vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
5
1.3
Objectives
7
1.4
Scope of Study
7
1.4
Organisation of thesis
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
10
2.1
Spectrum
11
2.1.1 Spectrum Management
15
2.1.2 Spectrum Regulations
17
2.1.3 Drawbacks in Spectrum Management
18
and Regulations
vii
2.2
Cognitive Radio
20
2.2.1 Architecture
22
2.2.2 Role of Software-Defined Radio
24
2.2.3 Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sharing
26
2.2.4 IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area
28
Network: The First Cognitive Radio
Standard
2.3
Spectrum Surveying
30
2.3.1 Related Work
31
2.3.2 Threshold
36
2.3.2.1 IEEE 802.22 WRAN
38
Thresholds
2.3.2.2 Cumulative Distribution
38
Function of the Measured Data
2.3.2.3 Estimation Above Ambient/Noise
39
Floor
2.4
2.3.3 Spectrum Modelling
39
Regulatory Measures for Cognitive Radio
42
2.4.1 Proposed Technical Regulations
44
2.4.1.1 USA Federal Communications
44
Commission
2.4.1.2 UK Ofcom
2.5
3
48
2.4.2 Policy Based Cognitive Radio
49
2.4.3 Cognitive Radio Language
53
Summary
56
METHODOLOGY
57
3.1
Overview of Spectrum Measurement
59
3.1.1 Measurement Location
59
3.1.2 Equipments and System Configurations
61
3.1.3 Automatic Configuration Algorithm
65
Spectrum Data Processing
68
3.2.1 Threshold Determination
69
3.2.2 Data Classification, Analysis and
70
3.2
viii
Modelling
4
3.3
Application of Spectrum Survey
72
3.4
Summary
74
SPECTRUM OCCUPANCY RESULTS,
75
ANALYSIS AND MODELLING
5
4.1
Overall Spectrum Occupancy
75
4.2
Band by band Spectrum Occupancy
79
4.2.1 Broadcasting
80
4.2.2 Aeronautical and Maritime
84
4.2.3 Mobile Radio
89
4.2.4 Cellular
93
4.2.5 Broadband Wireless Access
96
4.2.6 Restricted
98
4.3
Major Observation
102
4.4
Duty Cycle Distribution
105
4.5
Entropy Characterisation
108
4.6
Summary
109
APPLICATION OF SPECTRUM SURVEY USING
111
CoRaL
6
5.1
Policy Development
111
5.2
Policy Testing
117
5.3
CoRaL Drawbacks
123
5.4
Summary
124
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
125
6.1
Conclusions
125
6.2
Future Work
127
REFERENCES
129
Appendices A - B
136-138
List of Publications
139
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Categories of frequency bands [11]
13
2.2
VHF and UHF bands: 30 to 3000 MHz [8]
14
2.3
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM)
19
frequencies [11]
2.4
IEEE 802.22 WRAN technical PHY layer parameters [24] 29
2.5
IEEE 802.22 WRAN modulation and coding rates [24]
29
2.6
Summaries of related work
32
2.7
Parameter values for the sensing requirements in
38
IEEE 802.22 WRAN
2.8
Probability of false alarm for different noise margin
39
2.9
Protection contour and separation requirements
46
2.10
Sensing requirements
46
2.11
CR RF requirements for higher power “fixed/access”
46
unlicensed devices
2.12
Cognitive device RF requirements for personal/portable
46
devices
2.13
Sensing parameters for detection [55]
49
2.14
Parameters for geo-location [55]
49
2.15
Concept of cognitive radio policy engine’s
51
operation [57]
3.1
Spectrum analyser configurations used throughout
64
the measurements
4.1
Allocation of frequencies categorized according
78
x
to services
4.2
DTRS channelling plan
92
4.3
Summary of the occupied spectrum and the average
103
percentage
4.4
Fitted values for the Beta and Kumaraswamy
106
distributions
4.5
Classification of high, moderate and low
107
occupancy level and corresponding range of shape
parameters
4.6
Entropy of the Beta and Kumaraswamy distributions
108
for DC with high, moderate and low occupancy level
4.7
Summary of the entropy classification
109
5.1
Parameters of portions of the TV band channels
113
used to formulate policies in CoRaL
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Evolution of wireless technologies
2
2.1
Malaysia Spectrum Allocation Chart [12]
16
2.2
ideal Cognitive Radio Architecture (iCRA) [16]
22
2.3
Haykin’s Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) Model [17]
23
2.4
Relationship between SDR and CR [22]
25
2.5
Model of SDR[22]
26
2.6
Overlay spectrum sharing approach with CR filling the
27
spectrum holes [14]
2.7
Horizontal sharing and vertical sharing [14]
27
2.8
SSF block diagrams [37]: (a) SSF Structure
37
(b) SSF Implementation
2.9
Interface between policy engine and the radio platform
51
as a relationship of monitoring and controlling the
radio[57]
2.10
Interface as validating that the operation of the radio
51
complies with all relevant policies [57]
2.11
Reasoning architecture inside PBCR
53
3.1
The flowchart of the methodology deployed in the study
58
3.2
Google Earth map of the measurement location dated
60
30th June 2009
3.3
View from the top of the UTM observatory building
60
3.4
Google Earth map of UTM observatory building
61
surrounding environment in a 50 km radius dated
8th March 2010.
