VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IV
ABSTRACT
V
ABSTRAK
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
II
VII
LIST OF TABLES
XI
LIST OF FIGURES
XII
LIST OF SYMBOLES
XV
LIST OF APPENDICES
XVI
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1.
Overview
1
1.2.
Background of Study
2
1.3.
Statement of Problem
4
1.4.
Objective
4
1.5.
Significant of Study
5
1.6.
Scope of Project
5
1.7.
Project report Outline
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.
Introduction
2.2.
Definition of Total Transfer Capability
7
7
VIII
(TTC), and Its Algorithm.
7
2.3.
DC Power Flow
8
2.4.
Optimal Power Flow
9
2.5.
Repetition Power Flow
10
2.6.
Continuation power Flow
10
2.7.
Non dispatchable generation Impacts on
ATC Calculation
2.8.
Wind Probability and Distribution
2.9.
13
Multiple Load Increment and Distribution
Slack Bus
15
Summary
17
THEOROTICAL ANALYSIS
19
2.10.
3.
12
3.1.
Introduction
3.2.
Continuation Power Flow
19
19
3.2.1.
Introduction
19
3.2.2.
Locally Parameterized Continuation
20
3.2.3.
Formulation of Power Equation.
20
3.2.4.
The Predictor-Corrector Process
22
3.2.4.1.
Selecting the Continuation Parameter
23
3.2.4.2.
Identify the Critical Point
24
3.3.
Transmission Line Flow
25
3.4.
Single and Distribution Slack Bus
27
3.5.
Wind Turbine variety and Types
28
3.5.1.
Introduction
28
3.5.2.
Wind Power Basics
28
3.5.3.
Wind Turbine Types
30
3.5.4.
Wind Turbine Generator Types
31
3.5.4.1.
Constant Speed Wind Turbine With
Squirrel cage Induction Generator.
32
IX
3.5.4.2.
Variable speed wind turbine with doubly
fed (wound rotor) induction generator.
3.6.
Wind Speed Model
3.6.1.
4.
Weibull Distribution
39
39
3.7.
Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
40
3.8.
Risk Associated with wind turbine generator
41
MOTHODOLOGY
42
4.1.
Introduction
42
4.2.
Introducing Power System Toolbox (PSAT)
43
4.3.
Modeling of Power System Data Includes
Wind Turbines
45
4.3.1.
Bus Matrix (Bus.con)
45
4.3.2.
Slack Generator Matrix (SW.con)
46
4.3.3.
PV Generator Matrix(PV.con)
47
4.3.4.
PQ Load Matrix (PQ.con)
48
4.3.5.
Line Matrix (Line.con)
48
4.3.6.
Transformer Matrix (Line.con)
50
4.3.7.
Constant Speed Wind Turbine
Matrix (CSWT.con)
50
Wind Speed (Wind.con)
51
4.3.8.1. Wind Ramp Component
51
4.3.8.2. Wind Gust Component
52
4.3.8.
4.3.9.
4.3.10.
5.
35
IEEE 30-Bus Test System Model
and Data
53
Wind Turbine Model and Data
54
4.4.
Implementing ATC in PSAT
56
4.5.
Different Study For ATC Study
60
RESULT AND DISCISSION
63
X
5.1.
Introduction
5.2.
ATC Study with / without constraints in
The Base case (Scenario 1).
5.3.
Scenario 1 without Constraints.
63
5.2.2.
Scenario 1 with Constraints.
66
Study with/without Constraints by Integrating
Scenario 2 without Constraints.
70
5.3.2.
Scenario 2 with Constraints.
73
Study with/without Constraints by Integrating
6.
79
5.4.1.
Scenario 3 without Constraints.
79
5.4.2.
Scenario 3 with Constraints.
81
Simulating of Scenario 2
(With Constraints) in MATPOWER
5.6
70
5.3.1.
Wind Turbine on Bus 10 (Scenario 3).
5.5
63
5.2.1.
Wind Turbine on Bus 29 (Scenario 2).
5.4.
63
Summery
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
84
85
89
6.1.
Conclusion
89
6.2.
Recommendation and Future Work
91
REFERENCES
82
Appendix A
97
Appendix B
103
XI
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Comparisons of site parameter between Helgoland,
and Tera Kora.
15
3.1
Recent wind turbines used in Europe.
