vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Background of Study
2
1.3 Problem Statements
3
1.4 Objectives
3
1.5 Scope of Project
4
1.6 Thesis Organization
4
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Microwave Filter
8
2.2.1
9
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
4
Filter Symmetry
Review of Previously Designed Reconfigurable Antenna
10
2.3.1
Fixed Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna
10
2.3.2
Wideband-Narrowband Reconfigurable Antenna
16
2.3.3
Tunable reconfigurable antenna
19
Wideband Antenna
21
2.4.1
Archimedean Spiral Antenna (ASA) Geometry
21
2.4.2
Operating Principle
23
2.4.3
Coplanar Waveguide Feed Structure
25
Summary
26
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
27
3.2
Simulation
29
3.2.1
Wideband Antenna Design
29
3.2.2
Slot Resonator Model Construction
31
3.2.3
Optimization of the Slot Resonator
32
3.3
Fabrication
33
3.4
Antenna Measurements
34
3.5
Summary
34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
35
4.2
Simulation Results
35
4.2.1
Wideband Configuration Mode
36
4.2.2
Slot Width Variation at Switch Location
37
4.2.3
Meandered Slotline Width Variation
38
ix
4.2.4
Comparison of Simulated Gain between
43
Wideband and Narrowband Mode
4.2.5
Comparison of Simulated Axial Ratio between
44
Wideband and Narrowband Mode
4.2.6
4.3
Simulated Radiation Pattern
45
Measurement Results
48
4.3.1
48
Comparison of Simulated and Measured Return
Loss
4.3.2
Comparison of Simulated and Measured
50
Radiation Pattern
4.4
5
Summary
52
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
5.1
Conclusion
53
5.2
Future work
54
REFERENCES
55-58
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Parameter length of the Archimedean Spiral antenna
31
3.2
Parameters length of the slot resonator
32
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Reconfigurable method using switched feed and switched
10
ground.
2.2
Rectangular monopole antenna with elliptical base.
11
2.3
Combination of PIFA and Monopole antenna
12
2.4
Reconfigurable printed dipole antenna
12
2.5
Multi-segment printed loop structure antenna
13
2.6
Rectangular microstrip patch with U-shaped slot
14
2.7
A tunable dual frequency stacked circular disc microstrip
14
antenna
2.8
Slot antenna (a) Dual band reconfigurable slot antenna ,
15
(b) T-slotted reconfigurable PIFA antenna
2.9
A Reconfigurable Space-Filling-Based Slot Antenna
16
2.10
Frequency reconfigurable half-lambda length dipole
16
antenna
2.11
Reconfigurable Vivaldi antenna structure
17
2.12
Antenna configuration in [17], (a) Front view (b) Rear
18
view
2.13
Geometry of Reconfigurable Log Periodic Antenna (a)
Front view, (b) Side view
19
xii
2.14
Structure of (a) reconfigurable handset chassis (b)
20
elements with discrete port
2.15
Printed slot bent antenna for fixed and tunable
20
reconfigurability
2.16
Reconfigurable U-slot microstrip antenna
21
2.17
Archimedean Spiral Antenna geometry
23
2.18
Two arms gap-fed stripline spiral antenna
25
2.19
Three arms coplanar waveguide-fed Archimedean
26
spiral antenna
2.20
Diagram of coplanar waveguide feeding configuration
27
3.1
Flowchart of the project works
29
3.2
Geometry of non-reconfigurable Archimedean spiral
31
antenna
3.3
Meandered slot line of slot resonator
32
3.4
Different shapes of slot resonator (a) L-shaped, (b)
33
rectangular rings, (c) circular rings and (d) circular
heads
3.5
Prototype of the fabricated antenna
34
4.1
Wideband configuration (a). with the presence of slot
37
resonator, (b). without the presence of slot resonator
4.2
Effect of the presence of slot resonator on simulated
38
return loss
4.3
Simulated return loss with different slot width at switch
39
location
4.4
Slot resonator meandered slotline parameters
39
4.5
Simulated return loss with H1 varied
40
4.6
Simulated return loss with H2 varied
41
4.7
Simulated return loss with R1 varied
41
4.8
Simulated return loss with R2 varied
42
4.9
Simulated return loss with R3 varied
43
4.10
Comparison of simulated gain between wideband mode
44
and narrowband
4.11
Simulated axial ratio at frequency range 2GHz to 8GHz
45
xiii
4.12
Simulated axial ratio at frequency range 2 GHz to 4
46
GHz
4.13
Simulated radiation pattern at two principal planes in
47
wideband mode, (a) H-Plane(xz), (b) E-Plane (yz).
4.14
Simulated radiation pattern at two principal planes in
48
narrowband mode (a)H-Plane(xz) and (b) E-Plane (yz)
4.15
Prototype of the fabricated antenna
49
4.16
Comparison of simulated and measured return loss at
49
wideband mode
4.17
Comparison of simulation and measurements return
50
loss for narrowband operation
4.18
Comparison between simulated and measured
normalized radiation pattern for wideband
configuration mode (a) H-Plane (xz), (b) E-Plane (yz).
51
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
mm
-
Millimeter
GHz
-
Gigahertz
MHz
-
Megahertz
UWB
-
Ultra Wideband
ASA
-
Archimedean Spiral Antenna
CPW
-
Coplanar Waveguide
WiFi
-
Wireless Fidelity
WLAN
-
Wireless Local Area Network
WiMAX
-
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WPAN
-
Wireless Personal Area Network
Gbps
-
Gigabits per second
Mbps
-
Megabits per second
SDR
-
Software Define Radio
IEEE
-
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
MIMO
-
Multiple Input Multiple Output
FM
-
Frequency Modulated
GPS
-
Geostationary Position System
FET
-
Field Effect Transistor
RF-MEMS
-
Radio Frequency – M
CST MWS
-
CST Microwave Studio
FR4
-
Fire Retardant 4
PB
-
Passband
xv
-
LP
-
Low Pass
GSM
-
Global System for Mobile Communications
DCS
-
Digital Communication System
PCS
-
Personal Communication System
UMTS
-
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
LAN
-
Local Area Network
PIFA
-
Proportional-Integral
WCC
-
Wireless Communication Center
H-plane
-
Magnetic field plane
E-plane
-
Electric field plane
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
dB
-
Decibel
dBi
-
Decibel isotropic
Q
-
Quality Factor
-
Spiral Growth Rate
-
Angle
-
Maximum radius of
spiral