xii
3.5
Block diagram of the measurement setup
3.6
Measurement setup deployed at the UTM
observatory building. (a) Wideband log periodic antenna
62
62
used in Band 1. (b) Wideband horn antenna used in
Band 2. (c) Agilent E4440A spectrum analyzer and a
laptop used during the measurement
3.7
Layout of the automatic configuration program for
66
the Agilent E4440A spectrum analyzer
3.8
Flowchart of automatic configuration algorithm developed 67
using Agilent VEE Pro
3.9
Spectrum data processing procedures
69
3.10
CDF plots of the whole spectrum in Band 1 and Band 2
70
3.11
The CVE architecture
74
4.1
3D plot of the observed spectrum: (a) Band 1( Frequency: 76
30-1000 MHz) and (b) Band 2 (Frequency: 1000-3000
MHz)
4.2
Spectrum occupancy at threshold, 𝛾 = −107 𝑑𝐵𝑚,
82
of the broadcasting bands: (a) 47-68 MHz TV
broadcasting band channel 2 to 4, (b) 87.5-108 MHz
FM radio broadcasting band, (c) 174-230 MHz TV
broadcasting band channel 5 to 12 and (d) 470-798 MHz
TV broadcasting band channel 21 to 61.
4.3
Spectrum occupancy at threshold, 𝛾 = −107 𝑑𝐵𝑚 ,
87
of the frequency bands primarily allocated to aeronautical
and maritime services: (a) 68-87.5 MHz fixed mobile and
aeronautical radionavigation service (b) 108-138 MHz
aeronautical mobile service, (c) 148-174 MHz fixed
mobile and maritime mobile service, (d) 1215-1492 MHz
radionavigation satelllite (used by Malaysia Dept. of
Civil Aviation), GPS and DMS service, (e) 2700-2900
MHz aeronautical radionavigation service and
(f) 2900-3000 MHz aeronautical radionavigation shared
with radiolocation service.
4.4
Spectrum occupancy at threshold, 𝛾 = −107 𝑑𝐵𝑚,
91
xiii
of the bands primarily assigned to operate mobile
radio services: (a) 138-148 MHz VHF mobile radio
and amateur service (b) 380-430 MHz DTRS service,
(c) 430-470 MHz radiolocation, UHF mobile radio and
CDMA450 service and (d) 798-880 MHz ATRS and
FWA CDMA service
4.5
Spectrum occupancy at threshold, 𝛾 = −107 𝑑𝐵𝑚,
95
of the bands primarily assigned to operate cellular
services: (a)
880-960 MHz: GSM 900 service
(b) 1710-1880 MHz: GSM 1800 service and
(c) 1885-2200 MHz: IMT-2000 Service
4.6
Spectrum occupancy at threshold, 𝛾 = −107 𝑑𝐵𝑚,
97
of the bands primarily assigned for BWA service:
(a) 2300-2400 MHz and (b) 2500-2700 MHz.
