vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
1
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction to sensor
1
1.2
Environmental Sensor
3
1.3
Background of Problem
5
1.4
Objective of Study
7
1.5
Scope of Study
7
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
An Overview of Non-destructive Testing
9
2.2
Soils Contamination Detection Method
11
viii
2.2.1 Soils Contamination Detection using
12
Chromatography technique
2.2.2 Soils Contamination Detection using
14
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
2.2.3
Soils Contamination Detection using 15
Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ELISA)
2.3
Planar Electromagne tic Sensor
16
2.3.1 Planar Meander, Mesh and Interdigital
16
Electromagnetic Sensor
2.4
Application and Development in
20
Planar Electromagne tic Sensor
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
24
3.2
Literature Review
25
3.3
Sensor Design And Fabrication
26
3.3.1 Sensor Design
26
3.3.2 Sensor Fabrication
33
Experimental setup
34
3.4.1 Hardware Development
35
3.4.2 Software Development
38
Experimental Work
43
3.5.1 Work Sensor Characteristic on Open Air
44
3.4
3.5
Experiment:
3.5.2 Sensor Characteristic on Soils and Water
44
Concentration on Soils Experiment:
3.6
Data Analysis and Verification
46
3.7
Report Writing
49
4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
4.1
Introduction
50
ix
4.2
Description of the Selected Sensors
50
4.3
Characterization of the Sensors via Experiment
51
4.3.1 Characterization of the Sensors via 52
Open Air Experiment
4.3.2 Characterization Of The Sensors via 55
Water concentration in Soils experiment
4.3.3 Characterization of the Parallel
56
Configuration Sensors via water
concentration in soils experiment
4.3.4 Characterization of the Wye
64
Configuration Sensors via water
concentration in soils experiment
4.3.5 Characterization of the Delta
72
Configuration Sensors via water
concentration in soils experiment
4.4
5
Sensitivity studies of the soils
80
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
5.1
Conclusions
83
5.2
Future Works
85
REFERENCES
87
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
R2 Regression value for parallel sensor
57
4.2
R2 Regression value for wye sensor
65
4.3
R2 Regression value for delta sensor
73
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Transducer Used In Measurement Block Diagram
1
1.2
Percentage of Sensor According To Industries
2
1.3
Global Environmental Sensor And Monitoring Business By
4
Market Category
2.1
Configuration Of Planar Electromagnetic Sensors; (A)
17
Mesh-Type Sensor (B) Meander-Type Sensor
2.2
Electric Field Lines Of Parallel Plate Capacitors
18
2.3
Conventional Interdigital Sensor
19
2.4
Electric Field Formed Between Positive And Negative
19
Electrodes For Different Pitch Lengths, (l1, l2and l3)
3.1
Project research methodology flow chart
25
3.2
The planar electromagnetic sensor design a) Top side b)
26
Bottom side
3.3a
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Parallel Placement
28
(Overall Design)
3.3b
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Parallel Placement (Top
28
Side Design)
3.3c
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Parallel Placement
28
(Bottom Side Design)
3.4a
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Wye Placement (Overall
29
xii
Design)
3.4b
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Wye Placement (Top
30
Design)
3.4c
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Wye Placement (Bottom
30
Design)
3.5a
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Delta Placement (Overall
31
Design)
3.5b
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Delta Placement (Top
32
Design)
3.5c
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Parallel Placement
32
(Bottom Design)
3.6a
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Parallel Placement
33
3.6b
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Wye Placement
34
3.6c
Planar Electromagnetic Sensor Delta Placement
34
3.7
Overall Experiment Setup
35
3.8
Agilent U2781A USB modular Chassis
36
3.9
Agilent U2761A USB modular function generator.
36
3.10
Agilent U2701A USB modular oscilloscope.
37
3.11
Overall Modular Experimental Setup.
38
3.12
Cyclic Frequency Increment Sub Program
40
3.13a
Function Generator Initialize Setup
41
3.13b
Function Generator Output Setup
41
3.14a
Oscilloscope Initialization Setup
42
3.14b
Oscilloscope Output Configuration Setup
42
3.15
Agilent VEE Modular Control Program.
43
3.16
Water concentration into soils experiment flow.
45
3.17
Soils are filled and weighted.
45
3.18
Sensor is attached to the polystyrene bag.
46
3.19
Equivalent Circuit of planar meander and interdigital
48
sensor.
4.1
Parallel configuration sensor characteristic via open air
53
experiment
4.2
Wye configuration sensor characteristic via open air
53
xiii
experiment
4.3
Delta configuration sensor characteristic via open air
54
experiment
4.4a
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 100
58
kHz
4.4b
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 200
58
kHz
4.4c
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 300
58
kHz
4.4d
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 400
59
kHz
4.4e
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 500
59
kHz
4.4f
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 600
59
kHz
4.4g
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 700
60
kHz
4.4h
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 800
60
kHz
4.4i
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 900
60
kHz
4.4j
Linear Parallel configuration sensor regression at 1 MHz
61
4.5a
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
61
100 kHz
4.5b
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
61
200 kHz
4.5c
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
62
300 kHz
4.5d
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
62
400 kHz
4.5e
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
62
500 kHz
4.5f
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
63
xiv
600 kHz
4.5g
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
63
700 kHz
4.5h
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
63
800 kHz
4.5i
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at
64
900 kHz
4.5j
Polynomial Parallel configuration sensor regression at 1
64
MHz
4.6a
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 100 kHz
66
4.6b
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 200 kHz
66
4.6c
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 300 kHz
66
4.6d
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 400 kHz
67
4.6e
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 500 kHz
67
4.6f
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 600 kHz
67
4.6g
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 700 kHz
68
4.6h
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 800 kHz
68
4.6i
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 900 kHz
68
4.6j
Linear Wye configuration sensor regression at 1 MHz
69
4.7a
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 100
69
kHz
4.7b
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 200
69
kHz
4.7c
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 300
70
kHz
4.7d
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 400
70
kHz
4.7e
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 500
70
kHz
4.7f
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 600
71
kHz
4.7g
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 700
kHz
71
xv
4.7h
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 800
71
kHz
4.7i
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 900
72
kHz
4.7j
Polynomial Wye configuration sensor regression at 1
72
MHz
4.8a
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 100 kHz
74
4.8b
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 200 kHz
74
4.8c
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 300 kHz
74
4.8d
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 400 kHz
75
4.8e
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 500 kHz
75
4.8f
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 600 kHz
75
4.8g
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 700 kHz
76
4.8h
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 800 kHz
76
4.8i
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 900 kHz
76
4.8j
Linear Delta configuration sensor regression at 1 MHz
77
4.9a
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 100
77
kHz
4.9b
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 200
77
kHz
4.9c
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 300
78
kHz
4.9d
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 400
78
kHz
4.9e
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 500
78
kHz
4.9f
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 600
79
kHz
4.9g
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 700
79
kHz
4.9h
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 800
kHz
79
xvi
4.9i
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 900
80
kHz
4.9j
Polynomial Delta configuration sensor regression at 1
80
MHz
4.10
Sensitivity of real part for different water concentration
82
in soils at 100 kHz
4.11
Sensitivity of imaginary part for different water
concentration in soils at 100 kHz
82
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
C
- Capacitance
I
- Current
L
- Inductor
PCB
- Printed Circuit Board
R
- Resistance
V
- Voltage
X
- Reactance
Z
- Impedance
Ω
- Ohm
∅
- Angle