vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives
4
1.4
Scope of Project
4
1.5
Thesis Outline
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
General Description on FTTH
7
2.3
Deployment of FTTH in Malaysia
12
2.4
Radio over Fiber Technology
14
2.5
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
15
2.5.1
Orthogonality
17
2.5.2
Implementation using the FFT Algorithm
18
viii 2.6
3
4
2.5.3
Guard Interval
19
2.5.4
Simplified Equalization
19
2.5.5
Channel Coding and Interleaving
20
2.5.6
Adaptive Transmission
21
2.5.7
Space Diversity
22
2.5.8
Linear Transmitter Power Amplifier
23
2.5.9
Idealized System Model
24
2.5.9.1 Transmitter
25
2.5.9.2 Receiver
26
Multiple Input Multiple Output
26
2.6.1
Multiple Antenna Techniques
27
2.6.1.1 Spatial Diversity
28
2.6.1.2 Spatial Multiplexing
29
2.6.1.3 Beamforming
31
2.7
MIMO-OFDM in Wireless LAN
33
2.8
Related Research
35
2.9
Summary
37
METHODOLOGY
38
3.1
Introduction
38
3.2
Methodology
38
3.3
Design Specification
39
3.4
OptiSystem Software
40
3.4.1
41
Simulation Modeled using OptiSystem
3.5
Representation of MIMO
41
3.6
Visualization Tools in OptiSystem
42
3.7
Summary
43
SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION
44
4.1
Introduction
44
4.2
Overall System Simulation
44
4.3
Central Base Station Simulation
46
4.4
Optical Fiber Link Simulation
48
4.5
Photonic Access Point Simulation
48
ix 5
6
REFERENCES
4.6
MIMO Antenna Simulation
49
4.7
End User Simulation
52
4.8
Summary
52
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
53
5.1
Introduction
53
5.2
Central Base Station
55
5.3
Optical Fiber Link
59
5.4
Photonic Access Point
56
5.5
End User
56
5.6
Summary
58
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
59
6.1
Conclusions
59
6.2
Future Work
60
61-65
x LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
802.11n data rates
34
2.2
IEEE 802.11a, g, n wireless technology comparison
36
3.1
FFT Point in OFDM
42
4.1
Global parameter
48
4.2
Predetermined parameter for each component
50
4.3
S2P data
53
xi LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Active fiber network
9
2.2
Active ethernet network
10
2.3
Passive optical network
11
2.4
CO and BS Configuration
14
2.5
OFDM Subcarrier
16
2.6
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
17
2.7
OFDM Transmitter
25
2.8
OFDM Receiver
27
2.9
Antenna and channel configurations for SISO, SIMO,
28
MISO and MIMO (2x2) systems
3.1
Flow chart of methodology
41
3.2
Photonic access point application
43
3.3
Suggested spectrum masks for 802.11n
45
4.1
Overall system simulation
48
4.2
Design of central base station
49
4.3
Design of optical link fiber
51
4.4
Design of photonic access point
52
4.5
Design of 2x2 MIMO antenna
53
4.6
Design of end user
55
5.1
Constellation diagram at Input 1
58
5.2
Constellation diagram at Input 2
58
5.3
RF spectrum at input 1
59
5.4
RF spectrum at input 2
59
5.5
Input optical spectrum
60
5.6
Output optical spectrum
60
5.7
RF spectrum at output 1
61
xii 5.8
RF spectrum at output 2
61
5.9
RF spectrum received at end user
62
5.10
Constellation diagram at output
63
5.11
Output eye diagram
63
xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADC
- Analogue-To-Digital Converter
AWG
- Arrayed Waveguide
AWGN
- Additive White Gaussian Noise
BBGP
- Broadband To The General Population
BER
- Bit Error Rate
BIDI
- Bidirectional
BPON
-
BS
- Base Station
CBS
- Central Base Station
CD
- Compact Disc
CO
- Central Office
CW
- Continuos-Wave
DAC
- Digital-To-Analogue Converter
DMT
- Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation
DPSK
- Differential Phase-Shift Keying
DQPSK
- Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
DSL
- Digital Subscriber Line
DSSS
- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DW
- Double Weight
EDW OCDMA
- Enhanced Double Weight Optical Code Division Multiple Access
EPON
- Ethernet Passive Optical Network
FDM
- Frequency-Division Multiplexing
FFT
- Fast Fourier Transform
FHSS
- Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FTTH
- Fiber To The Home
GPON
- Gigabit Passive Optical Network
GUI
- Graphical User Interface
Broadband Passive Optical Network
xiv HR/DSSS
- High-Rate Direct Sequence Layer
HSBB
- High Speed Broadband
ICI
- Causing Inter-Carrier Interference
IPTV
- Internet Protocol television
ISI
- Inter-Symbol Interference
ITU-R
- International Telecommunication Union Recommendation
LAN
- Local Area Network
LiNb MZM
- Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder Modulator
LOS
- Line Of Sight
MAC
- Medium Access Control
MCS
- Modulation And Coding Scheme
MFH
- Modified Frequency Hopping
MFN
- Multi-Frequency Broadcast Networks
MIMO
- Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MLD
- Maximum Likelihood Detector
MMSE
- Minimum-Mean-Squared-Error
MPDU
- MAC Protocol Data Units
MS
- Mobile Station
MSDU
- MAC Service Data Units
NRZ
- Non Return To Zero
O/E
- Optical-To-Electrical
OFDM
- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OLT
- Optical Line Terminal
ONT
- Optical Network Terminal
ONU
- Optical Network Units
OSP
- Outside Plant
P2P
- Point-To-Point
P2MP
- Point-To-Multipoint
PAP
- Photonic Access Point
PAPR
- Peak-To-Average Power Ratio
PBRS
- Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence
PER
- Packet-Error-Rate
PHY
- Physical Layer
PON
- Passive Optical Network
xv PSK
- Phase-Shift Keying
QAM
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RF
- Radio Frequency
RoF
- Radio Over Fiber
RS
- Remote Station
S2P
- Two-Port Network S-Parameter
SCM
- Subcarrier Multiplexing
SFN
- Single-Frequency Networks
SDM
- Space Division Multiplexing
SDMA
- Space Division Multiple Access
SNR
- Signal To Noise Ratio
STBC
- Space-Time Block Codes
STC
- Space Time Coding
STTC
- Spacetime Trellis Codes
TM
- Telekom Malaysia
WDM
- Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WLAN
- Wireless Local Area Network
VoiP
- Voice Over Internet Protocol