Re s pe ctfully D e dicat e d
to
A L B E RT
B US H N ELL
A C lassma
te
H A RT
of
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
.
,
FO RE
WO RD
.
I take this oppo rtunity to e xpre ss my
gratitude t o M r R oosevelt fo r the privi leg e
of reprinting such of his e ss ay s and other
compositions a s app ear in this book
Al
though he has not read my manuscript several
of his college associates and classmates have
done s o and to them to the editors of the
"
”
”
"
Harv ard Graduates Maga zine
Crimson
"
”
and A dvocate
and to all the other Har
vard men who have assisted me I express my
thanks Th e hearty interest they have shown
in th e vigorous little man who trod their
path for a time has been th e most pleasing
c onsideration in following him f rom the gate
way to undergraduate life down the b ri g ht
lane to th e p ortal of the bigger world
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D O N A LD
WI L H ELM
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C H A PT E R I
A RRI VA L A T H A R VA RD C O LLE G E
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a
N
A UTU M N wind rouses and swirls
the dust of the un p aved tria n g l e
ca l led Harvard Square ; o n two sides of
it standing close to one another are stores
on the remaining and longest side a three
rail wooden fence ci rcles a group of quiet
buil dings nestled among the elms
The
tinkling bell of an approaching horse car
is heard and soon th e c ar itself bumps its way
a
r ound th e curve from the direction of Boston
A thin chested nervous spectacled little fel
low swings himself from the rear platform
stands for a moment in the eddying dust then
turns about passes through an opening in the
low fence thence b etween two of t h ol d build
ings and finds himself in a rect g le ove r
ar ch ed with entwini ng b oug hs and bo un ded by
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
dignified college buildings To one of these
squarely in the middle of the side opposite to
him lead all the grave l p aths and to it ad
vances our young freshman
Three years b efore at a family luncheon a
guest had notice d near one end of the table
this same lad with his spectacles and a mouth
like a band of blued steel Round his plate
were scattered dead butterflies a
n d beetles
which h e studied while he ate as if alone by
a cam p fire in s ome deep forest Such p ower
of c oncentration in a boy the guest had never
seen S he inquired who that o dd little fellow
might b e and was told in a voice that seemed
"
softened by re spect L ittle Theodore Roose
”
velt the brightest lad of all th e fami l y
For generations strong ancestors had been
shaping the character of this bo y as in the
years long be fore they had struggled in the
dykes of H olland and fought am ong the crags
of S cotland H is father Theodore Roosevelt
a bearded man of D utch de scent had married
Martha B ul loch of Georgia a b eautiful wo man
of th e languorous southern type
When this son Theodore was b orn the tense
spirit of war was already in the air and two
years later th e gun s at S umter were to crash
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A RRI VAL A T H A R V A RD C O LLE G E
With weal th an d influence his father supported
the national government with al l his mi ght ;
his mother sympathize d wi th her two brothers
one serving the C onfederacy abroad t h e other
destined to give the c ommand that made the
last gun flicker at the approaching Kearsarge
from the battered side of th e A labama From
n intense a
his father the ch ild inherited a
d
mira
t ion for manliness his homely vigor of
mind and of body ; from hi s mother a warm
hearted impulsive sincerity
Now a lad of eighteen he was trudging out
from the sh elter of home and kin into the
re a
l m of str ange faces a
n d n ew sur roundings
p th e stone step s of the ad mi nistrative build
ing h e climbed to an unpr etentious co ll ege
room and there leaned low over a desk 8 0 that
he could s e e as he registered his name in large
boyish writing Into the room his classmates
over two hundred of them came or chatted
in groups in the hall
On e would not have
chosen him to excel in anything
M ost of
them were physi cally stronger than h e — in
eyesight muscle and endura n ce Some had
commanding p ersonalities and the golden gi ft
of making friends S ome had noteworthy an
ce s t or s
O ne tal l er and s t rorlg e r than he was
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
to batter him in a bo xing match and y ea rs
later cross his path like a defiant ship out of
the night and disa ppear ; another whose elec
tion to the captaincy of the freshman crew
he opposed was to se rve him in a high off ice
of the nation ; another under whom h e was to
"
serve on the editorial board of the Harvard
”
A dvocate was to edit a hi story of the nation
A ll looked out on a college of equa l oppo r
t un itie s
Compare d wi th the Ha rvard of to
day it was a small col lege c ontent in its tradi
tions and its neighborly solidarity ; there were
only eight hundr ed students now there a
re
twenty three hundre d
The socia l center of
this little community where all but few of
the under graduates lived was the college Yard
the quadrangle wi th its covering of elms
"
”
There was no U nion wi th its newspapers
and easy chairs n o pretentious club s and but
o n e private dormito ry
In the spri ng under
the trees in the Yard the un dergr aduates lol l ed
on pill ows tossed from nearby rooms and in
classes
for the elective system was j ust com
ing into e ffect — round fir es ides and in a
th
l etics they mingled so frequent l y that many
men knew all their classmates They form ed
a cordon of on l ookers the on l y fen c e whi l e
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A RRI VA L A T H A R VA RD C O LLE G E
wat c hing the b right c l ad athletes on Jarvi s
Field They ap plauded contestants in the old
gym nasiu m now but an alcove in a giganti c
system of museums or fought for th e honor
of their c l ass O n these contests the under
"
—
the
Crimson the
g rad uate publications
"
”
”
"
A dvocate and the Lam po o n just coming
into existence—c ommented with the intimate
spirit of village weekly papers ; indeed to thi s
n eighb orly feeli ng m any of the inst ructo rs
and all of the undergraduates contr ibuted ;
the graduate departm ents were not prominent
there were few men on the outskirts of real
college l ife In spirit then in housing and in
government the busy center of learning of to
day is as di ff erent from the little village of
thirty years ago a s the tripling o f nu m bers
natura ll y makes it
In this litt l e co mm unity every e l ement of
Roosevelt s pers onality was to get new
strength In a di ff erent college one m ay say
he wo ul d have deve l o p ed di ff erently ; another
may say there never was a man so fixed in his
own c ourse in l ife but it is reasonab l y sure
that not the least ele m ent in his deve l opment
was the influence of the great wealth o f per
s on a
l ity H arvar d College was then har bo rin g
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,
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
in its faculty and in the great m en who me t in
its shades A s a disp utatious youth who ar
g ued with his instructors in class who sought
out their friendship and who mingled with
great men in club h ouse and in chap ter room
Rooseve l t must have fe l t their influence and
known their examp l e
H is college friends
agree that never have they known a man wh o
has retained the characteris tics o f hi s youth
so faithfully as Rooseve l t has retained them
H is undergraduate life down to its sma l lest
details p re fi g ure d the Roos eve l t of today
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C H A PT E R I I
H I S VA RI E TY O F I NT E R E S T S
R
.
O O SE V E L T
was one of those rare
men wh o can stand apart and surv e y
their own live s and comprehend their
own
nee ds
He was not c ontent to tram p
al ong with other undergraduates t o lear n
merely what they l earned b ut he m ust de s ert
int o new paths and master the sma ll est de
tails of hi s way He has confesse d that one
reason why he h as s ucceeded is be c ause he
has consciously put himse lf in th e wa y o f
learning new thi ngs and o f getting new ex
H is un flag g in g s pi rit o f inqui ry his
pe rien c e
prec ocious desire to pa rticipate in nationa l
po l itics and to have a v oi c e in whatever t o ok
place ab o ut him was the characteristi c o f an
unusua l youth ; alth ough there have been some
un dergraduates at H a rvard m ore po pul ar there
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
have been few whose s oc ial and p ractica l in
t e re s t s were s o j udiciously apportioned
O nly in his freshman year did he ho l d hi m
se l f aloof from activities outside the pa l e of
his col l ege work H e was one of eight young
m en all destined for p rominence in college
and in after life who at the opening o f college
went apart from the other students at M emor
ial Hall to organize a dining c l ub in a hous e
a short distance from the Yard first at M rs
M organ s on B rattl e street and for the l as t
three years at M rs Wi l son s on Mt A uburn
street H ere round an un pr etentious table in
a bare little room he was to cherish contented
ly seven of his mo st inti mate friends H e nev er
dined regular l y at Memorial H all
H e wa s
not e l ected a memb er of the Kappa Nu th e
only freshman society nor wa s h e an o ff icer
in his freshman c l ass
O n l y once does h e
stand o ut in it s activitie s ; then in a meeting
called to elect a new capt a
in of the fresh m an
crew Rob ert Bacon he climbe d on a chair and
i n his first stump s peech q u oted L incoln s
"
time worn but sound aphorism that it is
not best to swap h orses when crossing a
”
stream
”
"
The society f ever at H arvard was not as
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8
H I S V A R I E TY O F I NT E R E ST
fervent as at many co ll eges The c l ubs had
no c onspi cuous badges nor costly structures
with lofty windows and iron barred doors
The memb ers wer e ha p py with si mpl e insignia
hung in their rooms and c apacious quarters
where good fe ll owship might rule The wal l s
of a club ty p ical of those to which R oosevelt
belonged were adorned with engravings and
painting s of historic and classic worth
In
one corner stood a pi ano invitingly open with
a varied c ollection of bo oks shelved nearby ;
hun g in a little alcove waiting to be used wer e
foils and fencing masks boxing gloves and
rifles and a roomy stage for the presentation
of student theatricals filled one end of th e
room
A fter the e l ection of new memb ers the c l ub
marched t o the midd l e of the Yard and there
round a leader they spelled in unison the
names of the chosen men Time after tim e
Roosevelt s name was sent floating up am ong
the elms and roommate s sitting up right in b ed
scrambled to the open window a
n d when the
last cheer had died away into the night often
f e l l to talking about this slende r li tt l e man
V isitors to Roosevelt s rooms in a house at
1 6 Winthrop street where he lived a l on e dur
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v
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
ing his entire colleg e cours e found scattered
among college pennants hunting trop hies and
pictures of trap and chase the insignia o f a
dozen organizati ons f rom the br o nze plate o f
a row ing club t o the ri bbons of the H asty
Pudding
The Hasty Pudding Club was one of the
m ost prized o f those devoted p rimari l y to
goo d fe l lowship
To this we re usually graduated in their sen
ior year th e memb ers of the I nstitute of 1 7 7 0
the oldest of the societies at Harvard Roose
velt was among the first fifteen from hi s c l ass
to be chosen for the I nstitute th e fifth to b e
chosen f or th e P u dding and later its treasurer
H e was m oreover a member of the Por cel
lian a discriminating and expe nsive organiza
tion of the Al pha D elta Phi and an honorary
member of the G l ee Cl ub There were o th er
purely social organizations at H a rvard quite
as prominent but in a general sense wh en he
entered th e life of one he entered the l ife of
all
A nother e vidence that at the end of four
years of college h e was one of the most popu
lar men in his clas s is that he was one of six
men nominated by his c l ass for second mar
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I O
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
the H asty Pudding C l ub and returned for its
