TEKNIK & PROSEDUR KONSOLIDASI
CONSOLIDATION TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES
Dalam bab ini akan dibahas prosedur penyusunan laporan keuangan
konsolidasi untuk induk perusahaan dan anak perusahaan serta
kendala-kendala yang mungkin timbul akibat pembukuan yang
kurang sempurna dari perusahaan yang akan dikonsolidasikan.
CONSOLIDATION UNDER THE EQUITY METHOD
PT. Puri membayar 87.000 untuk memperoleh kepentingan 80%
pada PT. Pondok pada tanggal 1 Januari 2002. Pada tanggal tersebut
SHE PT. Pondok terdiri dari capital stock 60.000 dan retained
earnings 30.000. Excess cost over book value sebesar 15.000
(87.000 – 90.000*80%) dialokasikan ke Goodwill dengan
amortisasi 10 tahun. Laba bersih dan dividen PT. Pondok sbb :
Laba bersih
Dividen
2002
25.000
15.000
2003
30.000
15.000
Berikut penghitungan dan kertas kerja konsolidasi untuk tahun 2002
dengan kolom adjustments & eliminasi yang tidak mempengaruhi
buku besar masing2 perusahaan sbb :
Income Puri fr. Pondok = 80% * 25.000 – 15.000 / 10 thn = 18.500
Minority Income
= 20% * 25.000 = 5.000
Minority Interest 1 Jan 02 = 20% * 90.000 = 18.000
Jurnal penyesuaian & eliminasi kertas-kerja konsolidasi 31/12/02
sbb :
a. Dr. Income from Pondok …………….. 18.000
Cr. Dividends ……………………………… 12.000
Cr. Investment in Pondok …………………
6.000
(to eliminate income & dividends from Pondok & return the
investment account to its begining of the period balance)
PT. Puri and Subsidiary
Consolidation Working Papers
For the year ended December 31, 2002
PT.
PT.
Adjustments &
Minority Consolidated
Puri
Pondok
Eliminations
Interest
F/S
Income Statement :
- Revenue
250.000
65.000
315.000
- Income from Pondok
18.500
- a.18.500
- Expenses
200.000
40.000 c. 1.500
241.500
- Minority Int. Income
5.000
5.000
Net Income
68.500
25.000
68.500
Retained Earnings :
- R/E – Puri 1/1
5.000
5.000
- R/E – Pondok 1/1
30.000 b.30.000
- Add Net Income
68.500
25.000
68.500
- Deduct : Dividends
30.000
15.000
a.12.000
3.000
30.000
R/E Dec 31, 2002
43.500
40.000
43.500
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
40.000
10.000
50.000
- Other current assets
90.000
50.000
140.000
- Investment in Pondok
93.500
a. 6.500
b.87.000
- Plant & Equipment
300.000 100.000
400.000
- Acc. Depreciation
50.000
30.000
80.000
- Goodwill
- b.15.000 c. 1.500
13.500
473.500 130.000
523.500
- Liabilities
80.000
30.000
110.000
- Capital stock
350.000
60.000 b.60.000
350.000
- Retained earnings
43.500
40.000
43.500
473.500 130.000
Minority Int. Jan 1, 02
b.18.000
18.000
Minority Int. Dec 31 02
20.000
20.000
523.500
2
b. Dr. R/E – Pondok (beginning) ……….. 30.000
Dr. Capital stock – Pondok …………… 60.000
Dr. Goodwill …………………………. 15.000
Cr. Investment in Pondok …………………. 87.000
Cr. Minority Interest ………………………. 18.000
(to eliminate reciprocal equity & investment balances, establish
beginning minority interest and enter unamortized goodwill)
c. Dr. Expenses …………………………. 1.500
Cr. Goodwill ……………………………….
