vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Overview
1
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objective
6
1.4
Scope
7
1.5
Contributions of the research
8
1.6
Structure of thesis
9
LITERATURE STUDY
11
2.1
Lightning phenomenon
11
2.2
Lightning induced voltages on ends of
14
overhead conductors
2.3
Lightning locating methods
20
2.4
Modeling of induced voltage on ends
31
of an overhead conductor
vii
3
4
5
METHODOLOGY
42
3.1
Introduction
42
3.2
3.3
Research flowchart
Experimental works
43
48
3.4
On-site measurement works
50
3.5
Mathematical modeling work
53
3.6
Flow of the calculation program
56
3.7
Summary
73
RESULTS
75
4.1
Introduction
75
4.2
Experimental results
76
4.3
On-site measurement results
81
4.4
Mathematical modeling results
83
4.5
Overall discussion
131
DISCUSSION
133
5.1
Introduction
133
5.2
Further discussion on the proposed method
133
5.2.1 Comparison of modeling result with
134
results of other established work
5.3
The originality of the proposed method
138
5.4
Discussions on shortfalls of the proposed method
140
5.5
Preliminary solutions for the shortfalls of the
146
proposed method
5.6
6
Summary
152
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
154
6.1
Conclusion
154
6.2
Achievement of the objectives
156
6.3 Recommendations
157
REFERENCES
159
Appendices A-D
170-192
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
Parameter values set for the modeling of
3.1
telecommunication cable
68
Parameter values set for the modeling of the
3.2
ground wire of a 315kV transmission system
70
Parameter values set for the modeling of single
3.3
phase cable of an 11kV distribution system cable 72
Tabulation of measured peak amplitude
4.1
difference between both ends
79
Tabulation of measured difference of time to
4.2
peak
80
The parameters of the lightning current imposed
4.3
in the modeling exercise
84
Quantitative analysis of key parameters between
5.1
modeling and [25]
135
Quantitative analysis of amplitudes between
5.2
modeling and [25]
136
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
2.1
2.2
TITLE
The polarities in pockets of thunderstorm cloud
with updrafts from [6]
Comparison between measurement on reducedscale model and simulation results
PAGE NO
12
16
2.3
The shape of a 1.2/50µs lightning current
17
2.4
Adopted from Figure 1 of [25]
18
2.5
The FDTD coupling model from Agrawal [29]
19
2.6
A typical CG waveform recorded by DTF and its
accompanying table from [43]
23
2.7
Intersecting parabolas from 3 TOA sensors
24
2.8
Error regions from Sattari [45]
25
2.9
95% confidence regions from Hu [46]
25
2.10
Topographical distribution of location accuracy
26
from Hu [47]
2.11
Pictures of a crossed loop antenna
27
2.12
Detection efficiency curves for northern Ontario
28
network [48]
2.13
The geometry of the system modeled adopted
32
from [27]
3.1
Research methodology flowchart
44
3.2
The diagram of experiment setup
49
3.3
Photo of experiment setup
49
3.4
Location of current rod being tested
50
Cloud to ground lightning strike model adopted
3.5
for developing the localized lightning locating
system (LLLS) from [30]
51
x
3.6
The LLLS construction lay out from [2]
51
3.7
Plan view of cables for measurement from [2]
52
3.8
Flowchart of modeling main program
57
3.9
A partial diagram of the 32 segments of the
overhead conductor applied in the modeling
59
3.10
Flowchart of modeling subroutine ‘voltcal’
60
3.11
Flowchart of modeling subroutine ‘eh’ and ‘ev’
Flowchart of modeling subroutine ‘currg’ and
64
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
4.1(a)
4.1(b)
4.1(c)
4.1(d)
4.2(a)
4.2 (b) & (c)
‘currg_i’
The equivalent circuit of telecommunication
cable modeling
The equivalent circuit of ground wire modeling
The equivalent circuit of single distribution cable
modeling
Waveform at End A for coordinate (150, 30)
Waveform at End A for coordinate (150,-30)
Waveform at End B for coordinate (150, 30)
Waveform at End B for coordinate (150, -30)
Location of the vertically aligned current in the
reduced scale model set-up.