annual celebrations e ach year doubt l ess to
mingle with the undergraduates as their
guests
This a ssociation with m en of dis ti ncti o n is
p erhaps one of the best yet l east reckoned b e ne
fits of such s oc ial organi z ations as those
Roosevelt be longed to H e had every oppo r
t un ity to estimate his own capabilities
not
only by personal acquaintance with them but
by intimate stories tol d at c l ub dinners and in
the confi din g air of the chapter room of great
men gone be fore
From such s ocia l organizations R ooseve l t
knew he de rived immense good but there were
others wholly di ff erent fro m which he m ight
also profit O f such was the Rifle C l ub I n
competitions held on the grounds of the Wa
t e rt ow n A rsenal Rooseve l t was never success
ful neve rtheless he learned substantial l y a l l
that was nece ssary and when the Spanish War
broke out he could take h is p l ac e at the head
of his Rough Riders confident th at he c ou l d
use a rifle e fficient l y if h e was ca l led upon to
do so
He j oined the A rt Club over which Prof es
sor Charl es E liot Norton presided and was
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12
H I S VA RI E TY O F I NT E R E S T
soo n a member of the Natural H isto ry So c iety
fl ourishing under the presidency of that r e
marka ble man Professor Nathaniel S outhgate
Shaler I n the ab sence o f Professor Shaler
Roosevelt himself presided for he was elected
undergraduate vic e president in his j unior year
A s a boy he wa s intensely interested in natural
history and his constant enthusiasm was one
of the causes of Professor Shale r showi ng such
a distinct fondness for him When the great
teacher was told how a ba g of l obsters which
R oo sevelt was bringing from the Boston
wharves for dissection escaped c onfinement
and went craw l ing in al l directions over the
floor of a crowded street car h e l aughingly
slapped his thigh and told the story over time
and again at a meeting of the faculty the fo l
l owi n g day
Professor Shaler also heard how late on a
rainy night four students who lived in th e
same house with Roos evelt heard the frantic
neighs of a h orse in a neighboring barn They
called to one another through the dark donned
their clothes and gi ngerly went forth to ex
I n the ba rn feverishly strivin g to ex
pl or e
t e the horse s le g fro m a hole in the side
tr ica
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13
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
of the stall they foun d Rooseve l t half
clothed hatles s even wi th out his spectacles
A bout a year before Roosevelt was elected
vice president of the Natural H istory S ociety
"
the C rimson said that the Society have on
foot a p roject to utilize th e va
l uable dredging
apparatus in the p ossession of the University
The pro p o se d pla n is sometime d uring the
s pring to hire a steam tug and during a two
days cruise in Massachusetts Bay to gain a
”
practical know l edge of sea dredging
This
proj ect was never accomplished
What in
fl uen ce it had on Roosevelt s election can only
be conj ectured but it is safe to presum e that he
was not indi fferent to any such plan
In his j unior year Roosevelt organized we
are told a club which is recalled by its mem
bers as on e of the b ri ght spots in their under
This was the Finance Club
g raduate life
It was founded a s the outgrowth of interest
in a course given by Professor D unbar on the
financial history of the United States to make
a study of the currency systems of other na
ti ons particularly of E ngland
For a time
Roosevelt presided and the extraordi nary
swath th e club c ut in the field of undergrad
uate activiti es was in great measure due to his
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H I S V A R I E TY O F I NT E R E ST
energy The A dvocate in editoria l s o f diff er
ent date r epeatedly praised the organization :
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The Financ e Club enters the fie l d for the
”
"
first time it said
One l ecture which p roved
both instructing and instructive has already
been given under its a uspi ces Two more are
to follow ; th e first by Profes so r Sumner of
Yale on The Relation of L egislation to
Money and th e second by Professor Walker
of Yal e on The Princi ples of Taxation
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The enterprise of the Finance Club met w ith
de served success in the lecture of Professor
S um ner
The Theatre was we ll fil l ed a
larger bo dy of students b ei ng p resent than
we have seen on such an oc casion in Sanders
”
for year s
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The club is to b e c ongratulated on the suc
cess of its e ff orts to excite interest in dome sti c
subj ects O rganized only in D ece m ber it has
already had five p apers read b ef ore it by m em
”
bers and has given four pub l ic lectur es
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A year l ater :
"
The ente rpri se o f th e
15
F inanc e
C l ub re m ains
T H E O DO RE RO O S E VE L T
unabated A l ready its m embe rs a
re arranging
for a c ou rse o f l ectures for next year They
have se c ured such eminent lecturers as Gen
eral Garfi eld and A bram S H ewitt and are in
”
correspondenc e with Secretary Schurz
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A nother club the results from which were
to b e quite as usef ul to R oo se v elt in future
"
life was na m ed th e O
a p a p er on the
meaning of its name being read by each candi
date a
t the initiation supper
In it a discussion of th e authorship of the
"
”
L etters of Juniu s oc cupied three of the
m onth l y meetings
When R oosevelt s turn
"
came to r ead a p a p er his subj ect was The
”
Machine of Politics
The ten or of the club
is ty p ified by these subj ects all of literary
or of p oliti c a l significance
Just before the Presidential election of 1 8 8 0
intense par ty feeling was aroused among th e
students and an informal vote was suggested
probably by Roosevelt as he wa s put in
charge of the polls The candidates voted for
were iGiran t Sh erman Blaine Bayard and
others of l ess importan c e
His clas s mates
say that Roosevelt voted for S enator Bayard
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6
H I S VA R I E TY O F I NT E R E S T
a democrat O nly four years l ater after two
years of b rilliant e ff ort in the New York L e g
t ur e he was forced to arrive at a decision
is l a
bound to a ffect his whole future O n one side
he found the Democratic party with George
William Curtis S ecretary Schurz and most of
the men on whom he put strongest reliance
on the other side a Republican party ap p ar
ently on the wane A s quick of decision as
R oo sevelt is it took him several weeks of de
li beration on hi s western ranch before he de
cided to publish a statement a ff irming his a
l
l e g ie n ce to the party that was to make him
President
From the edit orials in the A dvocate it a
p
pears that Roosevelt was at the head of thi s
student m ovement to choose a President and
though the Republicans outnum bered the
"
D emocrats to show that intelligent and c on
s erv a
t iv e men will not allow party a
ffiliation
to rule their better j udgement and force th em
”
to suppo rt an unfit or corrupt candidate or
one see king a third term I n its appeal to stu
"
dents to vote the paper said that N o doubt
there are some who think taking an inform a l
vote for President is a departure from th e
spher e o f the student to that of the politi c ian
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
and others who r egard it a s on l y time thro wn
I t shoul d not b e forgotten that a
away
representative g overnment is such only so
long as the whole people are represented the
intelligent and good as wel l as the ignorant
and bad and that as a small force is not
infrequently big in result the indic ation of
the choice of the University in this matter may
be e ff ective in securing the nomination of some
man who is a typ e of the best A merican citi
zen The gentleman in charge of the poll s is
a proof that the movement is not one of i dle
”
curiosity but of earnest purp ose
The vote
f or Bayard was 2 33 Grant r46 Sherman 1 39
;
at Yale it was Grant 2 1 3 Sherman 2 05 Bay
ard 8 2
The last sentence in the editoria l of the
A dvocate is a singular tribute to an under
graduate by acollege paper without a parallel
in any of the c olle ge publications during the
four years Roosevelt was an undergraduate
I t shows as nothing else could that he was rec
o g n iz e d as a leader of undergraduate o pinion
The evening the informa l vote was an
n oun ce d this future President might have been
seen setting out f or B oston with a torch on
his shou l der and the dusty road underfo o t in
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
"
H ere divine service was h eld December 3 1
1 7 7 5 General and M rs Washington being pres
”
ent
H e r e for several weeks the energetic
young teacher turned up re gularly every Sun
day afternoon to teach y oung people religious
tenets as he conc eived them
O ne day the report spread that he had been
summarily remove d by t h e new rector Doctor
"
James Field S p aulding
The news spread
”
about college like flames through a building
"
relate s one of Ro osevelt s classmates
We
learne d Roosevelt had been rem oved because
he was not a confirmed memb er of the Epis
copa
l ia
n church
E verybody lauded Roose
velt The instructor in one of our courses said
something about religious toleration by neigh
boring ministers and th e students cheered
O ne professor actually withdrew from the con
But Ro osevelt did not take the oc
t ion
g re g a
currence to h eart
Th e next three S un days
h e tau ght at th e Church of the A scension in
E ast Cambridge and then continued in a
church in Chestnut H ill th e home of M iss L ee
”
to whom he was engaged
Not long after Roosevelt s adventure in
t
teaching Sunday school one evening he a
tended the B oston Theatre A fter one of the
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20
H I S V A RI E TY O F I NT E R E S T
acts a group of undergraduates gave a cheer
for Harvard
The ushers remonstrated for
trouble with students had been experienced
before and Roosevelt hurrie d across the lobby
and remonstrated with the ushers so stren
uous ly that he with the real o ff enders was
made to leave the theatre The Boston papers
ma de spac e of the occurence Professor D un
bar and Professor Shaler found the accounts
so unfair that both published protests The
Bo ston H erald designated that of Professor
"
Shaler in the A tlantic Monthly as a turgid
”
stream of rhetoric
and the coll eg e papers
then directe d their editorial c omment at t h e
H erald
Roosevelt was often the victim of caprice
that knew not the regulator self conscious
"
ness
H e was not an ascetic yet he was
”
next to my own fathe r a classmate wrote
"
to Jac ob A Riis th e purest minded man I e ver
”
knew
There is no evidence that he ever
smoked and what is more significant no evi
dence that he ever tried to E ven that ste m
old woodsman William W S ewall with
whom Rooseve l t spent his summers in the
Maine forests comes out of his reticence to
write that he never m et a man with such ab
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,
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
solute ideas of right and wrong such r e
markable strength on the o n e hand such lov
able sympathy on the oth e r
With care not to exaggerate it may b e c on
j e ctur e d that in the histor y of Harv ard Colleg e
there have b een few undergraduates with an
array of interests more varied and m ore judi
apportioned than Roosevelt s
He
c io us ly
delved into social and intellectual life so e n
l l y that h e held important off ices in
t h us ia
s t ica
five organizations and b elonge d to six others
he advocat e d political po licie s discusse d art
and natural history h eard op ti onal lectures on
literature and be sides teaching Sun day S chool
hunting in the Maine woods yachtin g on Lo ng
I sland Sound assisting to edit a college pape r
beginning a book and mani festing an intense
interest in athletics he maintained high col
lege rank in recognition of which he was
e lected to Phi B eta Kappa
While other men
followe d the be aten track he deserted to the
farthest reac hes of undergraduate life
The
leader of college opinion was fitting hims elf
as a leader of opinion in his country
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22
C H A PT E R I I I
STUD I E S
HIS
.
.
