vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Problem Statement
1
1.2
Overview of Antenna for Mobile Phones
3
1.3
Objective of project
4
1.4
Scope of project
5
1.5
Organization of Thesis
6
INTERNAL MOBILE ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY
2.1
Internal mobile antenna
8
2.2
Monopole Antenna
9
2.3
Antenna Parameter
11
viii
3
4
QUAD BAND ANTENNA DESIGN
3.1
Previous Work on Quad Band Antenna
16
3.2
Design consideration
21
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1
Individual arm simulation results
29
4.2
Further analysis on modified models
38
4.3
Optimum modified monopole
53
5
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusion
57
5.2 Future work
58
REFERENCE
59
Appendices
63
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
List of frequencies and applications
9
3.1
Design flow of Quad Band antenna
26
4.1
Details of freq and BW
41
4.2
Overall performance of the ground
Plane length variation
4.3
46
Overall Antenna performance with
Additional plastic
51
x
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Multi antennas in a typical mobile environment
3
1.2
Current frequency bands used by mobile phones
4
2.1
Monopole Antenna
10
2.2
Radiation pattern for monopole antenna
11
2.3
Antenna VSWR Chart
13
2.4
Radiation pattern
14
2.5
Radiation pattern over a system coordinate
14
2.6
3D antenna radiation pattern
16
3.1
Layout of terminal antenna. All measurements in mm
17
3.2
U-Slot Patch
18
3.3
L-slot Patch
18
3.4(a)
Geometry of the proposed thin internal GSM/DCS
19
patch Antenna or a portable mobile terminal
3.4 (b)
Detailed dimensions of the top patch of the antenna
19
3.5
Geometrical configuration of the proposed antenna
20
3.6
Simulated geometry and parameter of the radiating
21
element
3.7
Design flow of quad band antenna
22
3.8
Final antenna configuration
23
3.9
3D Yee cell showing the E- and H-field
25
components in staggered grid
4.1
Monopole antenna 1, element 1 length =85mm
30
4.2
Monopole antenna 2, element 1 length =89mm
30
4.3
Monopole antenna 3, element 2 length = 30mm
30
4.4
Monopole antenna 4 , element 3 length = 50mm
31
xi
4.5
Frequency response for monopole antenna 1
32
4.6
Frequency response for monopole antenna 2
32
4.7
Results for monopole antenna 3
33
4.8
Results for monopole antenna 4
33
4.9
Monopole antenna 5
34
4.10
Monopole antenna 6
34
4.11
Monopole antenna 7
35
4.12
Results of monopole antenna 5
36
4.13
Results of monopole antenna 6
37
4.14
Results of monopole antenna 7
37
4.15
Results for final configuration with
39
element thickness varied
4.16
Upper mode BW Vs. Element Thickness
39
4.17
GPS mode Vs. Element thickness
40
4.18
Upper mode BW Vs. element thickness
40
4.19
Antenna element thickness Vs. Bandwidth
42
4.20
Overall antenna BW and S11 for different
43
ground plane size
4.21
Lower mode antenna BW and S11 for different
44
ground plane size
4.22
GPS mode antenna BW and S11 for different
44
ground plane size
4.23
Upper mode antenna BW and S11 for different
45
ground plane size
4.24
Bandwidth versus ground plane size for final
46
antenna configuration
4.25
S11 versus ground plane size for final antenna
47
4.26
Antenna configuration with additional plastic
48
4.27
Antenna performance with additional plastic with
49
various thickness
xii
4.28
Lower mode with additional plastic with various
49
thickness
4.29
GPS mode with additional plastic with various
50
thickness
4.30
Upper mode with additional plastic with various
50
thickness
4.31
Bandwidth versus plastic thickness
51
4.32
Return loss versus plastic thickness
52
4.33
Final antenna configuration with plastic
53
4.34
Final antenna element
54
4.35
Overall antenna design
54
4.36
Final antenna simulation results
55
4.37
Antenna efficiency for the upper band
55
4.38
Antenna efficiency for lower band
56
4.39
Antenna efficiency for GPS band
56
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ω
- Ohm
%
- Percentage
eant
- Antenna total efficiency
eref
- Reference reflection (mismatch)
θ
- Radial distance in x-axia from x-y plane
Φ
- Radial distance in z-axis
η
- Efficiency
εr
- Dielectric constant
f
- Frequency
c
- Speed Of Light
λ
- Lambda
δ
-Loss Tangent
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ABC
- Absorbing Boundary Condition
dB
- Decibel
EM
- Electromagnetic
FDMA
- Frequency division multiple access
FDTD
- Finite Difference Time Domain
GSM
- Global system for mobile communication
GPS
- Global Positioning System
IMTS
- Improved Mobile Telephone Service
ISM
- Industrial Scientific Medical
kHz
- Kilo Hertz
LCP
- Liquid Crystal Polymer
MHz
- Mega Hertz
NAMPS
- Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Service
PCB
- Printed Circuit Board
PEC
- Perfect Electrical Conductor
PIFA
- Planar Inverted F Antenna
SRFT
- Simplifies Real frequency Technique
SAR
- Standard Absorption Rate
VSWR
- Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
WLAN
- Wireless Local Area Network
xv
LIST OF APPENDICS
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
SEMCADX Feature and Option List
63
B
RT/Duroid Data Sheet
65
C
Element Thickness Results
67
D
Ground plane size Results
78
E
Plastic thickness Results
94