Induced voltage at End A with vertically aligned
current coordinate of (80, 30) for (b) and (100,
66
68
70
73
77
77
77
77
77
78
30) for (c)
Induced voltage at End A with vertically aligned
4.2 (b) & (c)
current coordinate of (150, 30) for (d) and (e) a
78
combined plot of (b), (c) and (d)
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6 (a) & (b)
The difference in peak induced voltage, ∆Vp and
the difference in time taken for induced voltage
to peak, ∆tp between two locations
A snapshot and description of Figure 5.20 in [2]
The triangular ramp waveshape used in the
modeling exercise
Vertical and horizontal electric field calculated
at a point away from the lightning source
(0.5km, 1 km and 2km) with the parameters in
79
81
85
87
xi
the accompanying table
4.7 (a) & (b)
4.8 (a) & (b)
4.9 (a) & (b)
4.10
4.11 (a)
4.11 (b)
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
Vertical and horizontal electric fields calculated
500m away from the lightning source with
varying heights of observation (2, 5, 8 and 10
meters) with parameters in accompanying table
Vertical and horizontal electric field calculated
500 m away from the lightning source with
varying return stroke speed (50, 100, 200 and
300 m/µs) with parameters in accompanying
table
Vertical electric field calculated 500m away
from the lightning source with varying return
stroke channel length (1 to 4km) with parameters
in accompanying table
Coordinates showing the position of CG
lightning return stroke positions in reference to
the overhead conductor placed on the x-axis
beginning from the origin
Induced voltages at center of overhead conductor
calculated with varying y distances from the
overhead conductor (1km, 2km and 5km) with
parameters in accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying y distances
from the overhead conductor (1km, 2km and
5km) and lightning return stroke aligned in
parallel with the right end, and with parameters
in accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying x distances
from the overhead conductor (500m-center,
1km-at left end and 1.5km-500m further than left
end) with parameters in accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying return stroke
channel lengths with parameters in
accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying return stroke
peak current with parameters in accompanying
table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying return stroke
peak current and lightning return stroke offcenter (x=1000, aligned with right end) with
parameters in accompanying table
89
90
91
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
xii
4.16
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying overhead
conductor length with parameters in
accompanying table
101
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
4.17
conductor calculated with varying overhead
102
conductor height with parameters in
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying lightning
return stroke waveshapes with parameters in
accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying lightning
return stroke speeds with parameters in
accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying conductor
inductance per meter with parameters in
accompanying table
Induced voltages at both ends of overhead
conductor calculated with varying conductor
capacitance per meter with parameters in
accompanying table
Coordinates showing the location of the CG
lightning location being investigated in the
modeling
Peak amplitude of calculated induced voltages at
the right end of the telecommunication cable
with varying distances away from the face of the
telecommunication cable
Peak amplitude of calculated induced voltages at
the left end of the telecommunication cable with
varying distances away from the face of the
telecommunication cable
Start times from the instance of lightning return
stroke of calculated induced voltages at the right
end of the telecommunication cable with varying
distances away from the face of the
telecommunication cable
Start times from the instance of lightning return
stroke of calculated induced voltages at the left
end of the telecommunication cable with varying
103
104
105
107
108
109
109
110
111
xiii
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
distances away from the face of the
telecommunication cable
Peak times from the instance of induced voltage
of calculated induced voltages at the right end of
the telecommunication cable with varying
distances away from the face of the
telecommunication cable
Peak times from the instance of induced voltage
of calculated induced voltages at the left end of
the telecommunication cable with varying
distances away from the face of the
telecommunication cable
Peak amplitudes difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the
telecommunication cable with varying distances
away from the face of the telecommunication
cable
Start times difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the
telecommunication cable with varying distances
away from the face of the telecommunication
cable
Peak times difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the
telecommunication cable with varying distances
away from the face of the telecommunication
cable
Peak amplitude of calculated induced voltages at
the left end of the ground wire with varying
distances away from the face of the ground wire
Peak amplitude of calculated induced voltages at
the right end of the ground wire with varying
distances away from the face of the ground wire
Start times from the instance of lightning of
calculated induced voltages at the left end of the
ground wire with varying distances away from
the face of the ground wire
Start times from the instance of lightning of
