vii
T ABLE OF C O NTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
PAGE
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
1
Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1
1.3 History of LASER
2
1.4 Statement of the Problem
3
1.5 Research Questions
4
1.6 Research objectives
4
1.7
5
Scope of the study
1.8 Thesis Organization
5
1.9
5
Summary
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1
6
Introduction of Soliton
2.2 Optical Soliton
6
2.3 Optical Fiber
7
viii
2.4
2.5
8
2.4.1 Fiber Optic Coupler
8
2.4.2 Fiber Optical Ring Resonators(FORR)
9
2.4.3 Vector Soliton
9
2.4.4 Temporal Solitons
10
2.4.5 Spatial solitons1
11
2.4.6 Dark Soliton
11
2.4.7 Bright soliton
12
Types of Ring Resonators
13
2.5.1 Single Ring Resonators
13
2.5.2 Double Ring Resonators
13
2.6
Advantages of Fiber Optics
14
2.7
Soliton behavior
16
2.8
SPM ( self phase modulation )
16
2.9
Optical Bistability(OB) and Hysteresis loop
17
2.10
Bifurcation phenomena
18
2.11
Chaos Phenomena
18
2.12
Signal logic Codes generation by MRR
19
2.13
Multi optical Soliton
20
2.14
Generation of optical potential well in order to generate quantum
2.15
3.
Components of a Microring resonator system
binary codes
23
Generation of Quantum Photon Information
26
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
30
3.2
PROPAGATING OF LIGHT INSIDE SMRR
30
3.3
Performance parameters
30
3.3.1
Effective Refractive Index
31
3.3.2
MRR
31
3.3.3
Input electric field
32
3.3.4
Output electric field
32
3.3.5
Electric field in the next round trip
33
3.3.6
output field
34
3.3.7
output power
34
ix
4.
5.
3.3.8
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)
34
3.3.9
Free Spectral Range (FSR)
35
3.4
Encoding
36
3.5
Summary
37
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
38
4.2
Nonlinear refractive indices
38
4.3
Coupling coefficients
45
4.4
Radius
51
4.5
Output power
58
4.6
Signal logic codes generation
62
4.3
Summary
72
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
5.1
Conclusions
73
5.2
Future Works
74
REFERENCES
75
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Values of output power versus input power (a): n2=2*10-20 m2/W
39
4.2
Values of output power versus input power (b): n2=2.5*10-"20 m2/W
40
4.3
Values of output power versus input power (c): n2=3*10-20 m2/W
40
4.4
Values of output power versus input power (d): n2=3.4*10- 20 m2/W
41
4.5
Round-trip vs. Out Power (W)
k
= 0.01
46
4.6
Round-trip vs. Out Power (W)
k
= 0.04, (c)
46
4.7
Round-trip vs. Out Power (W)
k
= 0.06
47
4.8
Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) (d):
4.9
Values of output power versus ring radius (R=8 |j.m.)
52
4.10
Values of output power versus ring radius (R=20 |im.)
53
4.11
Values of output power versus ring radius (R=25|im.)
53
4.12
Values of output power versus ring radius (R=40 |im.)