H E accurate determination of any man s
c o llege rank is usually of s m a l l
imp ortance
especially after thirty
years have inte rvened since his gradu
ation and his worth has l ong since b een
tested to stern er standards than those
of the rank list ; but no one wil l deny
legitimate curiosity perhaps even of scientific
interest
Probably no one is less curious ab out his
c ollege marks than M r Roos evelt ; p erhaps he
never knew or has quite forgotten his exact
rank but if he has not forgotten doubtless he
"
”
relishes a certain piquant pleasure at the
visible dispr oportion between his col l ege rank
and his success in after l ife for his rank in a
class of one hundred and sixty one was b ut
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23
TH E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
twenty fir st the same a s Grant s at West
P oint about the same as that of Em ers on and
of H olmes at Harvard
There is a di fference as Ba c on points out
betwe en exc e llence and excelling Rooseve l t
went to Harvard for an education he did not
go to co m pete for marks
Ha d he done so
he would have taken bef o re graduation an ex
amination for final honors in natur al hi story
a special mark of distinction he could have
"
easily won
No man ever came to Harvard
m ore serious in his purpose to secure first of
”
al l an education
his intimate friend E x
"
Govern o r Curtis Guild Jr says he was for
ever at it and probably no man of his tim e
read more extensive l y or deeply especia ll y in
directions that did not count on th e hon or l ist
or marking sheet H e had the happy p ower
of abstraction an d nothing was more common
than a noisy roo mful of college mates wi th
R oosevelt frowning with intense absorption
over a b ook in the corner H e did not read for
”
examinations but for information
O f academic distinctions he won but few He
did not win a prize for reading nor f or E nglish
composition ; the center table in his room was
"
”
not adorned with a D etur a book given as
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24
H I S STU D I E S
a specia l mark of merit ; h e won neither sec
ond year nor final honors in a single subj ect
"
”
and h e did not deliver the dissertation to
which he was entitled at Commence m ent The
only honorable mention set down in his de gree
was in natural history His political antithesis
Josiah Q uincy who shone b rightly as an un
derg ra
te received two prizes for reading
dua
one for speaking one for E nglish com po sition
"
”
a D etur and besides being a prolific and able
contri butor to the college papers received in
his degree honorable menti on in Gr eek L atin
E nglish comp osition and political economy
and delivered a diss e rtation at Commencement
When R oo sevelt was at Harvard as to a l es
ser extent now a student had to take ce rtain
prescribed cours es in fundamental subj ec t s
In th e freshman year all his courses were pre
scrib ed although a freshman could enter ad
n ce d s ections of certain courses if h e had
va
sh own unusual e ff iciency in his entrance ex
am in ation s ; in th e s ophomore year and in the
j un ior year about one third of the work was
prescri be d in the senior year only a few for
e n s ic theme s
I n addition to these prescribed
cour ses each sophomore was required to
choo se from a l ist of e l e c tive s tudie s c our s e s
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35
T H E O D O R E R O O S EV EL T
amounting to ten exercises a week each junior
and senior c ours e s am ounting to tw e l ve exer
c ises a week
These elective c ourses were intended to give
a student considerable freedom to f o l low n at
"
”
ural be nt and tho se selected by R ooseve l t
reflect clearly his inclinations as an under
graduate V iewed as awhol e the course s h e
"
”
chos e were essentially p racti c al as distin
"
”
"
”
In his
g ui s h e d from l iterary or esthetic
college work a s in his m oral s he stood with his
feet firmly p l anted on m other earth H e knew
the keen value of mathematics and of science
he fe l t the ab so l ute need of mod ern l anguages
E ach y ear his love and appreciati on of these
studies grew and at the end the plan o f hi s
college work was a well mou l ded and con
sistent one
Just on e half of Roos evelt s tota l e l ective
w o rk was devoted to natural hist o ry a l most
a third to m oder n l angua ges but not a singl e
hour did he give to Latin o r Greek not a sin
gl e hour to E ngli sh composition or hist ory
"
Gra nt l ea der of the largest civilized a rmies
”
the world ever saw at West Point read n ov
e l s and a l mos t fai l ed to p a ss i n the study o f
arm y tac tic s ; W eb ster s c ho l ar l ogician dis
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,
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
written as well as made so much history
must have delighted in the study of E nglish
composition and o f hist o ry when an under
graduate
Yet h e took only the prescribed
courses in those subjects
H e took but a single course in history that
in hi s sophomore year a not very compreh en
sive one requiri ng attendance at two l ectures
a week during one half th e college year H is
required work in Eng l ish composition wa s
m ore comprehensive
however
extending
th ro ugh the first ha l f of his sophom ore year
and through his j unior year and demanding
four forensic themes in his senior year I n
th ese cour s es Mr Roosevelt did not succeed
"
too wel l yet M r Guild says that in writing
R oos evelt s ability was thoroughly understood
”
but ve ry little displayed and his el ecti on as
"
”
an editor of the A dvocate was a recognition
of hi s ability to write The c ourse s in c om
position required the writing of so phomore
themes j unior th emes j u n i or forensics and
senior forensics I n juni or themes h e obtained
a fair plac e on the ra n k list b ut in the other
courses his name is missing that is he did not
get a g rade of seven ty per cent ; and in one
of these o ther co urses senior forensics he was
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28
H I S S TUD I ES
one of the very few men whose e ff orts failed to
be discerned by Professor A ndrew Peabody
"
that much loved professor whose very fai l
”
ings leaned to the rank list side
M r Roose
velt li ke most writers is not proud of h is
college themes and says he would rather they
were not brought into the ligh t but his con
t ribut io n s to the college pa p ers are dis c ussed
in another chapter
There was a reason and a j ust one why
Roo sevelt negl ected his senior forensics H is
friends told him h e cou l d writ e well and now
the full ripe plan of his first b oo k dang l ed be
fore his eyes ready to b e plucked and sha pe d
by his eager hand Wh o woul d not cho ose the
writing of a b o ok to the writing of col l ege
themes
A nd who cannot picture the im p a
tient Roosevelt fretting within the limits of
them e paper and fifteen hundred words Who
cannot see him trying to tear hims elf away
to fields of larger endeavor and greater deed
A s for his rank in ot her studies — in his
singl e histor y course as in most of his pre
scribed c ourses that is in rhetoric l o g ic and
psycholo g y Rooseve l t s marks were high I n
all of his elective courses except one in French
given on c e
we ek hi s name is found o n the
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2
9
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
rank li st well toward the to p ; in eight o f these
el ective course s h is mar k is eighty nine p er
cent or over and in one of them a popular
but not easy course in p olitic al economy his
name is fir st up on the printe d rank list In
his advanced c ourses in political economy
invol ving t h e study of Cairnes M cL e od and
Ba
s t ia
t his marks were commendable
Of his
”
"
German courses one wa s historic p rose
and the other two were devoted to compo sition
and oral exercises H is courses in Itali an re
quired a great amount of reading and a
p
ch ed m ore nearly t o pure literature than
pr oa
any of his chosen studies
"
”
The term natural history comprehended
more thirty years ago than now Ro oseve l t s
cour ses in that s ubj ect in which he received
honorable mentio n in his degree included com
anatomy and physiology of ver
ra
t iv e
pa
t ebra
t e s ele mentary b otany physical g eo g ra
phy and meteorology geol ogy and elementary
and advanced zoology In all these subj ects
he succeded in getting marks so high that he
c ould easily have won final honors which are
prized far more highly than honorable men
tion by taking extra examinations ; b ut have
ing got substantially al l he could fro m his
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30
H I S S TUD I E S
c ollege course he cared l ittle for the l aurel
h e went to c ollege we have seen not f or fine
marks but for an education
Roosevelt was a dis p utatious youth whose
presence in c l ass was al ways fel t I n his fresh
man year he disturbed a class when the in
s t ruct or
calling the roll for the first time
"
”
addre ssed him as Ruse felt
The spectacled
little man was instantly on his feet insisting
very ear nestly that he was of Dutch descent
"
and his name should b e pronounced Rose
”
velt A thousand times si nc e that day he has
heard people mi spronounc e his name and if one
listens to one s neighbor one c on cludes that
"
”
half th e nation go on saying Ruse felt or
"
”
"
”
Rus e velt for Rose velt
Roosevelt s c l assmates remember a s l ender
nervous young man with side whiskers eye
glasses and bright red cheeks re d hued from
a br ight neckti e who climbed with them in
th e freshman year to a small recitation room
"
o n th e top floor of University H all
We
were having p robl ems fro m Todhunter s P l ane
”
"
Trigonometry one of them writes and they
were more difficult than any given b e f ore In
those years if the instructor did not arrive be
fore five m inutes past the hour at which th e
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31
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
lecture was t o c ommenc e we were allowed a
cut
This day we looked into the roo m
c ompared our watches and lingered in the
hall until the time was up Then we romped
down stairs ; that is m ost of us did ; but there
was one yo uth who was there for business
H e went into the room looked at the black
board j ust at the right of the door and found
it covered with trigonometric formulae One
after another he read following th e blackboard
round the room and when he had almost
reac hed the end he all but bump ed int o th e
engrossed instructor writing away behind the
open doo r We were saun tering across the
Yard when we heard Rooseve l t shout from the
steps
Come on back fellows H e s b ehind
the door
Th e students in sophomore rhetoric remem
ber that R oosevelt was the first to question
th e instructor that thin voiced sandy haired
blue eyed man that famous rhetorician A dams
Sherman Hil l Most of th e class one of its
members sai d were quite satisfied to take w hat
"
was given them but Roosevelt was always
asking questions always pinnin g the instru o
”
tor down to hairbreadth points
Professor
H i ll grew tired as p ro f essors in their di gn ity
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32
H I S S TUD I ES
do of having this over zealous c ensor wait on
his remarks and lo oked ab out for a gentl e way
to silence him ; perhaps he lea rned it in con
versation with other instructors about Roose
velt perhaps he divined it one b right da y when
he was reading to the class a theme as an ex
ample oi precocious sentimentality For sud
de n ly s o one of the students says he p aused
and lo oked thoughtfully at Roosevelt ; then he
asked him to criticise th e theme The cens or
for once lacked hi s usual asse rtiveness and
Professor H ill seemed encouraged A sec ond
later he glanced up and asked Roosevelt to
state specifically what he th ought of under
graduates premat urely fallin g in love Roose
velt stammered and was qui et and th e class
laughed cruelly and long and soo n all the col
lege knew when they turned and saw him
blushing as furiously as a girl
Roosevelt always took his inclination to
question and to investigate with him ; he never
got through investigating and b eing investi
gated h e wrote to the secretary of his c l ass
years later when Civil S ervice Commissioner
One such man in a community is oft en dis
concerting but two seek one another out l ike
giants of the w oo ds
They a l ways re sp e c t
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TH E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
one another and they are a l ways hap p y to
gether j ust as they would be if turned adrift
on a flood or left in the middle of the Sahara
The two score of undergr ad uates in Geol
ogy I V a c ourse conducted b y Professor Sha
ler still rememb er a scene in a small low ceiled
c la ssroom at Harvard thirty years ago That
tall light haired man with his bright eyes
gleaming out of a b us hy b eard m oved about
with his startling activity on a small platform
H e talked and illustrated n ow facin g a chart
now facing the students gathered in a se m i
circle at long uncomfortable re d plank desks
They fe lt that the littl e room had an air of
hom e like informality that the improm p tu
words of the master were falling like the pl ea s
ant discourse of a father to hi s son H e made
them feel free to show their interest by asking
questions but they felt that questions bothered
him trying as he was t o review a large field
of knowledge in a short time ; they f e l t in
fact that questions had been showering too
rapi dly upon him — that over l ive Roosevelt
with his abounding curiosity asked m ost o f
them
They had j ust settled on th e hard benches
and the l ecture wa s hardly under way Pro
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34
TH E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
a
p leasur e
fl uen ce one
jaunt I f one could dete c t the in
man has on another ha l f the prob
lem of bi ography would be solved but this be
l oved old man was l ong ape c uliar ins p iration
”
"
to Harvard men
I s it a mere conceit as
Mr R an l et t asks
to think that from the
study of Nathaniel S out h gate Shaler keen ob
server good fighter good friend hat er of
shams some str o ng and vital emanation of
sp irit may have passed into the character of
”
Theodor e R oo se ve l t
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C H A PT E R I V
AS
A N UN D E R GR A D U A T E J O UR N A L I S T
N E autumn afternoon in his senior year
Roosevelt m oved about among the
shelves of the college library seeking
a subj ect for a forensic theme Q uite una
ware that in that busy and ordinary place he
was to take his first great stride into the
wor l d s activities he stood b e f ore one shelf
after another his hands deep in his trousers
pockets Now h e pulled down a book only to
shove it energetically back into place n ow he
rested one in his l eft hand and t urned its
leaves with his right Finally he reach ed for
a dusty green backed old volume crowded
a gainst the wall
With rea l a ff ection he
glanced at the well worn name of the auth o r
the author he had l oved as a boy for his ta l es
of se aand o f war that p opular writer a fe w
generations a go Ja m es Feni m ore C oo p er
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67
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
But now boyish days were p ast and n ot as
a b oy did he turn the dog eared l eaves H e
remembered his uncle a naval o ff icer regret
ting that there was no trustworthy historian
o f the naval aspects of the War of 1 8 1 2
At
a time when unprej udic ed assertion was n u
looked for and partiality was c onsidere d pat
riot is m
James had written for E nglish m en
Cooper for A mericans O nly absolute fair
ness Roosevelt knew only a m ind s o p re c ise
that A mericans and E nglishmen must a gr ee
with it cou l d reconci l e their works
He
seated himse l f at one of the l ong reading ta
ble s with the dusty ol d volu m e in front o f
him and thought no more of his co l lege the m e
that day
"
”
A few months later the C rimson said that
"
"
80 had of l ate
a prominent member of
turned editor
Two years l ater th is pr om
"
in en t member had finished The Nava l War
of
I n the preface occurr ed these words
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It is worth whi l e to study w ith some care
that p eriod o f our history d uring which our
navy stood at th e highest p itch of its fame ;
and to learn anything fro m its p ast it is n eces
sary to kno w as near as may be th e e xact
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38
A S A N UN D E RGR A D U A T E J O U R NA L I S T
truth A cc ordingly th e work shou l d be writ
ten impartia ll y if only from the narr o west
m otives
Without abating a jot f ro m o ne s
devotion to his country and flag I think a
history can be made j ust enough to wa rrant its
being received as an authority equal l y a mon g
”
A meri cans and E nglishmen
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Only a sh ort ti me a fterwards the E ngl is h
m en themse l ves recognized the young A me ri
can histo rian by as ki ng him to wr ite th e cha p
ter on the naval operations of th e War of 1 8 1 2
"
”
for the History of the R oya l Na vy
Roosevelt dived deeper into literature than
he had first p l anned to do for his avowed p ro
f es s ion duri ng the l ast years o f his co ll ege
cou rs e was journalism
The p erfect education o f a j ourna l ist is an
old question whi c h e ducators have argu ed
a bo ut which our greatest journalists have
agreed They have b een consonant in this :
that a journalist sho uld have a p l ente ous store
of information ab out a ll a newspap er is con
cerned with ; that h e must l earn to work as
persistently as news is in coming in ; that h e
m ust get on with his fel l ows must k now how
to writ e c l earl y accurate l y and fearl ess l y
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3
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
Even when in co ll ege Roosevelt seems to
have felt that a j ournalist should know some
thing about everything — enough business to
discover a merchant s profits enough theol ogy
to criticise the reasoning of the preacher
enough law to j udge of the l ogic of the lawyer
enough general information to understand the
bul l etins of a physician t h e machinations of
politician or pawnb roker
H e set about to
sto re this information with the sc ientific zea l
with which he strove to build up a weak
body H e fed habitually on what was at hand ;
if a newspaper or a b ook he studied it ; i f a
c o l lege lecture h e questioned ; if he walked in
the fields he studied nature ; if ro w ing he
watched the toiling oarsmen in the ne xt
Wherry ; if an athletic contest he n oted how
the runner braced and flung himself forward
at the shot ; if a meeting with his fellows ro und
a fire side or under the elms in the Yard he
studied them and learned the secrets of their
personalities discovered their weaknesses and
their powers Th e naturalist l ooks out on the
universe from th e point of view of a naturalist ;
the p hysicist lawyer and moralist look out
from theirs ; the student of l anguages glances
over his bo o k on a certain perspective a p er
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.
