Matakuliah : A0092 - Kepemimpinan
Tahun
: 2008 / 2009
Chapter 3
Perspectives on Effective Leadership
Behavior
Learning Objectives
• Understand what research methods have been used
to study leadership behavior.
• Understand early research findings.
• Understand the broad and specific categories of
leadership behavior.
• Understand different methods for developing
taxonomies of leadership behavior.
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the importance of task and relations behavior.
• Understand how specific types of task and relations
behavior can be used effectively.
• Understand the three-dimensional model of leader
behavior.
• Understand the contributions and limitations of the
behavior approach.
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Ohio State Leadership Studies
• Consideration
• Initiating Structure
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Michigan Leadership Studies
• Task-Oriented Behavior
• Relations-Oriented
Behavior
• Participative Leadership
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Skandinavia Leadership Studies
• Task Oriented
• People Oriented
• Change Oriented
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Survey Research Limitations
• Biases in Behavior Description Questionnaires
• Interpreting Causality in Survey
Studies
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Task and Relations Behavior Experiments
• Laboratory Experiments
• Field Experiments
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Managerial Grade Model
• Concern for Production
• Concern for People
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Critical Incidents Research
• Behavior incidents are collected by interview or
open-ended questionnaire from a large sample
of respondents.
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The High-High Leader
• According to this theory, effective managers
have a high concern for both people and
production.
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Categories of Leadership Behavior
• Broad, Abstract
• Concrete, Narrow
• Observed
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Specific Task Behaviors
• Planning Work Activities
• Clarifying Roles and
Objectives
• Monitoring Operations
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Main Characteristics of The Effective
Leadership
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Belief
Exemplary
Intelligence
Ability
Entrepreneur
Personality
Specific Relations Behaviors
• Supporting
• Developing (Mentoring
and Coaching)
• Recognizing
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Working Performance of the Effective
Leadership
• Increase the productivity of organization
• High satisfaction of employee
• Giving good contribution for environment
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Summary
• Until the mid 1980s, most leader behavior research
focused on initiating structure and leaders consideration.
• Though conclusions differ, overall results show that
effective leaders are high-high.
• Key task behaviors are planning, clarifying, and
monitoring.
• Key relationship oriented behaviors are supporting,
developing, and recognizing.
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