vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
DECLARATION
1
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1. Introduction
1
1.2. Problem Statement
3
viii
2
1.3. Objective
3
1.4. Scope Of Project
3
1.5. Project Methodology
4
1.5.1. Literature Review
5
1.5.2. Design Of DRA Operates At 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz
6
1.5.3. Fabrication
6
1.5.4. Measurement
6
1.6. Specification
7
1.7. Thesis Outline
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1. Introduction
9
2.2. DRA Configuration
9
2.2.1. Notched Rectangular DRA
9
2.2.2. Annular DRA
10
2.2.3. Multi Segment DRA (MSDRA)
11
2.2.4. Parasitic DRA
12
2.3. Excitation Method
2.3.1. Coaxial And Microstrip Feed Line
13
14
ix
2.3.2. Slot Waveguide
14
2.3.3. Image Guide
15
2.4. DRA Coupling
3
4
15
2.4.1. Aperture Coupling
16
2.4.2. Probe Coupling
16
2.4.3. Microstrip Line Coupling
17
2.5. DRA Size Calculation
18
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
21
3.1. Introduction
21
3.2. DRA Design
21
3.3. Substrate Design
23
3.4. Matching Network
31
3.5. DRA Cutting Technique
33
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
35
4.1. Intoduction
35
4.2. S11 Output For Substrate Only
35
4.3. S11 Output When Placing DRA
36
x
5
4.4. E Field Radiation Pattern At 2.4 GHz And 5.4 GHz
38
4.5. H Field Radiation Pattern At 2.4 GHz And 5.4 GHz
39
4.6. Simulation Result
41
4.7. Measurement Result
42
4.8. Summary
45
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
48
5.1. Conclusion
48
5.2. Future Work
48
REFERENCES
Appendices A – B
50
52 - 55
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
1.1
TITLE
Design Specification.
PAGE
7
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
DRA shapes – cylindrical, rectangular and hemispherical.
2
1.2
Overall project processes.
5
1.3
Expected result.
8
2.1
Notched rectangular DRA.
10
2.2
Annular DRA.
11
2.3
MSDRA.
12
2.4
Parasitic DRA.
13
2.5
Feeding line.
14
2.6
Type of coplanar structure.
15
2.7
Slot.
16
2.8
Probe coupling.
17
2.9
Difference between side coupling and direct coupling.
18
3.1
DRA initial cutting.
22
3.2
Notched DRA.
22
3.3
Actual DRA dimension.
23
xiii
3.4
FR4 with slot.
24
3.5
Section 1.
25
3.6
Section 2.
26
3.7
Section 3.
27
3.8
S11 output of section 1, 2 and 3 before fine tuning.
27
3.9
Feed line.
28
3.10 (a)
Actual substrate dimension for top layer.
29
3.10 (b)
Actual substrate dimension for bottom layer.
30
Actual substrate after fabrication.
31
Comparison between microstrip thickness.
32
3.13
Table top grinder and extra fine diamond blade.
33
3.14
CNC machine.
34
4.1
S11 output for substrate.
36
4.2
3D axis.
37
4.3
S11 simulation output.
37
4.4
Co-polar E field.
38
4.5
Cross polar E field.
39
4.6
Co-polar H field.
40
4.7
Cross polar H field.
41
3.11
3.12 (a), (b)
xiv
4.8
S11 output from simulation.
42
4.9
Actual S11 output.
43
4.10
Actual DRA.
44
4.11
S11 output when using glue.
45
4.12
Comparison between simulation and actual measurement.
46
4.13
Comparison between simulation and actual measurement when using
47
glue.
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DRA
-
Dielectric Resonator Antenna.
r
-
Permittivity.
CST
-
Computer Simulation Technology.
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Substrate Datasheet.
52
B
DRA Datasheet.
55