vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objective of Project
4
1.4
Scope of Project
4
viii
2
3
4
LITERITURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Partial Discharges Phenomena
5
2.3
Partial Discharge Background
6
2.4
Definition of Partial Discharges
6
2.5
Definition of Natural Rubber
8
2.6
Definition of Nanofiller
9
2.6.1 Nano Silica (Silicone Dioxide)
9
2.6.2 Nano Titanium (Titanium Dioxide)
10
2.7
Previous Research of Natural rubber
11
2.8
Previous Research of Partial Discharge
12
2.9
Previous Research of Nanofiller
13
3.0
Summary
14
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
15
3.2
CIGRE METHOD II
16
3.3
RC DETECTOR
17
3.4
LabViewTM
20
3.4.1
Off Line Method
20
3.4.2 On Line Method
21
3.4.3
21
Block Diagram
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Sample Preparation
22
4.1.1 Extrusion Method
23
4.2
SEM and EDX
25
4.3
Result
26
ix
4.4
5
4.3.1 Resistance, Capacitance and Tan δ
27
4.3.2 PD Testing
31
4.3.3 PD Numbers
32
4.3.4 PD Magnitude
37
4.3.5 Physical Morphology
40
Discussion
47
4.4.1 Roles of nano filler
47
4.4.2 Oxidation Process
48
4.4.3 Nano particles cores
49
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
51
5.2
Recommendation
52
REFERENCES
54-58
Appendix A
59-68
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
4.1
TITLE
Sample preparation of natural rubber blends
PAGE
22
with inorganics nanofiller
4.2
Total numbers of PD
32
4.3
Comparison SEM image before and after
41
testing for all samples
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Partial discharge process
7
3.1
Test arrangement of PD
16
3.2
CIGRE Method II
17
3.3
Schematic diagram of RC detector to measure Vd
18
4.1
Extrusion Method
23
4.2
The final output after molding process
24
4.3
SEM equipment
25
4.4
Resistance Test and its equipment
26
4.5
Capacitance Test and its equipment
27
4.6
Resistance with different compositions
28
4.7
Capacitance with different compositions
29
4.8
Tan δ with different compositions
30
4.9
Experimental setup for PD measurement
31
4.10
Time dependence of PD positive for every sample
33
4.11
Time dependence of PD negatives for every sample
34
4.12
PD numbers for all samples
35
4.13
Magnitude of PD positives against time
37
4.14
Magnitude of PD negatives against time
38
4.15
The comparison between the percentage of carbon
42
and oxygen before PD testing
4.16
The comparison between the percentage of carbon
and oxygen after PD testing
43
xii
4.17
Comparison of carbon elements for each sample
44
before and after the experiment
4.18
Comparison of oxygen elements for each sample
45
before and after the experiment
4.19
The element of sample without filler before testing
46
4.20
The element of sample without filler after testing
46
4.21
Mechanism of nanofiller to reduced PD attack
48
4.22
Multi Core model for nano particles
50
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PD
= Partial Discharge
LabVIEWTM = Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench
NI
= National Instrument
NR
= Natural Rubber
HPF
= High pass filter
LDPE
= Low Density Polyethylene
NBR
= Acrylonitrile – Butadiene Rubber
EDPM
= Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber
EVA
= Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate
PVC
= Polyvinyl Chloride
TiO2
= Titanium Dioxide
SiO2
= Silicone Dioxide
SEM
= Scanning Electron Microscope
EDX
= Energy Dispersive X-ray
pph
= part per hundred
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
V
= Voltage
q
= Charge
C
= Capacitance
R
= Resistance
I
= Current
Ω
= ohm
δ
= delta
G
= Giga
xv
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Picture of preparation of the sample.
PAGE
59