vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Motivation
3
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of work
4
1.5
Significant of the Project
5
1.6
Organization of the Report
5
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1
Introduction to Ad Hoc Routing
6
2.2
Routing Protocol in Ad Hoc Wireless Multi hop
Networks
8
2.2.1
Proactive Routing Algorithms
10
2.2.2
Reactive Routing Algorithms
11
2.2.3
Hybrid Routing Algorithms
12
2.3
3
Existing Strategies for Ad Hoc Routing
12
2.3.1
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
(AODV)
12
2.3.2
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
13
2.3.3
Optimized Link State Routing (OSLR)
14
2.3.4
Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
14
2.4
IEEE 802.11 Standard
15
2.5
Address Resolution Protocol
17
2.5.1
19
ARP Request and Reply
2.6
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
20
2.7
Related Works
21
2.8
Summary
23
METHODOLOGY
24
3.1
Introduction
24
3.2
Hardware and Software Specification
25
3.2.1
Explorer 16 Board
25
3.2.1.1 PIC Microcontroller
(PIC24FJ128GA010)
26
RF Transceiver Module
27
3.2.2.1 IEEE 802.11
29
3.2.2
ix
3.2.3
30
MPLAB Software
32
3.3
Flow Chart of Methodology
3.4
Multi-hop
Transmission
Resolution Protocol (ARP)
3.5
3.6
33
Using
Address
35
3.4.1
The Concept of Multi-hop using ARP
35
3.4.2
ARP Message for Ad Hoc Purposes
35
PING Application
38
3.5.1
ICMP Packet
38
Experiment Tool and Design
40
3.6.1
41
Experiment Scenario
3.7
Experiment Calculation of the Average of
Round Trip Time
43
3.8
Experiment Calculation of the Throughput
43
3.9
Experiment Program Flow
44
3.9.1
State Diagram for Node B
46
3.9.2
Classifier Module
47
3.9.3
ARP Module
48
3.9.4
ICMP Module
49
3.9.5
Forwarding Module
51
3.9.6
Reply Module
52
3.10
4
3.2.2.2 MRF24WB0MA Antenna
Specification
Summary
53
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
54
4.1
Introduction
54
4.2
System Requirement
54
4.2.1
55
Orientation of the MRFWB0MA Antenna
x
4.2.2
4.3
4.4
5
The Model of Deployment
56
Experimental Results
58
4.3.1
Place with Obstacle Results
58
4.3.2
Place without Obstacle Results
61
4.3.3
Comparison results of different
environment
63
4.3.4
Wireshark Results
65
Summary
66
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
67
5.1
Conclusion
67
5.2
Future Works
69
REFERENCES
70
Appendix A
73
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Overview of IEEE 802.11 standards
16
3.1
802.11b Wi-Fi Standards Specification
27
3.2
Specification of PIC24FJ128GA010
30
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
The VANET architecture
8
2.2
The OSI Reference Model
15
2.3
The Address Resolution Protocol packet format
18
2.4
ARP resolves MAC address
19
2.5
ICMP Packet Format
20
3.1
PIC Explorer 16 board
26
3.2
Microchip PIC24FJ128GA010
27
3.3
RF Transceiver Module MRF24WB0MA
28
3.4
MRF24WB0MA/MRF24WB0MB Block Diagram
29
3.5
Azimuth Radiation Pattern, 2.44GHz
30
3.6
Radiation Pattern On Side With PCB Antenna, 2.44GHz
31
3.7
Radiation Pattern Along Pin Edge, 2.44GHz
31
3.8
Overview of MPLAB IDE Software
33
3.9
The Project Methodology
34
3.10
The ARP message used to find a route path through
36
destination
3.11
The ARP message packet
37
3.12
Multi-hop transmission in an Ad Hoc network
39
3.13
Place with
no obstacle experiment
test
bed
42
deployment
3.14
Place with obstacle experiment test bed deployment
42
3.15
State Diagram For Node B
46
3.16
Classifier Module State Diagram
47
3.17
ARP Module State Diagram
48
xiii
3.18
ICMP Module State Diagram
49
3.19
Forwarding Module State Diagram
51
3.20
Reply Module State Diagram
52
4.1
Antenna Orientation for each node
55
4.2
The model to deploy the nodes during experiment
56
4.3
At a place with obstacles, Hutan Bandar Mutiara
Rini, Johor
At a place with no obstacle, Padang Kawad UTM
57
59
4.11
Average of RTT vs Distances in a place with
obstacles
Packet Loss and Packet receive over distance in a
place with obstacles
Throughput (kbps) over Distances in a place with
obstacles
Average of RTT over Distances in place without
obstacles
Packet Loss and Packet receive over distance in a
place without obstacles
Throughput (kbps) over Distances in a place without
obstacles
Average RTT over Distances
4.12
Packet Loss over Distances
64
4.13
Throughput (kbps) over Distances
65
4.14
Wireshark capturing packet data
66
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
57
60
60
61
62
62
63
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
T
-
Average of round trip time in (ms)
i
-
No of packet transmission
Ti
-
Round Trip Time for each packet transmission
Th
-
Throughput (bps)
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ARP
-
Address resolution Protocol
AES
-
Advance Encryption Standard
API
-
Application Programming Interface
AODV
-
Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector
CCK
-
Complementary Code Keying
CSMA/CA
-
Carrier
Sense
Multiple
Access/Collision
Avoidance
DSDV
-
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
DSSS
-
Direct Sequence Spectrum
DSR
-
Dynamic Source Routing
DPSK
-
Differential Phase Keying
DQPSK
-
Differential Quaternary Phase Keying
EEPROM
-
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
IP
-
Internet Protocol
IPX
-
Internetwork Packet Exchange
IEFT
-
Internet Engineering Task Force
ICD
-
In Circuit Debugger
ISM
-
Industrial, Scientific and Medical
IPv4
-
Internet Protocol Version 4
LAN
-
Local Area Network
LLC
-
Logical Link Control
LED
-
Light Emitting Diode
MANET
-
Mobile Ad Hoc Network
MAC
-
Media Access Control
xvi
MPR
-
Multipoint Relays
OFDM
-
Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
OSI
-
International Organization for Standardization
OSLR
-
Optimized Link Rate Routing
PCB
-
Printed Circuit Board
PIC
-
Programmable Interface Controller
PHY
-
Physical
RF
-
Radio Frequency
RFC
-
Request for Comments
RTCC
-
Real Time Clock and Calender
RTT
-
Round Trip Time
RREQ
-
Route request
RREP
-
Route Reply
RERR
-
Route Error
SRAM
-
Static Random Access Memory
SSID
-
Service Set Identifier
TP
-
Topology Local message
TCP
-
Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP
-
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TKIP
-
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
UART
-
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UDP
-
User Datagram Protocol
USB
-
Universal Serial Bus
UTM
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
VANET
-
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
V2V
-
Vehicle to vehicle
VRC
-
Vehicle to Roadside
V2I
-
Vehicle To Infrastructure
WEP
-
Wired Equivalent Privacy
WPA
-
Work Project Administration
WSN
-
Wireless Sensor Network
WLAN
-
Wireless Local Area Network
ZRP
-
Zone Routing Protocol
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Source Code
PAGE
73