(to enter current amortization of goodwill)
1.500
Dari ketiga jurnal dapat di-identifikasikan urut2an nya sbb :
a. Menyesuaikan perubahan investasi tahun berjalan kembali ke saldo
awal tahun
b. Eliminasi saldo investasi
c. Amortisasi goodwill
Secara umum urut – urutan junal penyesuaian & eliminasi sbb :
1. Penyesuaian errors & omissions dari masing2 perusahaan
2. Penyesuaian eliminasi intercompany profit & losses
3. Penyesuaian eliminasi income & dividends dari subsidiary dan
menyesuaikan saldo investasi pada perusahaan anak kepada saldo
awal periode ybs
4. Eliminasi dari reciprocal “investment in subsidiary” dan “subsidiary
equity balances”
5. Alokasi dan amortisasi perbedaan cost & book value
6. Eliminasi other reciprocal balances (intercompany receivable /
payable)
Pada akhir tahun kedua (31/12/2003) saldo investasi dalam saham
PT. Pondok sbb :
- Investment cost January 1, 2002 ………………..….. 87.000
- Income from Pondok – 2002 ……………………..… 18.500
- Dividends from Pondok – 2002 ……………………. (12.000)
- Investment in Pondok December 31, 2002 ……….... 93.500
3
- Income from Pondok 2003 (30.000 * 80% - 1.500) … 22.500
- Dividends from Pondok 2003 (15.000 * 80%) …….. (12.000)
- Investment in Pondok December 31 2003 ………….. 104.000
PT. Puri and Subsidiary
Consolidation Working Papers
For the year ended December 31, 2003
PT.
PT.
Adjustments &
Minority Consolidated
Puri
Pondok
Eliminations
Interest
F/S
Income Statement :
- Revenue
300.000
75.000
375.000
- Income from Pondok
22.500
- a.22.500
- Expenses
244.000
45.000 d. 1.500
290.000
- Minority Int. Income
6.000
6.000
Net Income
78.500
30.000
78.500
Retained Earnings :
- R/E – Puri 1/1
43.500
43.500
- R/E – Pondok 1/1
40.000 b.40.000
- Add Net Income
78.500
30.000
78.500
- Deduct : Dividends
45.000
15.000
a.12.000
3.000
45.000
R/E Dec 31, 2002
77.000
55.000
77.000
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
46.000
20.000
66.000
- Note receivable-Pdk
10.000
d.10.000
- Other current assets
97.000
70.000
167.000
- Investment in Pondok 104.000
a.10.500
b.93.500
- Plant & Equipment
300.000 100.000
400.000
- Acc. Depreciation
60.000
40.000
100.000
- Goodwill
- b.13.500 c. 1.500
12.000
497.000 150.000
545.000
- Note payable – Puri
10.000 d.10.000
- Liabilities
70.000
25.000
95.000
- Capital stock
350.000
60.000 b.60.000
350.000
- Retained earnings
77.000
55.000
77.000
497.000 150.000
Minority Int. Jan 1, 03
b.20.000
20.000
Minority Int. Dec 31 03
23.000
23.000
545.000
4
CONSOLIDATION
METHOD
UNDER
AN
INCOMPLETE
EQUITY
Adalah suatu keadaan dimana perusahaan induk tidak melaksanakan
prosedur metode ekuitas dengan lengkap / benar, sehingga
mengakibatkan laba individual PT. Induk ≠ dengan laba konsolidasi
atau digunakannya metode cost dalam akuntansi perusahaan anak.
Contoh 1 : Apabila soal diatas PT. Puri pada tahun 2002 belum
memperhitungkan amortisasi goodwill
Contoh 2 : Apabila soal diatas PT. Puri menggunakan cost method
untuk tahun 2003 :
a. Traditional
b. Convertion to Equity
5
Incomplete Equity Method (contoh 1)
PT. Puri and Subsidiary
Consolidation Working Papers
For the year ended December 31, 2002
PT.
PT.
Adjustments &
Minority Consolidated
Puri
Pondok
Eliminations
Interest
F/S
Income Statement :
- Revenue
250.000
65.000
315.000
- Income from Pondok
20.000
- a.20.000
- Expenses
200.000
40.000 c. 1.500
(241.500)
- Minority Int. Income
5.000
(5.000)
Net Income
70.000
25.000
68.500
Retained Earnings :
- R/E – Puri 1/1
5.000
5.000
- R/E – Pondok 1/1
30.000 b.30.000
- Add Net Income
70.000
25.000
68.500
- Deduct : Dividends
30.000
15.000
a.12.000
3.000
30.000
R/E Dec 31, 2002
45.000
40.000
43.500
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
40.000
10.000
50.000
- Other current assets
90.000
50.000
140.000
- Investment in Pondok
95.000
b. 8.000
b.87.000
- Plant & Equipment
300.000 100.000
400.000
- Acc. Depreciation
50.000
30.000
80.000
- Goodwill
- b.15.000 c. 1.500
13.500
475.000 130.000
523.500
- Liabilities
80.000
30.000
110.000
- Capital stock
350.000
60.000 b.60.000
350.000
- Retained earnings
45.000
40.000
43.500
475.000 130.000
Minority Int. Jan 1, 02
b.18.000
18.000
Minority Int. Dec 31 02
20.000
20.000
523.500
6
Cost Method - Traditional
PT. Puri and Subsidiary
Consolidation Working Papers
For the year ended December 31, 2003
PT.