calculated induced voltages at the right end of
the ground wire with varying distances away
from the face of the ground wire
Peak times from the start of calculated induced
voltages at the right end of the ground wire with
112
113
114
114
115
118
118
119
119
120
xiv
varying distances away from the face of the
ground wire
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
Peak times from the start of calculated induced
voltages at the right end of the ground wire with
varying distances away from the face of the
ground wire
Peak times difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the ground wire
with varying distances away from the face of the
ground wire
Start times difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the ground wire
with varying distances away from the face of the
ground wire
Peak amplitudes difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the ground wire
with varying distances away from the face of the
ground wire
Peak amplitude of calculated induced voltages at
the left end of the overhead distribution
conductor with varying distances away from the
face of the conductor
Peak amplitude of calculated induced voltages at
the right end of the overhead distribution
conductor with varying distances away from the
face of the conductor
Start times from the instance of lightning of
calculated induced voltages at the left end of the
overhead distribution conductor with varying
distances away from the face of the conductor
Start times from the instance of lightning of
calculated induced voltages at the right end of
the overhead distribution conductor with varying
distances away from the face of the conductor
Peak times from the start of calculated induced
voltages at the left end of the overhead
distribution conductor with varying distances
away from the face of the conductor
Peak times from the start of calculated induced
voltages at the right end of the overhead
distribution conductor with varying distances
away from the face of the conductor
120
121
121
122
124
125
125
126
127
127
xv
4.47
4.48
4.49
5.1 (a)
Peak times difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the overhead
distribution conductor with varying distances
away from the face of the ground wire
Start times difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the overhead
distribution conductor with varying distances
away from the face of the ground wire
Peak amplitudes difference of induced voltages
between left and right end of the overhead
distribution conductor with varying distances
away from the face of the ground wire
Induced voltages at both ends of an impedance
matched 1km overhead conductor due to 10kA
peak current ground lightning 50 meters away
equidistant to both end with input parameters
128
129
130
135
5.1 (b)
Induced voltages calculated using vertical and
horizontal electric fields with similar parameters
to Fig. 2, from Figure 2(b) in [10]
135
5.2
The induced voltage as Figure 5.1(a) inclusive of
the contribution of individual fields
136
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Induced voltages measured (left) and estimated
x=50m, y=137m by calculation (right)
Figure 1 of [86]
Figure 3 of [86]
A coordinate layout of a set-up to explain the
symmetrical shortfalls of the proposed method
Induced voltages at both ends with different rise
times, indicating the difference of voltage peaks
and time to peak.
Induced voltage at both ends with strike location
indicated below
137
139
139
144
144
145
5.10
Location of strike location with refeence to the
overhead conductor
Proposed solution 1
5.11
Proposed solution 2
148
3.12
Proposed solution 3
149
5.9
146
148
xvi
5.13
A snapshot and description of Figure 4.16 in [2]
151
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS
B
-
magnetic field
(CG)
-
Cloud to ground
Ā
-
vector potential
C
-
distributed capacitance
c
-
the speed of light
C++
-
Programming language
Ẽ
-
electric field
EMTP
-
Electromagnetic Transient Program
Er
-
horizontal electric fields
Ey
-
The stray excitation function of horizontal electric field
Ez
-
vertical electric fields
F
-
Farad
FDTD
-
Finite Difference Time Domain
GPS
-
Global positioning system
H
-
Henry
I
-
Current
IMPACT
-
Improved Accuracy through Combined Technology
Ĵ
-
current density
L
-
distributed inductance
LDN
-
Lightning Detection Network
LIV
-
lightning induced voltage
LLLS
-
Local Lightning Location System
LLP
-
Lightning Location Protection
LLS
-
lightning locating systems
LPATS
-
Lightning Positioning and Tracking System
xviii
m
-
meter
MDF
-
Magnetic Direction Finding
MDM
-
Modified Dipole Method
MODELS
-
MTLE
-
Modified Transmission Line Exponential Model
MTTL
-
Modified Transmission Line Linear Model
NLDN
-
National Lightning Detection Network
R
-
Distance from source dipole to point of consideration
TL
-
Transmission Line Model
TLM
-
Total Lightning Mapping
TNBR
-
Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research
TOA
-
Time of Arrival
TOGA
-
Time-Of-Group-Arrival
TSL
-
Telecommunication Subscriber Lines
US
-
United States of America
UTM
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
V
-
Voltage
-
Very high frequency
-
Incident voltage on ends of cable
WWLLN
-
World Wide Lightning Location Network
∆tp
-
∆vp
-
φ
-
scalar potential
Ω
-
Ohm
VHF
V
i
language of the alternative transient program (ATP) version
of EMTP, which is an enhancement to TACS
Difference of the peak time between induced voltages at both
ends
Difference of the peak amplitude between induced voltages at
both ends
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
B
C
D
TITLE
C++ codes for distribution system modeling
Proposal of method presented at APSAEM10
Proposal of method presented at ICHVE2010
Proposal of method presented at ACED2010
PAGE NO
148
158
164
168