AS A N UN D E RGR A D
"
A T E JO UR N A L I ST
di ff ering from that of the sci en ti st in
his laboratory or the m athematician in hi s
study Each of these men every man in all the
world sees his surroundings in a certain in
dividua l light and each observe s more sharp ly
within a certain familiar field This rule of
familiarity holds in the sma l lest acts o f life
the winding of a watch th e stroke of a tenni s
racquet
Consider now from what di ff erent
po ints of view with what enthusiasm for each
thi s self centered youth must have l ooked on
all that goes to make environment
"
Never have I seen or read o f a man wi th
”
such an amazing array of interests says H on
John Woodb ury one of Roosevelt s c l assmates
"
H e used to stop men in th e Yar d or call them
to him
Then he would b l ock the narrow
gravel path and soo n make sparks fro m an
argument fly H e was so enthusiastic and had
such a start ling array of deep l y rooted inter
ests that we all thought he wou l d make a g reat
”
j ournalist
No one has denied that Roosevelt has a
ponderous store of fact no one has denied that
h e is a relentless wor ker that he gets on with
his fellows that h e writes clearly acc urate l y
and fearlessly
Yet these are th e sim pl er
s pe ct iv e
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
characteristics that great j ournalists thought
necessary to their profession A nd wh o wi l l
deny that Roosevelt has the intuitive p ower
of a great public l eader a p ower that runs
along ahead coach dog fashion po inting out
the way that slow moving p ubli c opinion is to
traverse
H e had that power of rushing to
conclusions when an un dergraduate In the
man it has been call ed i m pulse po l itics or
radica l ism
R ooseve l t s is the typifi ca
t ion o f the A meri
can mind H is c onc l usions see m to co m e in
t uitively as qui ckly a s those of a woman wi th
quite as surpris ing rapidi ty as Jackson s did
a century ago
It makes him dangerous in
theory ; in practice i t m a k e s him immensel y
p opu l ar
Al tho u
g h the s imilarity has not been po inted
out he is re m arkab l y like Jackson in many
ways A f ew years ago th e nation thundered
ap plause for th e doughty l eader o f the Rough
Riders a century before the rash o l d so l dier
thundered at his troo ps in the E verglades ; the
l eader o f the Ro ugh Riders had entered po l i
tics as an avocation and th e indomitab l e old
man b efore hi m was forced to do so ; the youn g
e l e m ent of the W est f ound an idea l in Ro o se
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42
T H E O D O R E R O O S EV E L T
"
pages of the Pilgri m s Progress the ideal
t y pifi ca
t ion of almost pure Saxon
Roosevelt has apparently fewer words of
L atin derivation in his messages than in his
ess ays fewer still in h is lbt t er s — the less
literary is his e ff ort the fewer words of c lassic
derivation does he use H e em ploys only a s
many such words as are abs olutely necessary
to make his meaning clear in fact sometim es
he choo ses severa l Saxon words where one
L atinized one would su ffic e E ven as an un
t e he preferred the Saxon
H is com
der g ra
dua
positions then such as are preserved alth ough
about athletics a subj ect which requires ex
pressions of modern origin have even fewer
of the old words than his later wr itings H e
loves classic literature evidently and reads
it for what it is but loves his own lite rat ure
b etter and finds it more in harmony with the
expression of his thoughts D oubtless in dic
tating — for he dictates nearly everything he
writes
he uses the first word that comes into
his mind and such words are usually Saxon
This fondness for modern languages has never
left him open to the accusation of not making
his meanin g clear ; his utterances perco l ate to
th e most uneducated and to the m ost cultured
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44
A S AN
U ND ER GR A D U A T E J O U RN AL I S T
and l ike a wandering princ e everywhere he
is understood and the f orce of what he says
is felt
So Roosevelt s bigness of sou l is not l iterary
ski ll ; it mu st b e personality
In L incoln s
speech at Gettysburg there is more than great
benignant earnestness m ore than a cert ain
r estraint and the fe eling of war itself more
"
than a won derfu l c hoic e of words there is
”
something else there
This unknown quality
is found though in a less degree in Washing
ton s Farewell A ddress If L incoln had be en
a contented lawyer during th e years previ ous
to his famous s peech instead of a sad faced
man watching the nation crush at his feet like
floating ice if Washington had been a con
tented farmer instead of a disheartened soldier
and a maligned President their words would
not have fallen like flakes of fire ; the distin
g ui sh e d strength would have been wanting
It seems to come f rom only a great personality
kindl ed by intense emotion Roosevelt has no t
su ff ered a s L incoln or Wa shington did yet
he has su ff ered more acutely than m ost men
A t one time he was hurrying from Europe to
the funeral of his fair yo ung wife to the death
bed of his beautiful litt l e moth er A t an o the r
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45
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
time a dying President lay in a city quaking
with shouldering crowds and afar off amid
t h e balmy febrifuge of moun tains and p ines
h e was p acing back and forth before a lighted
cottage awaiting the word that was to raise
him to the highest o ff ice of his nation S u c h
a crisis fired the soul of V ice President A r
thur with new strength ; perhaps it gave Roose
velt that peculiar power that make s his utter
an oes so e ff ective
Roos evelt s writings first impress one as ad
monitory for it is the privilege of a p ublic man
to b e admonitory then as friendly then as
almost paternal No man ever knew the po wer
of iteration b etter than he H e would have
made a great preacher and there is roo m for
"
one
Without being fanc iful we may fairly
"
”
think that this pleading for the ideal comes
down to him from those ancestors of his own
who die d in the dykes of H olland for the
freedom of their country and for their t e
lig ious faith or who gave up their lives in
support of th e Convenant among the rugge d
”
hills of S cotland
S o Ro osevelt is sincere Roosevelt is earnest
N ow l et us
R oosevelt is a practical idealist
g o back th irty years and see i f a ll these c har
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A S A N U N D E R GR A D
"A T E JO U R NAL I ST
act eris tics are not f ound in a single e x c erp t
"
from o ne o f his editoria l s in the Harva
rd
A dv oc ate :
"
The football season is now fair ly o pened
and it is well to take a glan c e at what our
A t present it hard l y seems
r ivals are doing
as if the team wo ul d be as good as last year s
but their playing is improving every day and
nothing but ve ry hard work will enabl e our
men to win the vic to ry
Wh at is most nec
essary is that every man s hou l d realize the
necessity of faithfu l and honest work every
afternoon L ast year we had good individua l
players but they did not work together nearly
as well as th e Princeton tea m and were not
in as good c ondition as the Yale men The
football season is short ; and while it does la st
the men ought to work fai thfull y if they e x
pect to win back for Harvard the p o sition she
”
held three y ears ago
S eldom do undergraduates rise u p and
preach to other undergraduates ; usual ly they
only strive to be agreeab l e Yet this e x ce rpt
is from one of three littl e ser m ons wedged in
col l ege trivia l itie s and fun
The y stan d o ut
be c ause they are s o earnest be c au s e they are
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47
T H E O D O R E RO O S E V ELT
.