PT.
Adjustments &
Minority Consolidated
Puri
Pondok
Eliminations
Interest
F/S
Income Statement :
- Revenue
300.000
75.000
375.000
- Dividend Income
12.000
- b.12.000
- Expenses
244.000
45.000 d. 1.500
(290.000)
- Minority Int. Income
6.000
(6.000)
Net Income
68.000
30.000
78.500
Retained Earnings :
- R/E – Puri 1/1
37.000
- d. 1.500 a. 8.000
43.500
- R/E – Pondok 1/1
40.000 c.40.000
- Add Net Income
68.000
30.000
78.500
- Deduct : Dividends
45.000
15.000
b.12.000
3.000
(45.000)
R/E Dec 31, 2002
60.000
55.000
77.000
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
46.000
20.000
66.000
- Note receivable-Pdk
10.000
e.10.000
- Other current assets
97.000
70.000
167.000
- Investment in Pondok
87.000
- a. 8.000 c.95.000
- Plant & Equipment
300.000 100.000
400.000
- Acc. Depreciation
60.000
40.000
(100.000)
- Goodwill
- c.15.000 d. 3.000
12.000
480.000 150.000
545.000
- Note payable – Puri
10.000 e.10.000
- Liabilities
70.000
25.000
95.000
- Capital stock
350.000
60.000 c.60.000
350.000
- Retained earnings
60.000
55.000
77.000
480.000 150.000
Minority Int. Jan 1, 03
c.20.000
20.000
Minority Int. Dec 31 03
23.000
23.000
545.000
7
Cost Method – Convertion to Equity
PT. Puri and Subsidiary
Consolidation Working Papers
For the year ended December 31, 2003
PT.
PT.
Adjustments &
Minority Consolidated
Puri
Pondok
Eliminations
Interest
F/S
Income Statement :
- Revenue
300.000
75.000
375.000
- Dividend income
12.000
- a.12.000
- Income from Pondok
- b.22.500 a.22.500
(290.000)
- Expenses
244.000
45.000 d. 1.500
6.000
(6.000)
- Minority Int. Income
Net Income
68.000
30.000
78.500
Retained Earnings :
- R/E – Puri 1/1
43.500
a. 6.500
43.500
- R/E – Pondok 1/1
40.000 c.40.000
- Add Net Income
68.000
30.000
78.500
- Deduct : Dividends
45.000
15.000
b.12.000
3.000
(45.000)
R/E Dec 31, 2002
60.000
55.000
77.000
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
46.000
20.000
66.000
- Note receivable-Pdk
10.000
e.10.000
- Other current assets
97.000
70.000
167.000
- Investment in Pondok
87.000
b.10.500
a.17.000 c.93.500
- Plant & Equipment
300.000 100.000
400.000
- Acc. Depreciation
60.000
40.000
(100.000)
- Goodwill
- c.13.500 d. 1.500
12.000
480.000 150.000
545.000
- Note payable – Puri
10.000 e.10.000
- Liabilities
70.000
25.000
95.000
- Capital stock
350.000
60.000 c.60.000
350.000
- Retained earnings
60.000
55.000
77.000
480.000 150.000
Minority Int. Jan 1, 03
c.20.000
20.000
Minority Int. Dec 31 03
23.000
23.000
545.000
8
Adjustment point a merupakan konversi dari cost menjadi equity
dengan penghitungan sbb :
R/E Puri
31/12/02
Prior year effect :
- 80% of Pondok‘s undistributed
income for 2002
- Goodwill amortization – 2002
Current year effect :
-Investment decrease (15.000*80%)
-Equity in 2003 income of Pondok
-Goodwill amortization 2003
2003 working paper adjustments
Investment
in Pondok
Income from
Pondok
Dividend
income
8.000
(1.500)
8.000
(1.500)
-
-
6.500
(12.000)
24.000
(1.500)
17.000
24.000
(1.500)
22.500
(12.000)
(12.000)
Locating Errors :
Adalah tindakan yang harus dilakukan apabila saldo neraca
konsolidasi tidak balance. Ketidak seimbangan dapat terjadi karena:
1. Saldo awal masing2 perusahaan tidak balance
2. Pemisahan antara minority interest income dengan minority
interest equity
3. Jurnal penyesuaian & eliminasi yang tidak balance
EXCESS ALLOCATED TO IDENTIFIABLE NET ASSETS
Teknik identifikasi excess cost over book value dalam neraca
konsolidasi kedalam perkiraan aktiva & kewajiban tertentu sama
