vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Problem Statements
4
1.2
Objective
4
1.3
Scope of Work
5
1.4
Thesis Overview
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Introductio to ITS
7
2.1.1
9
2.2
Vehicle Detection and Segmentation
Related work on Vehicle Detection and
Segmentation
9
viii
3
4
METHODOLOGY
12
3.1
Project Overview
12
3.1.1
Grayscale
13
3.1.2
Optical Flow Estimation
13
3.1.3
Threshold
15
3.1.4
Segmentation
17
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
19
4.1
Introduction
19
4.2
Vehicle Detection and Segmentation Process
20
4.3
Result Analysis
22
4.3.1
Analysis from Video 1
23
4.3.2
Analysis from Video 2
23
4.3.3
Comparison between Optical Flow and
27
Other Technique
4.4
5
Chapter Summary
30
CONCLUSIONS
31
5.1
Summary
31
5.2
Conclusions
32
5.2
Further Research Issue
33
REFERENCES
33
Appendices A-B
36-47
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Video Specification of Test Sample
19
4.2
Comparison for Analysis 1
23
4.3
Comparison for Analysis 2
24
4.4
Comparison using different technique on different
27
resolution for video 1
4.5
Comparison using different technique on different
resolution for video 2
27
x
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO.
2.1
TITLE
Traffic Control Centre at Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia,
PAGE
8
Selangor
3.1
Overview of proposed systems
12
3.2
Connected region based on threshold value
17
3.3
Result of Segmentation Process
18
4.1
Optical Flow from Video Sequence
20
4.2
Threshold Image
21
4.3
Morphological image
21
4.4
Segmentation from Video Sequence 1 frame number 44
22
4.5
Result for Video 1 on different frame
25
4.6
Result for Video 2 on different frame
26
4.7
Result for Video 1 using different technique
28
4.8
Result for Video 2 using different technique
29
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ITS
˗
Intelligent Transportation Systems
CCTV
-
Closed Circuit Television
IMS
-
Incident Management Systems
GPS
-
Global Positioning System
ATMS
-
Advance Traffic Management Systems
ATIS
-
Advance Traveler Information Systems
APTS
-
Advance Public Transport Systems
CVO
-
Commercial Vehicle Operation
AVCSS
-
Advance Vehicle Control and Safety Systems
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
OPTICAL FLOW CODE
47
B
FOREGROUND DETECTION CODE
52