fra nk b ecause they p reach they p reach the
doctrines of hard work
Rooseve l t was not active as an undergraduate
j ournalist The t hree a rticles that he wrote
" ”
R
tw o of which are signed by the initial
were arranged for at a meeting of th e editorial
board of the paper shortly b efore the issue of
October I 7 1 8 7 9 in which they appeared and
in which his e dit orial s h ip was announce d H e
did not enter a com pe tition for his place on the
board but was made an editor Professor Hart
who was President says b ecause he was rec
o g n ize d as an able writer
H e rarely attended
the meetings of the b oard Though not lack
ing in enthusiasm he was overwhe l med wi th
accumulating activities A bo ut this time he
resigned from his o ffice in th e Natural H istory
So c iety H e was at work on his b ook and
moreover h e was all but engaged to Miss
L ee
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CH A PT E R V
I N A T H LE TICS
T is ar em ar k abl e fact that Roosev e lt the
frail little freshman of a hundred pounds
tho ugh he could not ho p e to attain a pl ace
on any crew or team representing Har vard
could not in truth hope to win in any indiv id
ual contest of physical strengt h sh ou l d have
acc omplished out of mere enthusiasm perhap s
more for A merican athletic s than any man in
his class ; for to Roosevelt is due in no small
measure the credit of founding the dual tra c k
meets between Harvard and Ya l e
I n his senior year in a letter ove r his init ia l
"
”
to the A dvocate he urged that the impulse
needed to make trac k athletics at Ha rv ard
what the y should be was a s erie s of contests
with Yale in the s p ring and fall of each y ear
"
”
In the next issue the A dv oc ate said that th e
Yale papers uph eld the plan but Yale hersel f
"
wa
s wi th o ut any
o ffi c ia l ass o ciati o n t o a
ct
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9
4
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
’
9
in th e matter
Four y ear s l ater by vote of
the few Yal e men wh o evinced an interest in
track athletics Howard Stafford B rooks was
elected captain and he straightway se t to
work to raise a thousand dol l ars from the
graduates of the two universities for the p ur
chase o f a cup Not long afterwards the two
teams began their reg ular contests in the
spring and fall which later because of th e
popularity of football were res olved into the
singl e great contest still held each spring
A bout th e tim e dual meets were suggeste d
by Roose v e l t all sp orts seemed to be ta k ing on
new life It was long b efore the stadium giant
grandstands and tens of thousands of s p ec
ta
t o rs ; then th e tw o colleges were struggling
for what in the public eye stoo d not only f or
supremacy in A merican athletics but th e s u
With
cy of A merican colleges as we l l
prema
its on loo kers standing round the uneven field
a fo otball game between the greatest o f A meri
can c ol l eges was like ahigh school game now
But even then the undergraduate heart at H ar
vard beat faster at the menti on o f Yal e
Harv ard played her first f ootball game with
Ya l e in the fal l of 1 8 76 when Rooseve l t was
a freshman She had pl ayed C anadian t e a
ms
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50
R O O S EVEL T
T H EO D O RE
won another game at Bost o n and the foll ow
ing year the m ost exciting c ontest hel d u p to
that time in A me rica was f ought to a tie on
the Yale grounds The year Roosevelt wa
s
graduated Harvard l ost to Ya l e
I n baseba l l however an older and more es
bli sh ed spo rt Harvard was wi nning year a
ta
f
ter year In 1 8 7 6 her tea m was victorious in
two of the three games played and so again
in 1 8 7 7 ; in 1 8 7 8 and 1 8 7 9the H arvard team
won three of five games in each year o ne in
the latter year a shut out I n 1 880 ea c h team
won tw o games
In the crew races too Harvard was victor
ious over Yale She won in the first thr ee
years R oosevelt was in co l lege but l ost in
1 880
That year in fact was disastrous to
al l th e H arv ard teams and though Roosevelt s
class might have found some so l ace in the fact
that its freshman football tea m had defeated
Yale s yet the freshmen crew los t its race
at Saratoga to Corn e l l and in the c l ass races
which were be gun in R oosevelt s junior year
eighty was last in one rac e and not far from
last in the oth er
Lacr o sse and cr icket were a l most unkno wn
at H a rva
rd and to p lay tennis des ig nated what
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5
I N A T H L E T I CS
Roosevelt has ca ll e d a m o ll y c odd l e ; t he under
graduate papers were continua l ly p oking f un
at the e ff eminate men wh o were addic ted to
this new pastime and although a tourna m ent
was held it was n ot unti l 1 88 3 that a team rep
resenting Harvard was orga nized
In this day of the beginning of indoor a th l et
ics and till the c o mp leti on of the H emenway
Gymnasiu m in 1 880 the y were held in what
is now the Germanic Mus eum I n s ome of
the meets there were but one or two entri es
The acc ommodations as one of the co l lege
papers described in 1 8 7 6 w ere wholly i made
quate :
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"There are freshmen p laying around l ike
’
ca l ves in a meadow getting in every one s way
and in their chi l dlike innocence delu ding
themselves with the belief that they are ex
There are boating men and grinds
e rcis in g
and vain men and m od est men all breathing
the same b ad air One has t o wait his turn
at almost every piec e of pparatus and several
pieces it is im possible to use at all on ac
c ount of the lack of room ; while it is impo s
sible to move around with out running the risk
of a broken head fro m an I ndian c l ub o r the
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53
'
T H EO D O R E R O O S EVEL T
externa l app l ication o f a dum bbe l l to the pit
”
of the stomach
H ere Rooseve l t used to exercise religious l y
and here at least one furt ive freshman is re
cal l ed as havi ng met him H e was exercising
one day when he observ ed next to the ap
paratus he was using a set of p aralle l ba rs b e
tween which another freshman pushed hi m self
backward and forward more violent l y and
more rapid l y than any one else When al l out
of breath h e dr opp ed to the fl oor and gasped :
"
”
My name s Roosevelt What s yours
H e showed his interest in al l b ranches of
ath l etics
Classmates recall him as a foot
bal l scrub wi th a b right red j ersey tripping
ab out H olmes Fie l d th e m an with the morn
ing in his face H e had announced his in ten
tion of entering a l ight weight sparring c on
test from which his classmate Wi ll iam A
Gaston who was heavie r and stronger with
drew to make a place for him For this R oose
velt was anxious to assist his f riend in some
way s o he encouraged hi m to enter a wrestl ing
match — b ut Mr Gaston has to l d the story :
"
The rules for wre stling matches in those
days were arbitrary — di ff erent at each m eet
ing according to the views of the ump ire I f
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54
I N A T H LE TI C S
you thought a decision unfair al l yo u co ul d
do was to a p peal to th e committee in charge o f
ath l etics
"
There was going to b e a lightweight
wrestli ng match I hesitated about entering
it Roosevelt said Come on Bill I ll train
you
H e didn t know any more ab out wrestl
ing than I did T h e first day I threw tw o men
and had jus t got the first fall from a third
when the um pire called o ff th e sports f or the
day insisting that the last fal l I had got shou l d
not co unt O f course that meant that I shou l d
have to throw m y oppo nent three ti m es and
he throw me but twice to win a victory Roose
velt banged his f oot down on the floor Out
rageous Bill it s outrageous Com e on we ll
go and a pp eal t o the committee
Now Bill you re hot tempered he warned
as we approa ched them
I don t want you to
sa
I ll talk to the m
I ll ex pl ain
y a word
this thing I n ten minutes R ooseve l t had of
fe re d to fight everyone of them
I had to pac
ify him and smooth th ings over
We won our
”
point though
Roosevelt weig hed b ut a hundred and thirty
five poun ds when he entered the l ightweight
sparring co ntest the on l y event he ever en
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55
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
t ere d
"
There were on l y six contestants the
"
”
A dvocate says
In the first bout M r
Hanks won The second bout between M r
C oo li dge and M r Roosevelt was won by the
l atter who displayed more skill and co o l ness
than his opp onent M r Cushing easily won
the l ast bout
"
Mr Hanks was then paired with M r
Roosevelt and a spirited contest followed in
whi c h M r H anks succeeded in getting the
be st of his opponent by h is quickness and
”
p ower of endurance
"
”
It was n o fight at all
says one of the
students wh o were gathered round the toiling
"
men
Hanks had the longer reach and was
stronger and Rooseve l t was handicapped by
his eyesi ght I can see that l ittle fell ow yet
stagge ring ab out and banging int o air His
opp onent could not put him out and he would
not give up H e showed his fighting qualities
”
but he never entered another bout
I n his vacations and in one Christmas re
cess while hunting in the Maine wood s Roose
"
velt showed his grit in other ways
He was
”
undersized for eighteen William W S ewall
"
his guide writes
but what he lacked in
"
strength he made up for in coura
ge
H e had
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56
,
I N A T H LE TI C S
enough mo ra l and p hysical co urage for a man
”
who weighed a ton
One day when the snow
was deep and they were tramping through the
white woods after caribou Roosevelt l ost one
of his snowshoes while fording a rapid stream
b ut with only moccasins he insiste d on climb
ing Mt Kat a
hdin t o where they were cam ped
His feet were terribly b ruised but h e had not
uttered a whimper In the West a few years
later M r S ewal l says Roosevelt s horse reared
and fell on him breaking the p oint of his
shoulder blade neverthe l ess h e kept to the
trail for three days be fore the injury was at
tended to by a physician H is bravery c rop
ped out one day when he heard that a cow bo y
rough had threatened to sh oo t him full of
holes Roosevelt looked for the man rode up
to him and asked him if the report was true
The c owboy promptly denied it H e was al so
threatened wi th a real French duel by a rea l
Frenchman b ut he took such vehement de l ight
in furt hering arrangements that th e op p onent
apol og ized and actually invited Roosevelt to
dinner
Some students take their exerc ise a s oth er s
go to church
sighing on their way bringi ng
a subj ect t o c ogit ate on while th ere an d e x u lt
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57
T H EO D O R E R O O S EVE LT
ing when the thing is d o ne with But in exer
cise Roo sevelt showed the practical appli ca
tion of an earnest man Probab l y today he
relishes no mor e exquisite gratification than
knowing that not only did he accomp l ish much
by his enth usiasm but that he has consciously
bui lt up the weak frame of the l itt l e f reshman
who entered c ollege thirty fiv e years ago into
the b ody of a strong m an
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EV E LT
B Chapin genera l tra ff ic m anage r o f
the B oston
A lbany ; John Wo odbury secre
tary of the Metropolitan Park Co m mission of
Boston ; Richard W Wel ling chairm an of the
Civil S ervice Commission of New York City
by app ointment o f Mayor Gaynor ; Wi ll iam S
A ndrews j udge New York S upreme Court ;
Willia m A Pew c o l onel of Spanish War V ol
un t eer s ; Char l es G Washb u rn Congressman ;
Wi l liam A Gaston o rganizer of the Me t rop oli
tan Street Railway system of B oston repeat
e dly a nominee for governor ; Josiah Q uincy
assistant secretary of state Mayor of B oston
nominee for governor ; Robert Bacon secretary
of State ambassador to France ; Theod ore
Ro osevelt President of the United S tates
Imperceptib l y as unconscious as a tree
grows these men were ro un ded out by four
years of ass ociation A lthough genius is not
in fe ct ion s th e home l y virtues are and by these
Ro oseve l t and his classmates have risen
Never were the benefits of friendship better
exemplified than by the careers of two of
th ose eight men o f whom Rooseve l t was one
who gathered together for their m eals through
their four years at Harvard O ne of them G
m Pet er s has suffered i ll hea l th ; of the
Got ha
H enry
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60
,
.
G RA D
"ATI O N
other seven Richard M Sal tonsta l l R oo s e
v elt s nearest c o ll ege f riend is a l eading B os
ton attorney ; Ralph N El lis asucce ssful busi
ness man ; C harles Ware a successful physi
n ; C Minot Weld a mi llionaire cott o n bro
c ia
ker ; H enry G Ch apin was at his death general
tra ffic manager o f the Boston
A l ban y Rai l
road ; Charl es G Washburn i s head of a large
wire c orporatio n and a p rominent Congres s
man ; Theodore R oo sevelt Ex Preside n t of the
United States
Yet th es e m en never knew their str e ngth
till like fish ermen in their yawls they put out
alone There was George von L Meyer in
the class of 7 9wi th whom Roo sevelt l oved t o
talk ab out undergraduate athletics later to
swi ng alongside and b e his postm aster general
in the conduct of a nation ; th ere wa
s Bac on
whose election as ca p tai n of the freshm a n crew
R oosevelt opposed destined to b e his secreta ry
of state ; and L eonard W oo d
a freshm an in
th e Medical scho ol when R oo sevelt was a sen
ior in th e College and Curtis Guild Jr neither
of wh o m Roosevelt more than knew b o th o f
whom becam e his inti mate friends d uring the
S pani sh War after which R oosevelt secured
Woo d s e l e c tion to th e o nl y h o n o rary m e mb er
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61
,
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
shi p in th e cl ass of 1 880 ; there was H enry
Cabo t L odge a writer and an instructor in
hist ory in Harvard College whom R oo sev e l t
did not like and whose courses he refused to
"
t ake be cause he thought he marked p ap ers too
”
hard to whom he was to be tied by the bond
of friendship when each b ecame the ch a
m pion
of his respective state in supp orting the m ove
ment to n om inate E dmunds for Pre sident in
1 88 4
There was C S Hanks wh o p umme ll ed
Roosevelt in a boxing match and years l ater
rose into publicity with the assertion that he
cou l d get from schem ing rai l roads informati o n
that the President coul d not get who was t ol d
to go ahead wh o fai l ed and died s oon after
wards ; Professor Sumner oi Yale wh o ad
dressed the Finance Club Char l e s Eliot Nor
ton president of the A rt C l ub—two o l d guards
n
of anti imperialism two strong foes of ex pa
sion whom Roosevelt op p ugn ed with a ll his
m ight Th ere was President Charles Wi l liam
E liot
One day a committee of students c l i m bed
t o the o ffice of the austere e ducator wh o rose
fro m his desk chair to greet the m There was
”
"
a pause
G entlemen said the President ex
n t ly
Th en the student with the m ost
pecta
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62
,
GR AD U A TI O N
words to his t ongue sta m mered forth an intro
"
duction afte r thi s fashion : M r E liot I am
”
President Roosevelt
To o pro p heti c perhap s
to be be l ieved yet true
A s for the undergraduate Roosevelt if there
is any vi rtue taught b y his student life it is
wide awake practicality
I ntensated by all
th e starts and sallies of his cap ricious tempera
ment Roosevelt s life is there in the rec ords
the l ife of a deli b erator O p portunists do not
set out in life l on g struggl es to b ui l d up their
bodies nor plan with care their mental p ur
suits nor value the shifting m oment
But
Roosevelt did all these things If this sp irit
of de l iberation were ap p lie d to th e capturing
of an o ff ice it woul d b e called oppr o briously
ambition but i f that is ambition then al l really
s uce ss f ul
men are amb itious ; for without
p ower to discover his own needs to survey
his o wn c ourse to forge ah ead a man is l ike
a ship with o ut a rudder dri fting
R oo sevelt was no dream child drifting on a
tranquil strea m to fame H e labored all his
way Th irty fiv e years ago we saw that he
dropped from a horse car in H arvard S quare
thin ch e sted spectac l ed nervous and frail
N ow there hangs in the living room of the
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63
.