4.7
Operators spectrum assignment for WiMAX in the
97
frequency band from 2300-2400 MHz
4.8
Spectrum occupancy at threshold, 𝛾 = −107 𝑑𝐵𝑚,
101
of the bands restricted for usage by Government of
Malaysia (GOM): (a) 30-47 MHz: fixed mobile and
space operation service, (b) 230-380 MHz: fixed mobile
service, (c) 960-1000 MHz: exclusively used by GOM,
(d) 1000-1215 MHz: exclusively used by GOM,
(e) 1492-1710 MHz: space operation and satellite service
and (f) 2200-2300 MHz: currently unassigned
4.9
Summary of band by band spectrum occupancy
104
4.10
Distributions of the empirical 𝐷𝐶 with their
106
corresponding beta and Kumaraswamy fits.
4.11
Summary of band by band spectrum occupancy
4.12
Distributions of the empiricals 𝐷𝐶𝑓 𝑖 with their
corresponding Beta and Kumaraswamy fits
5.1
Spectrum survey for frequency band 470 – 510 MHz
112
5.2
tvBandUTM policy flowchart
115
5.3
CVE policy console during startup
117
xiv
5.4
Loading of policy with error
118
5.5
Loading of policy without error
118
5.6
Activation of policies and ontologies
119
5.7
requestTVBandUTM request flowchart
121
5.8
Permitted request for the policy tvBandUTM policy
121
5.9
Not permitted request for the tvBandUTM policy
122
5.10
Probing on causes of request failure
122
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
2G
-
Second Generation
3G
-
Third Generation
4G
-
Fourth Generation
ARSR
-
Air Route Surveillance Radar
ATRS
-
Analog Trunk Radio System
ATSC
-
Advanced Television System Committee
AV
-
Audio Visual
BW
-
Bandwidth
BWA
-
Broadband Wireless Access
CDF
-
Cumulative Distribution Function
CDMA
-
Code Division Multiple Access
CoRaL
-
Cognitive Radio language
CPE
-
Customer Premise Equipments
CR
-
Cognitive Radio
CRA
-
Cognitive Radio Architecture
CRS
-
Cognitive Radio System
CSI
-
Channel-State Information
CVD
-
Channel Vacancy Distribution
DANL
-
Display Average Noise Level
DARPA
-
Defense Advanced Research project Agency
DFS
-
Dynamic Frequency Selection
DFS
-
Dynamic Frequency Selection
DSA
-
Dynamic Spectrum Access
DSP
-
Digital Signal Processing
DTRS
-
Digital Trunk Radio System
xvi
DTT
-
Digital Terrestrial Television
HDTV
-
High Definition Television
EDGE
-
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
EDTV
-
Multi-channel Enhanced Digital Television
EIRP
-
Effective Isotropic Radiation Power
ETSI
-
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FCC
-
Federal Communications Commission
FM
-
Frequency Modulated
FWA
-
Fixed Wireless Access
GOM
-
Government Of Malaysia
GPIB
-
General Purpose Interface Bus
GPS
-
Global Positioning System
GSM
-
Global System for Mobile Communication
GUI
-
Graphical User Interface
HSDPA
-
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA
-
High Speed Packet Access
IDA
-
Infocomm Development Authority
ILS
-
Instrument Landing System
IRs
-
Interface Requirements
ISM
-
Industrial, Scientific and Medical
ITU
-
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R
-
International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication
LE
-
Licensed Exempt
LTE
-
Long Term Evolution
MCMC
-
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
MIMO
-
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MINDEF
-
Ministry of Defence
NTIA
-
National Telecommunication and Information Administration
NTSC
-
National Television System Committee
OFDMA
-
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OSA
-
Opportunistic Spectrum Access
PBCR
-
Policy Based Cognitive Radio
PSD
-
Power Spectral Density
QoS
-
Quality of Service
xvii
RCT
-
Return Channel Terrestrial
RF
-
Radio Frequency
S-DMS
-
Satellite Digital Multimedia Service
SDR
-
Software-Defined Radio
SSF
-
Spectrum Surveying Framework
TDD
-
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
-
Time Division Multiple Access
T-DMS
-
Terrestial Digital Multimedia Service
TPC
-
Transmit Power Control
TV
-
Television
TVBD
-
TV Band Devices
UHF
-
Ultra High Frequency
UMTS
-
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standard
USB
-
Universal Serial Bus
UTM
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
UWB
-
Ultra Wideband
VHF
-
Very High Frequency
WiMAX
-
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLANs
-
Wireless Local Area Networks
WRAN
-
Wireless Regional Area Network
WRCs
-
World Radio Communication Conferences
XG
-
Next Generation