halnya denganteknik alokasi goodwill. Contoh :
PT. Prima mengakuisisi 90% saham PT. Supra pada tanggal
31/12/2002 dengan harga 3.650.000 tunai, pada saat SHE PT. Supra
tdd: modal saham 2.000.000 dan laba ditahan 500.000. Berikut
assets PT. Supra sesuai dengan nilai buku & nilai wajar :
9
Inventories
Land
Buildings
Equipment
Fair Value
Book Value
600.000
500.000
600.000
300.000
1.800.000
1.000.000
700.000
900.000
3.700.000
2.700.000
Under (over)
Valuation
100.000
300.000
800.000
(200.000)
1.000.000
Atas dasar informasi diatas maka PT. Prima mengalokasikan excess
cost over book value sebesar 1.400.000 (3.650.000 –
90%*2.500.000) kepada aktiva yang dapat di-identifikasikan dan
goodwill sbb :
Under (over)
valuation
Inventories
Land
Buildings – net
Equipment – net
Goodwill-remainder
100.000
300.000
800.000
(200.000)
-
Interest
Acquired
*
*
*
*
*
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
Excess
Allocation
=
=
=
=
=
90.000
270.000
720.000
(180.000)
500.000
1.400.000
Amortization
Sold in 2003
None
36 years
9 years
10 years
Apabila pada tahun 2003 PT. Supra melaporkan laba sebesar
600.000 dan membagi dividen 100.000 pada tanggal 1 Juni dan 1
Desember (total 200.000) yang dibayar tanggal 1 bulan berikutnya.
Pada tahun 2003 PT. Supra menjual seluruh undervalued
inventories tetapi untuk undervalued land, building dan equipment
masih tetap ada per 31/12/2003 sesuai dengan tabel amortisasi diatas. Selama tahun 2003 PT. Prima meminjamkan uang kepada
Supra sebesar 200.000 (non-interest bearing note). Supra membayar
pinjaman tersebut pada tanggal 30/12/2003, tetapi pembayaran
tersebut belum dibukukan pada neraca Prima (cash in transit)
10
PT. Prima and Subsidiary
Consolidated Balance Sheet Working Papers
December 31, 2002
PT.
PT.
Adjustments &
Consolidated
Prima
Supra
Eliminations
B/S
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
200.000
50.000
250.000
- Receivables - net
500.000
150.000
650.000
- Inventories
800.000
500.000
b.90.000
1.390.000
- Other current assets
400.000
100.000
500.000
- Investment in Supra
3.650.000
a.3.650.000
- Land
600.000
300.000
b.270.000
1.170.000
- Buildings – net
2.000.000 1.000.000
b.720.000
3.720.000
- Equipment – net
1.350.000
900.000
b.180.000
2.070.000
- Goodwill
b.500.000
500.000
- Unamortized excess
- a. 1.400.000 b.1.400.000
9.500.000 3.000.000
10.250.000
- Accounts payable
300.000
100.000
400.000
- Other liabilities
1.000.000
400.000
1.400.000
- Capital stock - Prima
7.000.000
7.000.000
- R/E - Prima
1.200.000
1.200.000
- Capital stock – Supra
- 2.000.000 a.2.000.000
- R/E – Supra
500.000
a. 500.000
- Minority interest
a.250.000
250.000
9.500.000 3.000.000
10.250.000
PT. Prima and Subsidiary
Consolidation Working Papers
For the year ended December 31, 2003
(Ribuan Rp)
11
PT.
Prima
Income Statement :
- Revenue
- Income from Supra
- Cost of goods sold
- Operating Expenses
- Minority Int. Income
Net Income
Retained Earnings :
- R/E – Prima 1/1
- R/E – Supra 1/1
- Add Net Income
- Deduct : Dividends
R/E Dec 31, 2002
Balance Sheet :
- Cash
- Accounts rec. - net
- Note receivable-Supr
- Inventories+other ca
- Land
- Buildings – net
- Equipment - net
- Investment in Supra
- Dividends receivable
- Goodwill
- Unamortized excess
-
Dividends payable
Other liabilities
Capital stock
Retained earnings
Minority Int. Jan 1, 03
Minority Int. Dec 31 03
PT.
Supra
9.000
400
6.000
1.900
-
Adjustments &
Eliminations
3.000
1.500
900
-
c.
e.
f.
h.