32
4.1
Bus Data Format (Bus.con)
45
4.2
Slack Generator Data Format (SW.con)
46
4.3
PV Generator Data Format (PV.con)
47
4.4
PQ Load Data Format (PQ.con)
48
4.5
Line Data Format (Line.con)
49
4.6
Transformer Data Format (Line.con)
50
4.7
constant speed wind turbine (CSWT.con)
51
4.8
Wind Model Data Format (Wind.con)
52
4.9
Roughness length
53
in various ground surfaces.
XII
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
1.1
TITLE
PAGE
Total transfer capability changes in different
time frames
3
2.1
Weibull Distribution with different shape factors
14
3.1
curve result of continuation power flow at
IEEE-30 bus test
system.
3.2
Branch Model
3.3
Power coefficient vs. Tip speed ratio curves
of the wind machine.
25
26
30
3.4
Turbine Torque and Power vs. Shaft Speed Curve
30
3.5
Horizontal and Vertical axis Wind Turbines.
31
3.6
Constant Speed Wind Turbine with Squirrel Cage
Induction Generator Diagram
3.7
33
Variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed
(wound rotor) induction generator.
36
4.1
n Model of Transmission Line.
49
4.2
IEEE 30-Bus Test System.
53
4.3
Bell Shape Curve of wind speed Probability
based on site condition.
4.4
55
Bell Shape Curve of wind speed Probability
in different shape factor.
55
XIII
4.5
Voltage Profile for IEEE-30 bus system.
57
4.6
Generators Output vs. Total Load Increment.
59
4.7
Load profile for three busses.
59
4.8
Scenario 2 Wind Turbine Connected to Bud 29
61
4.9
Scenario 3 Wind Turbine Connected to Bud 10
62
5.1
Output Power for each Generator vs. Total Load Power.
65
5.2
Voltage Profile at Maximum Lambda
65
5.3
Load Profile at Maximum Lambda on Bus 5 ,2, and 26.
65
5.4
Distribution of Power Generation
66
5.5
Output Power for each Generator vs. Total Load Power
67
5.6
Voltage Profile at Maximum Lambda.
68
5.7
Load Profile at Maximum Lambda on Bus 5 ,2, and 26.
68
5.8
Distribution of Power Generation
69
5.9
ATC in Scenario 1 for with/without constraint condition.
69
5.10
Voltage Profile in Scenario 1 and 2 without constraints.
71
5.11
Distribution of Power Generation.
71
5.12
Reactive Power of all Branches.
72
5.13
Voltage Profile in scenario 1 and 2 with constraint.
74
5.14
Distribution of Generators Power with wind turbine.
74
5.15
Load Profile By Appling the constraints.
76
5.16
ATC in MW with connected Wind Farm in the Bus 29.
76
5.17
Distribution of Power Generation with comparing
wind farm and Conventional Generator Output.
5.18
Scaled figure of fig 5.17 on bus 31.
5.19
Reactive Power of Branches with comparing
wind farm and conventional Generator.
77
77
78
XIV
5.20
Scaled Figure of figure5.19 on branch 42.
78
5.21
Voltage profile comparison in three scenario
79
5.22
Distribution of generators power with wind turbine
in scenario3.
80
5.23
Load Profile in Scenario3 without constraint.
81
5.24
Voltage profile comparison in three scenarios
(with constraint).
5.25
82
Distribution of Power Generation in scenario 3
(with constraint).
82
5.26
ATC in MW with Connected wind farm in the Bus 10.
83
5.27
Voltage Profile Comparison between PSAT and
MATPOWER in Scenario 2 (with Constraint Consideration).
5.28
ATC in MW comparing scenario1, 2, and 3
(No Constraint Consideration).
5.29
5.31
85
ATC in MW comparing scenario2 and 3
(Voltage Constraint Consideration).
5.30
84
86
ATC in MW comparing scenario2 and 3
(Line Flow Constraint Consideration).
87
Risk Associated with wind turbine generator
88
XV
LIST OF SYMBOLES
K
-
Shape Factor.
C
-
Scale Factor.
f(u )
-
Frequency of Occurrence of Wind Speed.
u
-
Frequency Distribution.
A
-
Load Parameter.
P Li o
-
Original Active Load at Bus i
Q Lio
-
Original Active Load at Bus i
«Li
-
Multiplier to designate the rate of load change at bus i.
0i
-
power Factor at bus i
-
Current for To End Side.
-
Current for From End Side.
Y
-
Admittance Matrix.
Yh
-
Weighting of the participation factor for each generator.
cP
-
Curve power coefficient.
P
-
Air Density.
o
-
Solidity.
^G
-
Participation Factor.
If
XVI
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
IEEE 30-bus Test System in PSAT Format Data
97
B
Result of MATPOWER for IEEE 30-bus System
103