vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background Problem
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives of Study
4
1.4
Scope of Study
4
1.5
Significant of Study
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Chemistry of Paint
7
2.2
Chemistry of Automotive Paint
7
2.3
Automotive Paint Coating
8
2.3.1
Primer
9
2.3.2
Primer Surfacer
9
2.3.3
Topcoat
9
viii
2.4
2.5
3
10
2.4.1
Binder
10
2.4.2
Pigment
11
2.4.3
Solvent
16
2.4.4
Additives
17
Forensic Examination of Automotive Paint
17
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
21
3.1
Instruments
21
3.1.1
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
21
3.1.2
Stereomicroscope
21
3.2
4
Components of Automotive Paint
Experimental Method
22
3.2.1
Sample Collection
22
3.2.2
Microscopic Examination
22
3.2.3
Solubility Test
22
3.2.4
Spectroscopic Analysis
23
3.2.5
Developing Database
23
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
24
4.1
Physical Analysis
24
4.1.1
25
4.2
4.3
Microscopic Examination
Chemical Analysis
30
4.2.1
Solubility Test
30
4.2.2
Spectroscopic Analysis
35
My-Automobile Paint Database Version 1
43
4.3.1
Application of System Design
43
4.3.2
Development of Database
43
4.3.3
System User
45
4.3.4
System Sequence Diagram
45
4.3.5
User Interface Design
46
4.3.6
Limitation of My-Automobile Paint
Database
55
ix
5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
56
5.1
Conclusions
56
5.1.1
Sample Collection
56
5.1.2
Physical Analysis
57
5.1.3
Chemical Analysis
57
5.1.4
Automotive Paint Database
58
5.2
Suggestions
59
5.2.1
Sample Collection
59
5.2.2
Physical Analysis
59
5.2.3
Chemical Analysis
60
5.2.4
Automotive Paint Database
60
REFERENCES
61
APPENDICES
64
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Pigments commonly used in automotive paint (Thornton
and Crim, 1982; Massonnet and Stoecklein, 1999b and
Vahur et al., 2010)
13
4.1
Distribution of colour code
27
4.2
Distribution of number of layers
28
4.3
Solubility of Perodua car paint samples in different
solvents
4.4
Diagnostic peaks of common binders/resins used in
automotive paints (Beveridge et al., 2001)
4.5
4.6
33
38
Diagnostic peaks of common pigments and extenders used
in automotive paints (Beveridge et al., 2001)
39
Diagnostic peaks observed for paint fragments
40
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
1.1
Type of accident (Laporan Tahunan PDRM 2009)
2.1
Structure of three-layer automotive coating
(Ultrich, 2008)
2.2
6
8
Four-layer coating with effect basecoat and solid
basecoat (Ultrich, 2008)
2.3
PAGE
10
Solubility scheme for the characterization of acrylic
automotive paints (Thornton et al.,1983)
20
4.1
Distribution of colour group
25
4.2
Distribution of thickness occurrence in paint layers
29
4.3
Sequence diagram of overall system
46
4.4
Interfaces of (a) Home, (b) User Validation and
(c) User Log In page
4.5
Interfaces of (a) User Sign Up, (b) User Retrieve
Password and (c) User Option page
4.6
52
Interfaces of (a) Data Entry I, (b) Data Entry II and
(c) Data Entry III page
4.7
51
53
Interfaces of (a) Query I, (b) Query II and (c) Query III
page
54
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ATR
-
Attenuated Total Reflectance
cm
-
centimeter
Conc.
-
concentrated
C#
-
C Sharp
FT-IR
-
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
g
-
gram
GUI
-
Graphical user interface
HAc
-
acetic acid
IC
-
Identification card
IR
-
Infrared
KOH
-
potassium hydroxide
min
-
minute
MK-FTIR
-
Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
MS
-
Microsoft
ml
-
milliliter
n
-
Number of
NAD
-
non-aqueous dispersion
Py-GC-MS
-
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy
r.t
-
room temperature
sat.
-
saturated
SEM
-
Scanning Electron Microscopy
SEM-EDX
-
Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive
X-Ray
SQL
-
Structured Query Language
t-butanol
-
tertiary-butanol
UV
-
ultraviolet
xiii
XRF
-
X-ray Fluorescence
C=O
-
Carbonyl group
C=C
-
Double bond
C-H
-
Hydrocarbon group
µ
-
micro
λ
-
Wavelength
cm-1
-
inverse centimeter
o
-
degree Celcius
HNO3
-
nitric acid
H2O
-
water
CH2
-
Methylene group
CH3
-
Methyl group
C
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A1
IR spectrum of Red/Maroon/Pink colour group
64
A2
IR spectrum of Blue colour group
67
A3
IR spectrum of Purple colour group
69
A4
IR spectrum of Green colour group
70
A5
IR spectrum of Grey/Silver colour group
71
A6
IR spectrum of White colour group
77
A7
IR spectrum of Brown/Gold/Tan colour group
81
A8
IR spectrum of Orange colour group
82
B
List of Abbreviation used in data storage of
My-Automobile Paint Database Version 1
C
84
Abstract for National Science Postgraduate Conference
(NSPC) 2011
87