vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Project Background
2
1.2.1 Reactive Power
3
1.2.2 Application in TNB System
5
1.3
Problem Statement
5
1.4
Objectives
6
1.5
Scope
7
1.6
Literature Review
7
1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD
8
1.6.2 Circuit Simulation
9
1.6.3 Performance Analysis
9
Report Outline
9
1.7
viii
2
CAPACITOR BANK
2.1
Introduction
11
2.2
Capacitor Bank
12
2.2.1 Power Factor Correction
12
2.2.2 Capacitor Unit
15
2.2.3 Capacitor Capabilities
17
2.2.4 System Configuration
18
Installation in TNB System
20
2.3.1 System Protection
21
2.3.2 Failure in Capacitor Unit
22
Summary
22
2.3
2.4
3
ANALYSIS ON FAILURE CAPACITOR BANK
3.1
Introduction
23
3.2
Failure of Capacitor Unit
24
3.3
Method Detecting Unbalance
24
3.3.1 Current Detection Method
25
3.3.2 Voltage Detection Method
30
Application and Design of Capacitor Bank
32
3.4.1 Ungrounded Single Wye
32
3.4.2 Ungrounded Double Wye
33
3.4.3 Grounded Single Wye
34
3.4.4 Grounded Double Wye
34
Summary
35
3.4
3.5
4
MODELING FOR PSCAD SIMULATION
4.1
Introduction
36
4.2
Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques
37
4.3
Operation Capacitor Bank in the System
38
4.4
Capacitor Bank Model A
40
4.4.1 Design with Capacitor Unit
40
4.4.2 Design with Capacitor Elements
40
Capacitor Bank Model A
42
4.5.1
42
4.5
Design with Capacitor Unit
ix
4.6
5
4.5.2 Design with Capacitor Elements
42
Summary
44
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
45
5.2
Operation Capacitor Bank in the System
45
5.3
Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model A 46
5.3.1
Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group
48
5.3.2
Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 52
5.3.3
Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group 55
and Different Group (All Elements)
5.3.4
Case 4: Elements Failure at Same Group 58
and Different Group (One Elements)
5.4
Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model A
59
5.4.1
Case 1: No Elements Failure
62
5.4.2
Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.00 µ F 62
(4 Elements Failure at Left Bank)
5.4.3
Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based 64
Elements Failure at Left Bank
5.4.4
Case 4: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.82 µ F 65
(2 Elements Failure at Both Bank)
5.5
Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model B
68
5.5.1
Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group
69
5.5.2
Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 74
5.5.3
Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group 77
and Different Group (All Elements)
5.5.4
Case 4: Elements Failure at Same Group 80
and Different Group (One Elements)
5.6
Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model B
81
5.6.1
Case 1: No Elements Failure
85
5.6.2
Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 24.70 µ F 85
(6 Elements Failure at Left Bank)
x
5.6.3
Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based 87
Elements Failure at Left Bank
5.6.4
Case 4: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 28.50 µ F 89
(3 Elements Failure at Both Bank)
6
5.7
Finding
92
5.8
Summary
93
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1
General Conclusion
94
6.2
Recommendation for Future Work
96
REFERENCES
97
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Example data capacitor bank installed in TNB
13
4.1
Data for capacitor bank Model A and Model B
37
5.1
Details calculation for capacitor element Model A
49
5.2
Summary results for Case 1
50
5.3
Analysis with one unit element failure (same group)
50
5.4
Analysis with two unit element failure (same group)
51
5.5
Analysis with three unit element failure (same group)
51
5.6
Analysis with four unit element failure (same group)
52
5.7
Analysis with one unit element failure (different group)
53
5.8
Analysis with two unit element failure (different group)
53
5.9
Analysis with three unit element failure (different group)
54
5.10
Analysis with four unit element failure (different group)
54
5.11
Analysis with eleven unit element failure (different group)
55
5.12
Analysis with eleven unit element failure (same and different 56
group)
5.13
Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different 56
group)
5.14
Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different 57
group)
5.15
Analysis with ten unit element failure (same and different 57
group)
5.16
Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different 58
group)
5.17
Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements
60
5.18
Details for calculation for capacitor unit
61
5.19
No failures at the capacitor unit
62
xii
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
5.20
No capacitor unit failed
63
5.21
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 µF
63
5.22
Analysis with two capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 µF
63
5.23
Analysis with three capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 µF
64
5.24
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 10.08 µF
64
5.25
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.82 µF
65
5.26
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.48 µF
65
5.27
Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same 66
phase)
5.28
Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different 66
phase)
5.29
Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different 67
phase)
5.30
Summary analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both 67
banks
5.31
Details for calculation for capacitor element Model B
70
5.32
Summary result for Case 1
71
5.33
Analysis with one unit element failure (same group)
71
5.34
Analysis with two unit element failure (same group)
72
5.35
Analysis with three unit element failure (same group)
72
5.36
Analysis with four unit element failure (same group)
73
5.37
Analysis with five unit element failure (same group)
73
5.38
Analysis with six unit element failure (same group)
74
5.39
Analysis with one unit element failure (different group)
75
5.40
Analysis with two unit element failure (different group)
75
5.41
Analysis with three unit element failure (different group)
76
5.42
Analysis with four unit element failure (different group)
76
5.43
Analysis with four unit element failure (same and different 77
group)
xiii
TABLE NO.