400
90
20
50
g.
Minority
Interest
Consolidat
ed F/S
12.000
7.590
2.850
20
60
1.500
600
60
1.500
1.200
1.500
1.000
1.700
500
600
200
900
1.200
1.500
1.000
1.700
80
260
200
1.400
600
1.900
1.500
3.960
150
200
650
300
1.100
1.200
-
-
-
9.900
1.200
7.000
1.700
9.900
3.600
100
600
2.000
900
3.600
d.
500
c.
b.
270
720
20
c.
90
e. 500
d. 1.400
i.
20
200
b.
e.
e.
g.
180
430
460
2.050
1.170
3.700
2.540
-
200
f.
20
e.
180
a.
90
c.
220
d. 3.650
i.
90
h.
50
e. 1.400
450
10.800
10
1.800
7.000
1.700
90
d. 2.000
d.
250
250
290
290
10.800
12
Jurnal yang dibuat PT. Prima sebelum penyusutan kertas kerja
konsolidasi adalah sbb :
1/7-03 Dr. Cash (100.000 * 90%) .............. 90.000
Cr. Investment in PT. Supra ................... 90.000
(to record dividends from Supra)
31/12 Dr. Investment in Supra ................... 400.000
Cr. Income from Solo ............................... 400.000
(to record investment income from Supra determined as follows :
- Share of Supra’s net income ( 600.000 * 90%) ..... $ 540.000
- Amortization of excess allocated to :
* Inventories (90.000 * 100% recognized) ........ +90.000
* Buildings (720.000 : 36 years) ......................... –20.000
* Equipment (180.000 : 9 years) .......................... +20.000
* Goodwill (500.000 : 10 years) .......................... –50.000
Income from Supra for 2003
$ 400.000
TRIAL BALANCE WORKING PAPER FORMAT :
Apabila dalam penyusunan laporan konsolidasi belum terdapat
laporan keuangan (financial statement), maka dapat digunakan juga
laporan neraca saldo (trial balance).
Contoh soal :
Pada tanggal 1 Januari 2003 PT. Prisma mengakuisisi 90% saham
PT. Sakti dengan selisih sebesar Rp 14.000 diatas dari nilai buku
yang dibukukan sebagai goodwill (10 tahun). Ringkasan perkiraan
investment in Sakti dari saat akuisisi sampai tanggal 31-12-2004 :
- Investment cost January 1, 2003 ...................................... 50.000
- Add : Income – 2003 (90% of Sakti $ 10.000 net income
less 1.400 amortization of goodwill)
7.600
- Investment balance December 31, 2003
57.600
- Add : Income 2004 (90% of Sakti’s 20.000 net income
less 1.400 amortization of goodwill) 16.600
- Deduct : Dividends received from Sakti (90% * 10.000)
-9.000
Investment balance December 31, 2004
65.200
13
PT. Prisma and Subsidiary
Consolidation working papers
For the year ended December 31, 2004
PT.
Prisma
Cash
6.800
Accounts rec.
30.000
Inventories
50.000
Plant & equip. 75.000
Invest. in Sakti 65.200
COGS
Operating exp.
Dividends
Goodwill
PT.
Sakti
20.000
15.000
25.000
45.000
-
Adj & Elim
Dr.
Cr.
80.000 30.000
19.600 20.000 d. 1.400
15.000 10.000
- c. 12.600
341.600 165.000
Acc. Depr.
25.000 11.000
Accounts pay.
45.000 34.000 e 5.000
Common stock 100.000 30.000 c. 30.000
R/E
35.000 20.000 c. 20.000
Sales
120.000 70.000 a. 14.000
Inc. fr. Sakti
16.600
- b. 16.600
341.600 165.000
Min.Int Jan1
Min.Int. Income (20.000 * 10%)
Consol net inc.
Consol R/E
Minor. Int. Dec
I/S
R/E
Min.
Int
e. 5.000
b. 7.600
c. 57.600
a. 14.000
96.000
41.000
b. 9.000
d. 1.400
15.000
1.000
Balance
sheet
26.800
40.000
75.000
120.000
11.200
273.000
36.000
74.000
100.000
35.000
176.000
c. 5.000
2.000
37.000
5.000
2.000
37.000
57.000
6.000
 PT. Prisma menjual barang dagang kepada Sakti pada tahun
2004 senilai 14.000
 PT. Sakti berhutang kepada Prisma sebesar 5.000 pada 31-122004
14
57.000
6.000
273.000