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
H ar vard Union after all th is distance and
cha
nge the portrait of a sturdy gray l ocked
figure watchful decisive con fi de n t — looking
down on the endl ess procession of youth The
little freshman of thirty fiv e years ago has
bec om e a strong man
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P A RT I I
.
T H E O D O R E R O O S EV EL T
L egislature from the Twenty firs t A ssembly
D istrict and Was elected by
maj ority
running 50 ahead of th e ticket
Writ es as
"
follows : Paid attention chiefly whi l e in th e
L egislature to l aws for the reformation of
Primaries an d of the Civil Service ; and en
vore d t o have a c ertain Judge Westbr oo k
dea
im peached on the ground of co rrupt c ollu sion
with Jay Gould and the pr os titution of his
high j udicia l o ffice t o serve the purp ose of
wealthy and unscrupulous stock gamblers but
”
was voted down
I n November 1 8 8 2 ran
n d was electe d by
majority run
again a
ning
ahead of the ticket O n January 1
1 88 3
was nominated by the Republican legis
lative caucus as candidate for S peaker A s
the D emocrats ha d the maj ority this was
merely a c omplimentary nomination as leader
of the Republican side of the H ouse
"
Has written The Naval War of
pub
l ish e d in 1 8 8 2 by G P Putnam s S ons New
York ; and various p olitical pamphlets
( A picture of the H on Theodore R ooseve l t
appeare d in Harper s Weekly Ap ril 2 1 1 8 8 3)
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C O MM E N C E M E NT 1 886
I n 1 88 3 R oo sevelt was ele c ted for th e third
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C LA SS R E PO RTS
time to th e New York A ssembly
H e wa s
made chai rman of the Committee on Cities
the most important position next to that of
Speaker and also of a L egis l ative I n v e stig at
i n g Committee which did more work than had
ever been done by a similar bo dy A s chair
man oi the co mmittee he introduced an d passed
a series of laws which practically revo l ution
iz ed the municipal government of New York
I n 1 8 8 4 he captured th e State Republican
Convention for E dmunds as against Blaine
and A rthur and went as the head of the New
York delegation to the National Republican
Convention I n the ensuing presidentia l cam
ig n he took part on th e Repub l ican side
pa
speaking in New York New E ngl and and
New Jersey H e refuse d a nomination to the
A ssembly and als o refused two n ominations
for Congress
In 1 88 5 he opened the Republican campaign
in Northern Ohio and spoke also in New York
and Massachusetts
Writes as foll ows from E lkhorn Ranch
Medora N orth Dakota A pril 1 5 1 886 :
"
In 1 88 3 and since have spent m ost of my
summers on my cattle ranch on th e L ittle
Mi ssouri i n we stern D akota or in making
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6
T H E O D O RE R O O S EV E L T
hunting tri p s from it after bear elk bu ff a l o
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I n 1 88 3 publ ishe d an en l arged edition o f
my Naval War of
I n 1 88 5 wrote
Hunting Tri ps of a Ranchman have just got
out a second A merican and a first E nglish edi
tion Have contrib uted a numb er of political
essays and sketches o f s p ort and adventure
to the C entury Magazine the North A merican
and New Princeton Reviews and to H arpers
"
In N ew York am a me m ber of th e Century
U nion L ea gue U ni versity and other c l ubs in
c l udin g th e Meadowb rook as I a m fond of
riding to hounds Have now bui l t a cou ntry
house at Sagamore H ill my place at Oyster
Bay L ong Is l and where I intend to l i ve
"
My time has been p retty nearly divided
between ranching l iterature and po l itics My
address is New Yo rk
A PRI L 1 0 1 8 9
0:
"
I n the fall of 1 88 6 I ran for Mayor o f New
York on the Citizens and Repub l ican ti cket
against H enry George the l abor candidate
and A b ram S H ewitt the nominee of the
united D e m ocracy wh o was e l ected I n the
presidential campaign of 1 888 I was on th e
10
stum p for the Re p ub l ican ticket O n Ma
y
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C LA S S
R EP O R TS
l
I
a
pp
ointed
Unit
d
S
tates
Civi
Ser
w
s
e
a
9
vice C om m iss ioner and for the past year have
been up to my ears in one unending fight to
take and keep the Civil S ervice out of the
hands of po liticians and I m ay say without
ques ti on that during this year the l a w has
been observed in the classifie d se rvice under
our charge more rigi dly and more i m partiall y
than ever before
"
I n 1 88 6 I wrote the L ife o f T h omas H art
B enton in the A merican Statesmen serie s
and in 1 88 7 the L ife of Gouverneur M orri s
for the sa me s eries In 1 88 8 I pub l ished m y
R anch L ife and the H unti ng Tr a
il a
n d in
1 88 9th e first two vo l um es of
The Winnin g
of th e West
H ave contrib uted a numb er o f
po l itica l essays and ske tc h es of s p ort to t he
Century St Ni c ho l as M ur ray s Magaz ine
( Lo ndon ) et c
"
Made a trip through E uro pe in th e wi n ter
of 1 8 8 6 8 7 I spend a couple of months on m y
ranch or hunti ng in the Rockies each year
and the rest of m y time on m y p l ac e at Saga
more H i l l e xce p t for a winter visit to N ew
York T his year I have been obliged by m y
o ff icia l dut ies to l ive m ost o f the ti m e in W a s h
1 88
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EV E LT
Washington D C March 25 1 89
5
1 89
residence has been Washington
0 my
in winter Oyster B ay L ong I sland in sum
mer except when I was on my ranc h on the
L itt l e M issouri or on a hunting trip I have
been United S tates Civil Se rvice Commissioner
all the time having been appointed such May
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I now have five children My third child
a second son Kermit was b orn O ctobe r 1 5
1 88 9 my fourth child
Eth el A ugust 1 0 1 89
1
my fifth c hi l d A rchib ald B ulloch A pri l 9
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I haven t made any j ourney in foreign coun
tries save aflying trip to E ng land and France
1
but I have mad e s everal hunting
ear l y in 9
trip s in the Rocky Mountains which were a
good deal more impo rtant and interesting than
going to E urope
"
Ci vil S ervice Commission er is ab out all the
off ice I have held
"
My H istory of New York was published
in 1 8 9
Wilderness H unter in 1 89
1 ; my
3 the
third volume of the Winning of the We st in
I have written for the C e nt ury A tl an
1 89
4
tic Month l y and Forum on various occas ions
n d t itl es of the
b u t I do not rec o ll ect the dates a
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C LA SS R E P O RT S
pieces now I don t remember how many ad
dresses I have made at public meetings
"
E xce pt t he fact that I have been annua lly
investigated by Congress and have made ab out
monthly investigations of other o ff icia l s my
self I do not know that I have had many in
t e re s t in g expe riences unless you include bear
”
hunting in th e list
Roosev e l t resigned as United S tates Civil
S ervice Commissioner A pri l 3 0 1 89
5 having
been appointed by Mayor Strong Po l ice C om
missioner of New York City whic h o ff ice h e
accepted and sti ll ho l ds
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C O M M E N C E M E NT 1 9
00
"
I shall be at th e dinner
"
A nswering your questions : I am now Gov
e r n or of New Y ork
having been elected in
November 1 8 9
Sinc e writing you five years
8
ago I have been assistant secretary of the
Navy un de r President M cK in l e y s administra
tion and lieutenant co l one l and a fterwards
colonel of the First United States V olunteer
Cavalry in the war wi th S pain being brevetted
as brigiadier general and acting as such in com
mand of the Second Brigade of the Cavalry
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE L T
D ivision during the latter part of the San tiago
campaign
"
8 I ha
O n November 1 7 1 8 9
d a so n Q uen
tin born to me I now have four sons and two
daughters
"
June 1 8 9
9 C o lum bia U niversity made m e
an LL D
"
I have published A merican I deals
The
Rough Riders and a L ife of Cromwel l
"
M ember B oard of Overseers of Harvard
C o l lege term expiring
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C O M M E N C E M E NT 1 9
H e was Governor of New Y ork from Janu
00
ary 1
to D ecember 3 1 1 9
H e was
V ic e President of the United S tates from
0 1 when
M arch 4 1 9
0 1 un t il S e ptemb e r 1 4 1 9
on the death of President M cKin l ey he suc
s
H e wa
c e e de d to the o ff ice of President
elected President of the United States on No
04 by the l argest vote ever given
v e mb er 8 1 9
to a candidate for that o ff ice and was ina n g a
rated oh March 4 1 9
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PA RT I I I
A D D R E SS E S
O NG after R oosevelt the undergraduate
had put out from Ha
rvard he addres sed
th e col lege men of A mer ica
O n one cc
"
casion through the pages of th e H arvard
d
n a
Graduates Magazine
on th e oth er in a
dress at the Ha rvard Union Both were ab l e
and vigor ous plea s for th e rational idea li s m
which he in his c ollege l ife had in a large
measure given expressi on to S o f ew m en re
tain th e id e als of ea
rly youth that no feature
of these mat ure expres si ons of o pinion on Mr
Roosevelt s par t is of gr e ater interest than the
marke d ev idences r unning through the m o f th e
unc hangi ng standards which y ears before he
had set for hi m self
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T H E O D O R E RO O S EV E LT
T H E C O LLE G E M A N
.
