
The Water Channel/ Penstock
26
3.3.4
The Alternator
28
3.3.5
The Support Structure Material
29
3.3.6
The MHPP Configuration
30
ix
4
3.4
Construction and Trial of Prototype
31
3.5
Conclusion
32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.0
Introduction
34
4.1
Equipments
35
4.2
Data Measurements
35
4.2.1
Using Current Meter
35
4.2.2
Using 1.136L Bottle
36
4.2.3
Using Precise Level
37
4.3
Theoretical Results
38
4.3.1
39
Theoretical Results 1; Using Current Meter and
Precise Level
4.3.2
Theoretical Results 2; Using 1.136L Bottle and
40
Precise Level
4.3.3
4.4
Conclusion
41
Design Results
41
4.4.1
42
Conclusion
4.5
Experimental Results
42
4.6
Trial Results
44
4.6.1
Trial Results 1
45
4.6.2
Trial Results 2
47
4.6.3
Trial Results 3
49
4.6.4
Trial Results 4
51
4.6.5
Conclusion
53
4.7
Discussion
53
4.7.1
Results Discussion
53
4.7.2
Reasons for Trial Results Not Achieving the
55
Design Results
4.7.2.1
Low RPM Value
55
4.7.2.2
Low Flow Rate
56
x
4.7.2.3
4.8
5
Lower Head Value
Conclusion
58
58
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0
Introduction
60
5.1
Overall Conclusion
60
5.2
Recommendations for Future Works
62
REFERENCES
63
Appendices A-J
66-75
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Classification of Hydro Power Plant
8
3.1
Available Gear Ratio
25
4.1
Velocity of Water Using Current Meter
36
4.2
Flow Rate of Water Using Current Meter
36
4.3
Average Time of Water to Fill Up 1.136L Bottle
37
4.4
Flow Rate of Water Using 1.136L Bottle
37
4.5
Head Measurement Using Precise Level
38
4.6
Theoretical Results 1
39
4.7
Theoretical Results 2
40
4.8
Design Results
41
4.9
Experimental Results
41
xii
4.10
Trial Results 1
45
4.11
Trial Results 2
47
4.12
Trial Results 3
49
4.13
Trial Results 4
51
4.14
Trial Results in Percentage Compared to Design Results
54
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
50% Efficiency Value Calculation
11
2.2
Reference Model
13
2.3
Pitchback Waterwheel (90% Efficiency)
14
2.4
Pipe Channel and Overshoot Waterwheel
15
3.1
Waterwheel for MHPP Prototype
24
3.2
Gear ratio a) Waterwheel (T1=42), b) Alternator (T2=13)
26
3.3
Configuration of Water Channel for Site G
27
3.4
Alternator
28
3.5
Alternator Configuration
28
3.6
Inside Alternator
28
3.7
The Support Structure for The Waterwheel
30
3.8
MHPP Configuration at Site G
31
3.9
Each Trial Differences at the Blade Design
32
4.1
Graphical View of Theoretical Results 1
39
4.2
Graphical View of Theoretical Results 2
40
4.3
Experimental Results a) Voltage b) Current c) Power
43
4.4
Trial Results 1 a) Voltage b) Current c) Power
45
4.5
Trial Results 2 a) Voltage b) Current c) Power
47
4.6
Trial Results 3 a) Voltage b) Current c) Power
49
4.7
Trial Results 4 a) Voltage b) Current c) Power
51
4.8
Design Results and Trial Results
54
xiv
4.9
RPM Values for Each Trial, Before and After Battery
56
Connection
4.10
The Water Diversion Angle
57
4.11
Head Values for Theoretical, Design and Trial
58
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
UTM
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MHPP
-
Mini Hydro Power Plant
TNB
-
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
JUPEM
-
Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
UMP
-
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
FKE
-
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik
FRP
-
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics
FKA
-
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam
FKSG
-
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Sains Gunaan
RPM
-
Rounds Per Minute
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
P
-
Power
P
-
Rho
g
-
Gravity
𝑄
-
Water Flow Rate
ℎ
-
Head
o
-
Efficiency
𝑒
-
Efficiency
m
-
Mili
𝜋
-
Pi
μ
-
Mikro
%
-
Percentage
𝑆
-
Speed
T
-
Number of Teeth
k
-
Kilo
A
-
Ampere
V
-
Volt
M
-
Mega
W
-
Watt
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Seven Locations of Site Visits
66
B
Precise Level
67
C
Current Meter
68
D
1.136L Bottle
69
E
Digital Multimeter
70
F
Digital Tachometer Shimpo
71
G
Current Meter Data and Results
72
H
1.136L Bottle Data and Results
73
I
Measurement Data Using Precise Level
74
J
Data and Design Results
75