5.44
TITLE
PAGE
Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different 78
group)
5.45
Analysis with six unit element failure (same and different 78
group)
5.46
Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different 79
group)
5.47
Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different 79
group)
5.48
Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different 80
group)
5.49
Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different 81
group)
5.50
Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements
83
5.51
Details for calculation for capacitor unit
84
5.52
No failures at the capacitor unit
85
5.53
No capacitor unit failed
86
5.54
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 24.70 µF
86
5.55
Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 µF
86
(same group)
5.56
Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 µF
87
(different group)
5.57
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 30.19 µF
88
5.58
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 29.41 µF
88
5.59
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 28.50 µF
88
5.60
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 27.45 µF
89
5.61
Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 26.20 µF
89
5.62
Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same 90
phase)
5.63
Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different 90
phase)
xiv
TABLE NO.
5.64
TITLE
PAGE
Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different 91
phase)
5.65
Summary analysis on failure of capacitor unit at both bank
91
5.66
Findings for Model A and Model B
92
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Modeling power system
4
1.2
Flow chart of project methodology
8
2.1
Power Triangle
13
2.2
Application capacitor bank to substation
14
2.3
Power factor correction
14
2.4
Capacitor bank system
15
2.5
Design for capacitor unit
16
2.6
Complete bay for capacitor bank
20
2.7
System Protection for Capacitor Bank
21
3.1
Statistic failure capacitor bank
24
3.2
Simplified circuit for unbalance current method
25
3.3
Simplified circuit for unbalance method red phase
26
3.4
Simplified circuit for unbalance method yellow phase
28
3.5
Simplified circuit for unbalance method blue phase
29
3.6
Vectorial current summation
30
3.7
Simplified circuit for unbalance voltage method
31
3.8
Ungrounded single Y with using voltage method
33
3.9
Ungrounded double Y with using current method
33
3.10
Grounded single Y with using current method
34
3.11
Grounded double Y with using current method
35
4.1
Installation Capacitor Bank in the System
38
4.2
Circuit for Capacitor Bank
39
4.3
Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model A
41
4.4
Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model A
41
4.5
Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model B
43
4.6
Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model B
44
xvi
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
5.1
Output for Operation of Capacitor Bank
46
5.2
Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model A
47
5.3
Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model A
59
5.4
Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model B
68
5.5
Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model B
82
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
P
-
Real Power
Q
-
Reactive Power
V
-
Receiving Voltage
E
-
Sending Voltage
C
-
Capacitance
δ
-
Angle of Sending Voltage
θ
-
Angle of Impedance
φ
-
Angle of Current
SA
-
Sending Apparent Power
SB
-
Receiving Apparent Power
µF
-
Micro Farad
Z
-
Impedance
X
-
Reactance
kVA
-
Unit of Apparent Power
kW
-
Unit of Active Power
kVar
-
Unit of Reactive Power
f
-
Frequency
R1
-
Total Capacitance Red Left Bank
Y1
-
Total Capacitance Yellow Left Bank
B1
-
Total Capacitance Blue Left Bank
R2
-
Total Capacitance Red Right Bank
Y2
-
Total Capacitance Yellow Right Bank
R2
-
Total Capacitance Blue Right Bank
I
-
Unbalance Current
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Single-Y
-
Single Wye
Double-Y
-
Double Wye
PSCAD
-
Power System Computer Aided Design
TNB
-
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
SVC
-
Static Var Compensator
PF
-
Power Factor
IEEE
-
International of Electrical & Electronic Eng.
CT
-
Current Transformer
MS
-
Malaysia Standard