A ddress D elivered at the H a
rv ar d Union
An
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"
I t is idl e to expect n or indeed w oul d it
be desirable that ther e sho ul d b e in col
lege a unifor m level of taste and assoc ia
nd
ti on S ome men wi ll ex cel in one thing a
so me in another ; some in things of th e body
s ome in things of the mi n d ; and where thous
ands a
r e gath ered togeth er each will natura l ly
find some group of especially co ngenial friends
wi th who m he will form ties of peculiar social
—
ntimacy
These
group
athletic artistic
s
i
s c ientifi c so c ia l — must inevitably exist My
plea is not for their abolition My plea is that
they shal l be got into the right focus in the
eyes of college men ; that the relative im p or
tanc e of the di ff erent group s shall b e under
stood when compared with th e i nfinitely
greater life of the col l ege as a whole L e t
each man have his special asso c iates b ut let
him remember that he cannot get the full b ene
fit of l ife in college if he does nothing b ut
specialize ; and that what is even more im
portant h e cannot do his full duty by the col
l ege u nl ess his first and greatest interest is in
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78
THE CO L LE G E MA N
the col l ege itself in his asso c iate s t aken as a
ma ss an d not in any s mall group
"
O ur chief interest shoul d not lie in the
great champions in sp ort O n the contr ary
our concern should be first of a
l l to widen the
base the foun dation in athletic s p orts ; to en
courage in every way a healthy rivalry whi ch
shall g ive to the largest p ossible number of
students the chance to t ake part in vigorous
outdoor games I t is of far more imp ortance
that a man shall play something himself even
if h e plays it badly than that he shall go with
hundreds of companions to se e some one e l se
play well and it is not hea l thy for either stu
dents or athletes if th e teams are mutuall y ex
cl us iv e
B ut even having this aim esp eciall y
in vi ew it seems to me we can best attai n it b y
givi ng p roper encouragement to the cham
pions in th e sports and this can on l y be done
by e ncour agin g intercollegiate co ntests
As
I emphatic ally disbelieve in seeing Harvard or
any other college turn out mollycoddles in
stead of vigorous men I may add that I do
not in the least obj ect to a sport b ecause it
is rough Rowing b aseball l acrosse track and
fi el d g a
mes hockey football are al l o f them
g ood
I f necessa ry l e t th e co ll ege author
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79
T H E O D O R E R O O S EV E LT
iti e s interf ere to sto p any exces s or per version
ma king their interference as l ittle o ff icious as
n d yet as rigorous as is nec essary
possibl e a
to achieve the end There is no j ustification
for stopping a thoroughly manly sport because
it is som etimes abused when the experience
of every good pre p aratory schoo l sh ows that
the abuse is in no shape necessarily attendant
upon th e game
We cann ot a ff ord to turn
out of c ollege men wh o sh rink from physical
e ff ort or from a little physical pain In any
republic courage is a pri m e necessity for th e
average citizen if he i s to be a go od citizen ;
and he needs physical courage no less than
m oral c ourage th e c ourage that dares as well
as th e c ourage that endures the courage that
will fi ght valiantly alike a gainst th e foes of
the soul and the foes of the b ody A thletic s
are goo d especial ly in their rougher forms
b ecause they tend to develop such courage
They are good also because they encourage
a true democratic spirit ; for in th e athletic
field the man must b e j udged not with refer
ence to outside and accidental attributes but
by that c om bination of bodily vigor and mora l
quality which go to m ake up pr owess
"
I trust that I need no t add that in de fen d
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80
TH E C O LLE G E M AN
ing ath l eti c s I w oul d n o t fo r one moment b e
underst oo d a s excusi ng t hat p er versi on of ath
l et ics wh ic h would m ake it the end of li f e in
stead oi merely a m ea ns in life It is first c lass
healthful play and is useful a s such
B ut
play is not b usiness and it is a very p oor bus
in e s s indeed for a c ollege man to l earn n ot h
ing but s p ort
There are ex c e p tional case s
which I do not need to c onsider ; but dis re
g ardi n g thes e I cannot with suff icient em
p hasis say that when y ou get through college
t
y ou wil l do badly un less you turn y o ur a
t e ntion to the serio us work of life wi th adevo
t ion which wi ll render it imp o ssib l e f or you
to pay much heed to sport in the way in whi c h
it is perfectly pro p er for you to p ay heed
whi l e in college
Play whi l e you play and
work whi l e you work ; and though p lay is a
mighty goo d thing rememb er that y ou had
better never play at all than to get into a
co ndition of mind where you regard play as
th e seri ous busines s of life or where y ou pe r
mit it to hamper and interfere with your doing
your full duty in the real work of the wor l d
"
A word a l s o t o th e students
A thleti c s
are good ; study is even b etter ; and be st of
all is the dev e l o pm ent of the typ e o f c hara c ter
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81
T H E O D O R E R O O S E V E LT
for the l ack o f which in an indi vidual as in
a nation n o amount of bri ll ianc y o f m ind or
strength of body will atone
M oreover l et
the students remember that in the l ong run
in th e field of study j udgment must b e ren
dered up on the quantity of firs t class work
pr oduced in the way of productive scholar
ship and that n o amount of second c l ass work
can atone for failure in the college to p roduce
this fi r s t cl ass work A c ourse of study is of
littl e worth if it tends to deaden individ ual in
itia
t ive and cramp scholars so that they only
work in the ruts worn deep by many predeces
s ors
"
A merican scholar shi p will b e j udged not
by th e quantity of routine work pr o duced by
routine workers b ut by the smal l am ount of
fi rs t class output of those wh o in whatever
b ranch stand in th e first rank No industry
in co mpilation and in combination will ever
take the place of th is fir s t hand origina l work
this productive and creative work wh ether
in science in art in literature The greatest
sp ecia l fun ction of a college a s distinguished
from its general function o f producing goo d
citizenship should b e so to shape conditions
as to p ut premium up o n the deve lopm en t of
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82
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
"
Each man shoul d fee l that he has no e x cuse
as a citizen in a dem oc rati c repub l i c li k e o ur s
if he fails to do his part in th e g o vernment
It is not only his right to do so b ut his duty ;
his duty bo t h to th e nation and t o hi m self
Each man should feel that if h e fails i n thi s h e
i s not o n ly fai ling in hi s duty but is sho wing
hims elf in a conte m ptib l e light
"
A man may neglect his p olitical duties be
cause he is too lazy too selfish too short
sighted or too timid ; but whatever the reason
may be it is c ertainly an unwort hy reason
and it sho ws either a weakness or worse than
a weakn es s in the man s character A bove all
you college men rememb er that if your edu
cation the pleasant lives you lead make you
too fastidious too sensitive to take p art in the
rough hurly b urly of th e actual work of th e
world if you b ecom e overcultivated so over
refined that you cannot do the hard work o f
practical politics then you had better never
have be en educated at al l
"
The weakling and the c oward are out of
p lac e in a strong and free comm unity I n a
republic l ike ours the governi ng class is c om
posed of the strong men who take the troub l e
to d o the w o r k o f g o vern m ent ; and if y ou are
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84
T H E CO LL E G E M A N
too timid or too fastidious or too careless to
do your part in this work then you forf eit your
right to be considered one of the governing
and you becom e one of the governed
"
L ike m ost other things of value education
is good only in so far as it is use d aright and
if it is misused or if it causes the owner to be
so puff ed up wi th p ride as to make him mis
estimate the relative va l ue of things it be
comes aharm and not a b enefit There are a
few things l ess desirab l e than the arid cu l ti
vati on th e learn ing and r efin e ment which
l ead m erely to that intellect ua l c onc eit which
makes a man in a democratic community l ike
ours hold himself aloof from his f e ll ows a
nd
pride himse l f up on the weakness which h e mis
takes fo r supercilious strength
"
Small is the use of those educated men who
in after l ife meet no one but themse l ves and
gather in parlors to discuss wrong conditions
Which they do not understand and t o advocate
remedies which have the prime defect of being
unworkable Th e j udgment on practica l af
fairs politica l and socia l of educate d men wh o
keep aloof from the conditions o f practical
l ife is apt to be va l ue l ess to tho se other m en
wh o do real l y wage e ff e ct ive war against the
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85
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
force s of baseness and evil From the p oliti
cal standpoint e ducation is a harm and not
a benefit to th e men whom it serves as an ex
cuse f or refusing to mingl e with their fellows
and for standing aloof from the broad sweep
of our national life in a curiously impotent
spirit of fancied superio rity
The p olitica l
wrong headedness of s uch men is quite as
great as that of whol l y uneducated men and
no p eople c ould be less trustworthy as critics
and advisers The educated man who seeks to
console himself for his own lack of th e robust
qualities which bring success in A merican pol
iti e s b y moanin g over th e degeneracy of the
times by rai l ing at the men wh o do the actua l
work of politica l life instead of trying him
self to do the work is a p oor creat ure and so
far as his feeble p owers avai l is a damage and
not a hel p to the community You may come
far short of this disagreeabl e standard and stil l
be a rather useless membe r o f s oc iety Your
education your c ul tivati on wi ll not help you
if you make the mistake of thinking that it is
a substitute for instead of an additi on to those
qualities which in the strugg l e of l ife bring
d
success to th e ordinary man wi th out your a
vantages
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86
TH E CO LLE G E M AN
"
'
Y o ur c o lle ge training confers no privi l ege
upon you save as attested by the use you make
of it It puts upon you th e ob l igation to sh ow
yoursel ves b etter able to do certai n thi ngs t han
your fellows who have not had your adva
n
tage s If it has served merely to m ake you b e
lieve that you are excused from e ff ort in a fter
life that you are to be excused from contact
wi th th e actua l world of men and events th en
it will p rove a curse a
n d not a b l essing
"
If on the oth er han d you treat y o ur edu
cation as aweapon a wea po n to fit you to d o
b etter in the hard strugg l e of e ff ort and not as
excusing you in any way fro m ta ki ng p art in
practica l fashion in that struggle th en it wi ll
be a benefit to you L et each o f you c o ll ege
men rememb er in after l ife than in the f un
men ta
l s he is very much like his f e llo ws who
da
have not b een to colle ge and i f h e is to ac hieve
results instead of confining himse lf exc l usive l y
to dis panag em en t of other men who achieve
them he must manage to come to s o me kin d
of wor king agreement with these fe ll ows
There are times of course when it m ay b e
the high est du ty of a citizen to stand a l on e
or pract ica ll y a l one But i f th is is a m a
ns
norma l attit u de —if n orm a lly he is unab l e to
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87
T H EO D O R E RO O S EVE LT
w ork in co mbination with a considerab l e body
of his fell ows — it is safe to set him d own as
unfit for useful service in a democracy I n
pop ular government results worth having can
only be achieve d by m en who co mb ine worthy
idea l s with practical good sense who are reso
l ute t o acc omplish good purpo ses b ut who can
accommodate themselves to th e give and take
l
necessary where work has to be done as a
mo st all i m po rtant work must n ec essari l y be
d one by com bination
Mor eove r re m e mb er
that normally the prime obj ect of p ol itica l l ife
is to achieve resu l ts and n ot merely to issu e
man ifestoes — save of course where th e is
n ce of such manifestoes he l ps to achiev e
s ua
th e resu l ts
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"
I t is a very bad thing to be moral l y cal
l ous for moral cal l ousness is a disease B ut
inflammati on of the conscience may b e j ust as
unhealthy so far as the public is concerned ;
and if a man s conscience is always telling
him to d o something foolish he will do wel l to
mi strust its workings
The re l igi ous man
who is useful is not he wh ose sole care is to
save his soul but th e man whose re l igion bids
him strive to advance de c ency and clean l iv
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88
T H E C O LLE G E M A N
ing and to make the world a better p l ace for
his fe ll ows to live in
.