54
4.13
Values of output power versus round-trips
59
4.14
Values of output power versus input power
60
4.15
Values of output power versus round-trips
63
4.16
Values of output power versus input power
64
k
= 0.1
47
xi
LIST OF FIG U R E S
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Ordinary pulse propagation vs. soliton propagation
6
2.2
Structure of fiber
7
2.3
The schematic of Fiber coupler
8
2.4
Gaussian wave in MRR
9
2.5
Design of Ring and schematic of vertically micro-ring
9
resonator
2.6
A pulse (top curve) propagating through a nonlinear medium
10
undergoes a self-frequency shift (bottom curve) due to self­
phase modulation. The front of the pulse is shifted to lower
frequencies, the back to higher frequencies. In the center of
the pulse the frequency shift is approximately linear
2.7
Focus of light by a convex lens
11
2.8
Dark soliton pulse
12
2.9
Bright Soliton pulse
12
2.10
Ring resonator channel dropping filter
13
2.11
Two ring resonators coupled in series
14
2.12
Self-phase modulation
17
2.13
Optical bi-stability of the nonlinear FORR and represents
18
hysteresis loop
xii
2.14
Bifurcation phenomena
18
2.15
Chaos Phenomena
18
2.16
Schematic diagram of a PANDA ring-resonator connected to
21
an add/drop filter system
2.17
Multi soliton signal generation using PANDA ring resonator
21
system where (a), (b), (c) and (d) are powers inside the
PANDA system and (e) is the output power from the
throughput
2.18
Output multi soliton signal generation using an add/drop
22
filter system, where (a): dark soliton at through port, (b):
expansion of multi dark soliton, (c) bright soliton at drop
port, and (d): expansion of multi bright soliton
2.19
A schematic of an entangled photon pair manipulation within
23
a Micro-ring resonator. The quantum state is propagating to a
rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)
flying to detector”DN1, DN2, DN3 and DN4
2.20
System of integrated MRR systems, incorporating with a
24
multiplexer device and a beam splitter
2.21
dark and bright soliton generation with FWHM and FSR of
25
0.54 nm and 4.71 nm respectively, using multiplexer system
2.22
dark and bright soliton pulses simultaneously seen from
25
photo detectors 1 and 2
2.23
A schematic diagram of an add/drop filter
27
2.24
Results of the optical tweezers generation (a): input dark
28
soliton and Gaussian pulse, (b), (c) and (d): interior signals,
(e) and (f): through and drop port output signals
2.25
A schematic of an entangled photon pair manipulation within
29
xiii
a ring resonator. The quantum state is propagating to a
rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)
flying to detector DN1, DN2, DN3
3.1
Nonlinear silicon microring resonator (MRR)
33
3.2
Full width at half maximum
34
3.3
The free spectral range and line width of the output from a
35
cavity
3.4
System of encoding and decoding
36
4.1
Bifurcation and chaos behavior of light inside MRR, where
39
and for different nonlinear refractive indices: (a):
n2=2x10-20 m2/W, (b): n2=2.5x10-20 m2/W, (c):
n2=3x10-20 m2/W and (d): n2=3.4x10-20 m2/W
4.2
Simulation results of bifurcation behavior generation inside a
45
MRR by respect to various value of coupling coefficient ( K),
where (a): K = 001, (b): K = 004, (c): K = 006 and (d):
K =
4.3
0.1
Simulation results of bifurcation and chaos phenomena inside
52
a micro-ring resonator by the respect to various values of
MRR radius (R)
4.4
Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where
(a): output power versus round-trips, (b) output power versus
58
input power
4.5
Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where
(a): output power versus round-trips, (b): output power versus
62
xiv
input power, (c): Analog Codes, (d): Logic Codes of “0” and
“1”
4.6
Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where
68
(a): output power versus round-trips, (b): output power versus
input power, (c): Analog Codes, (d): Logic Codes of “0” and
“1”
5.1
Schematic of a computer wireless networks system, where
the transmission of logic codes can be implemented using
MRR
74
xv
LIST OF A B B R E V IA T IO N S
LASER
- Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MASER
- Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MRR
-
Micro Ring Resonator
FORR
-
Fiber Optical Ring Resonators
CW
-
Continuous Wave
SPM
-
Self-Phase Modulation
OB
-
Optical Bistability
SMRR
-
Single Micro Ring Resonator
TDMA
-
Time Division Multiple Access
EDF
-
Erbium Doped Fiber
PBS
-
Polarizing Beam Splitter
Mux
-
Multiplexer
Rad
-
add/drop filter
E
-
Electric field
Hz
-
Hertz
GHz
-
Gigahertz
BW
-
Bandwidth
L
-
Length
FWHM
-
Full Width at Half Maximum
FSR
-
Free Spectral Range
dB
-
Decibel