Matakuliah : A0092 - Kepemimpinan
Tahun
: 2008 / 2009
Chapter I
Introduction:
The Nature of Leadership
Learning Objectives
• Understand why leadership has been defined in so many
different ways.
• Understand the controversy about differences between
leadership and management.
• Understand how leadership will be defined in this book.
Bina Nusantara
© 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Understand why it is so difficult to assess leadership
effectiveness.
• Understand the different indicators used to assess
leadership effectiveness.
• Understand what aspects of leadership have been
studied the most during the past 50 years.
Bina Nusantara
Learning Objectives
• Understand how leadership can be described as an
individual, dyadic, group, or organizational process.
• Understand the organization of this book.
Bina Nusantara
The Importance of Leadership in
Organization Alive Aspect
•
•
•
•
•
•
Determining and improving perspective and mission
Coordinating people activities and work
Empowering and directing the source effort
Determining the strategy and decision making
Managing the organization changing
Reaching the goals
Bina Nusantara
Definitions of Leadership
• Past definitions have included traits, behaviors,
influence, interaction patterns, role relationships, and
occupation of an administrative position. See Table 1-1.
Bina Nusantara
Defining Differences
•
•
•
•
•
Specialized Role or Shared Influence Process
Type of Influence Process
Purpose of Influence Attempts
Influence Based on Reason or Emotions
Leadership versus Management
Bina Nusantara
Leadership Defined
• Leadership is the process of influencing others to
understand and agree about what needs to be done and
how it can be done effectively, and the process of
facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish
the shared objectives.
Bina Nusantara
Leadership Processes Scope
• External event
interpretation
• Choice of strategies
• Motivation of members
• Member trust
• Work activity organization
Bina Nusantara
• Member skills and
confidence development
• Member learning and
sharing of knowledge
• Support from outsiders
Leadership Effectiveness
•
•
•
•
•
•
Objective measures, profit, sales
Subjective measures, ratings from subordinates
Attitudes
Quality of group processes
Multiple criteria
Immediate and delayed outcomes
Bina Nusantara
Key Leadership Variables
• Characteristics of the leader
• Characteristics of the followers
• Characteristics of the situation
Bina Nusantara
Figure 1-2
Situational Variables
Leader
Behavior
Leader Traits
and Skills
Bina Nusantara
Influence
Processes
Follower Attitudes
and Behaviors
Performance
Outcomes
Major Research Approaches
•
•
•
•
•
Trait Approach
Behavior Approach
Power-Influence Approach
Situational Approach
Integrative Approach
Bina Nusantara
Level of Conceptualization
•
•
•
•
Bina Nusantara
Individual
Dyad
Group
Organization
Other Bases for Comparison
• Leader vs. Follower-centered Theories
• Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Theory
• Universal vs. Contingency Theory
Bina Nusantara
Theory of Leadership
• Trait theory
• Behavior theory
• Contingency theory
Bina Nusantara
Summary
• Leadership is an influence process
• In evaluating leader effectiveness, outcome variables
differ according to researcher
• Leadership studies vary based on the line of research
and the level of conceptualization
Bina Nusantara
Summary
• Another basis for studying leadership includes the
relative focus on the leader or the follower
• Leadership theories can be prescriptive or descriptive,
universal or contingent
Bina Nusantara
Bina Nusantara