"
D uring the last few y ears much go od has
been done to th e peo ple of th e P hi lippines ;
but this has be en done not b y those who
merely indulged in the p ersonal lux ury of ad
t in g for the islands a doctrinai re liberty
v oca
which woul d have meant their immediate and
irretrievable ruin but those who have faced
facts as they actually were rem embering the
proverb that teaches that in the long run the
most uncomfortable truth is a safer companion
than the p l easantest falseh oo d
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"
There have b een some men in p ublic l ife
and some men in p rivate life whose action has
been at every point on e of barren criticism
and fruitless obstruction
These m en have
had no part or lot in the great record of
achievement and success — the record of good
work worthily done S ome of these men have
been college graduates ; but all of them have
been poor servants of the people useless where
not harmful Al l the credit for the go od thus
accomplished in th e public life of this de cade
belongs to those who have done aff irmative
w o rk
not to th o se wh o with mo r e o r l ess
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9
8
T H E O D OR E R O O S EVE L T
futility have sought to hamper and ob struct
the work that has thus been done
"
I n sh o rt you c ollege men be doers rather
than critics of the deeds that others do Stand
stoutly f or your ideals but keep in mind that
they can on ly b e realized even partially by
practical m ethods of achievement Remember
always that this republic of ours is a very
real democracy and that you can only w m suc
c ess b y sh owing that you have the right stu ff
in you The college man the man of intellect
and training should take the lead in every
fight for civic and social right e ousnes s H e can
take that lead only if in a s pirit of thorough
going democracy if h e takes his place amon g
his fell ows not standing aloof from them but
mixing with them so that he may kn ow may
feel may sympathize with their hope s their
ambition s their pri nciples and even their prej
udices — as an A merican among A mericans a
man among men
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T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
Massachusetts usual l y leads in any good
movement and so it is not surp rising that we
have to turn first to Massachusetts when we
think of H arv ard graduates in p ublic life
There are at this moment ma
ny who deserv e
well of their A lma Mater ; and these are among
b oth partie s and are to be found in the public
service of b o th the nation and the state —men
like Governor Russell and Congressmen An
drew and H oar or like A ssistant S ecretary of
State Wharton Congressman L odge and ex
Congressman Greenhalge not to mention the
many Harv ard men who are at th e p resent
moment members of the Massachusetts state
or of the Boston municipal l egis l atures S peak
ing only of that with which I am m ost familiar
I wish to point out some of the ways in which
Harvard men have been abl e to do peculiarly
g o od work in t h e national Congress during the
past few years
O ften much of th e best service that is ren
dered in Congress must b e done with out any
hop e of app rob ation or reward
The meas
ures that attract most attention are frequent l y
not t h o s e of m o st lasting importance ; and
even where they are of such importanc e that
a t tent io n is fix ed upon them the intereste d
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2
H A R VA R D M E N I N
PO L ITI CS
public may not appreciate the di ff erence be
tween the man who merely records his vote
for a bill and the other who throws his who l e
strength into the contest to secure its passage
A man must have in him a strong and earnest
sense of duty and the desire to accomplish
good for the commonwealth without regard to
the eff ect upon himself to be useful in Con
gress in the way that men like L odge Green
halge A ndrew H oar or George A dams of Chi
cago are useful
Take the work that these men have done on
subj ects like the Copyright B ill the building
of the navy l egislation in the interest of s cien
t ific bodies such as th e Smithsonian I n s t itu
tion and various b ills a ffecting Civil Service
Reform
There is great p opular interest in
c ertain quarters about the navy ; but I am sorry
to say that I do not think that this interest
is always su ff iciently keen to make th e pub
lic intelligent in backing up the men wh o strive
to make our naval policy consistent and steady
There is no kind of legislation more intimately
connected with the national honor than that
a ff ecting the navy ; yet during this very ses
sion of Co ngress we have not only seen nar
row minded Congressmen from interior dis
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3
T H E O D O R E R OO S EVE LT
t rict s
strenuously oppo sing the building of the
navy but also at l east pas s ive h elp extended
to them by certain representatives from dis
t r ict s whic h are intelligently interested in our
ma ritime supremacy It would be di ff icult to
overestimate the amount of good work done
without any hop e of reco gnition theref or by
the men who have taken the chief part in pre
paring and pushing through the naval legis
lation first on the naval committees of the two
H ouses and then through the l egislative
bodie s themselves ; and this is peculiarly a
work unse lfish and patriotic and which Har
vard Co l lege ought to be most anxious to fos
ter and most prompt to recognize when done
by her graduates
So it is with the C opyright Bill
Every
reading man every man interested in the
growt h of A merican literature and finally
ever y man wh o cares for the honor of the
A merican name and is keenly anxious that no
reproach shall be rightly c ast upon it must
rejoice that we have the present Copyright
L aw It was won in the teeth of a violent and
ignorant opposition and in spite of the fact
that many who had b een supposed to be its
fri en ds turne d against it at the last mo m ent
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9
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
essential when viewe d from the standpoi nt
either of abstract right or of ex p ediency The
S enate passed the b i l l in one form ; the H ouse
passed it in anothe r after having first rejected
it in yet a third Then in the very last hours
of the session a m ost strenuous e ffort had to
be made after having persuaded the confer
ence committees of the two H ouses to agree
upon a c ommon measure to persuade the
H ouses themselves to pa
s s the conference t e
port No one who was not himself present
in the Capi tol d uring these final vital hours of
the fight can appreciate the tact resolution
energy and downright hard work of the men
who were prominent in passing the b ill This
had to be done with absol ute disinterestedness
No man did anything for the Copyright Bill
from selfish motives
It was pressed by a
body of men with out political influence and
it was passed s olely as a m easure of j ustic e
and from the highest motives The men who
were instrumental in passing it deserve to r e
ce iv e the credit always attaching to e ff ective
and disinterested work for a worthy ideal
In no respect has our government done bet
ter work than in its scientific departments
The di ff erent govern m ent pub l ications o n
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9
H A R VA RD M E N I N PO LI T I CS
scientific subj ects rank very high and it is
through these that many of the most e m inent
A merican scientists have been able t o render
th eir mos t di stingui sh ed ser vi ces
N o work
that has been done by us as a nation has been
more creditably perfo rmed and the scientific
bureaux are pecularly worthy of b eing we l l
sustained b y b oth the Congressi o n a
l a
nd E x
con tive branches
The work they do however
is of a kind which can apply only to the higher
intellect ua l faculties and both the demagog u e
and the honest ignorant m an always se l ect
these bureaux as peculiarly vu l nerable objects
of attack There is not any very widely ex
tended pub lic interest in them ; the newspap ers
devote but small space to them and there are
no districts where there are any bodies of
voters whos e interests are in any way bound
up with theirs
I n consequence they must
rely for supp ort upo n the wholly unselfish and
usually unappreciative eff orts of a numb er of
men in both b ranches of Congress who do rec
og n iz e th e importance of the work that is be
ing done and are willing to take great trouble
that it may not b e stopped A Harvard gradu
ate who has been bred and trained to the
knowledge of the use f u l ness of pub l i c s cientific
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T
H E O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
and artistic institutions can with di fficulty r e
alize the enorm ous number of people to whom
such institutions when supported by the pub
lic money are obj ects of pos itive disli ke It
would be a revelation to the readers of this
paper if they would turn to the Congressional
Record and read some of the speeches made
against th e Smiths oni an a
n d kindred in s ti t u
ti o ns in the last session These speeches were
so e ff ective and the forces to whose feelings
they gave utterance s o p owerful that at one
time it looked as though all our scientific work
would have to b e stoppe d The c alamity was
averted only by the strenuous end eavor of sev
eral of the Con g ressional leaders who took not
only an ac tive and int elligent but very r e so
lute part on b eh alf of th e menaced institutions
A m ong thes e men I am happy to say one or
two of th e most prominent were Hlarv ar d grad
t e s Yet I do ubt if the m ass of our graduates
ua
even under s tood that th ere had be en a struggle
far les s that the y felt any particular gratitude
towards the men who had staved off Congres
sio ual action which would have amounted to
a national disgrace
S o it is with the unending fight over Civil
Servi c e Ref orm — a fight waged so equa l ly
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9
P A RT I V
C O LLE G E E D IT O R I AL S
From the H A R VA RD A D V O CA T E
O ct ob er I 7 1 87 9by T h e o dor e R oos eve l t
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The Fall Me eting of th e Athlet i c A s socia
tion
is ve ry near at hand and from the present
prospect it does not seem likely that any pre
vi ous records will be l ower ed
This doe s not
arise from lac k of enc ouragement from the
A ssociation which c ertainly has done every
thing possible to induce men to train f or the
events but from the indisposition prevalent
among college men to do the hard work nec
e ss a ry There is yet time r em aining for men
to get ready for this meeting and we most
warmly encourage them to do so and not l et
the fear of b eing beaten hinder any one fr om
doing his best
The statement of the financial condition of
the A ssociation shows it very much in need
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1 00
C O LLE G E E D I T O R I AL S
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of money and we hope that al l wi ll do their
part toward paying off this debt and that al l
who have not done s o will j oin the A ssocia
tion
In con ection with our athletic meetings we
call attention to a letter in this issue the s p irit
of which we heartily approve ; we cou l d rec
o m m e n d it to the consideration of the A th l etic
A ssociation as a very excel l ent suggestion for
making our sports in ever y way b ett er
If
Yale can be brought in it seems l ikely that the
increased co m pe titi on wou l d resu l t in better
training th e only thing needful to i m pr ove
Harvard s records
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To the E ditors of the Harvard A dvocate :
In view of increasing the interest in our
athletic meetings a plan is suggested wh ich
woul d seem to bring about many resu l ts
A t p resent we have two field meetings dur
ing the year one in the fall and the other in
the spring a good track and every inducement
it would seem for men to t ry to win prizes ;
but the great di ff ic ulty has a l ways been to get
enough men to train for th e di ff erent events to
make th em inter esting either on account of
closenes s in the resul t or by rea
son of the e s
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TH E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
l ly
pecia
good records made V ery se l dom do
we have the pleasure of s e eing either of the s e
results
Now what induces men to train so wel l and
faithfully for t h e Fo otball Team Crew or Ba se
ball Nine " Simply the desire to beat Yal e
W o uld not they train equally well for our ath
l ctic sports if they were to try against Yale
there t oo
It seems probable that the mere
desire to win from Yale is all that is now
need ed to make our athletic m eeti n gs a com
pl e t e success
The plan proposed is for one co ll ege to send
a team to c ompete in the sp orts of the other
For example : L et Harvard send ten men to
Yale in th e fall and W
ale s e nd ten men there in
the spring
I t seem s clearly that this would be j ust the
impetus which would make our sp or ts what
th ey should b e The number of spectators
would be much greater many men wou l d train
for the events better time would be made and
our athletic sports woul d take their place with
football and baseball ; and more important than
all we should not see our events filled by men
wh o had no previous train in g a
nd o nly entered
"
”
to fill up
R
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1 02
TH E O D O R E R O OS EV EL T
a faithfu l ness not very com m on at Ha rvard
A t Cornel l there has been so m e talk o f or
n iz in g a team but it is doubtfu l if it can be
ga
done this year What C o l umbia will do it is
di fficult t o say O n the wh ol e th e prosp ect
should b e by n o means discouraging to us
We certainly have goo d teams to fight a gainst
us ; but there is plenty of excellent materia l
in College and our captain dese rves most
hearty praise whatever be the result for the
pains he has taken not only in keeping the
men at work on the field but in running them
on the track every afternoon What is m os t
necessary is that every man sho ul d realize
th e necessity of faithfu l and honest work every
afternoon L ast year we had good individual
players but they did not work together nearl y
as we l l as th e Princeton team and were not in
as goo d condition as the Ya l e men Th e foot
bal l season is short ; and while it does last the
men ought to wor k faithful l y if they expect
to win back for Harvard the p osition she he l d
th ree years ago
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1 04
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AP PE N D I X
T H E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
’
to s Reader ; German stories
Three
times a week Messrs Faulhaber and
Em erton
Mathematics
( advanced sections ) S olid Ge
om et ry ( Chauvenet )
Plane T rig on ome
try ( Chauvenet ) ; A nalytic G eometry
Thre e times a week in the
( Peck )
first half year and after May 1 twice a
week in second half year til l May 1
A ssistant Professor Byerly and M r
B riggs A l geb ra ( Todhunter ) Once a
week from t h e beginning of the sec ond
half year till May 1 A ssistant Pro i es
sor C J White
Physics — Chamber s Matter and M otion ;
Go o dev e s
M echanic s ( se l ections )
Twice a week Mr Wilson
E lementary Chemistry ( 2 4 l ec
Chemi s try
tures ) Once a week Professor Cooke
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S O P H O IM O R E
Y EA R
Prescrib ed Course s
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Rhetoric — H ill s Pr incip l es of Rhetoric and
Punctuation ; A bb ott s H ow to Write
C l early T wice aweek Professor A S
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A PP E N D I
"
H i ll and Mr Ware Six themes Mr
Perry
H istory
Freeman s O ut l ine s o f Genera l H is
tory ( to p
Flander s E xposition
of the Constitution of th e United States ;
Ewald s The Crown and its A dvisers
Twi ce a week
Mr Macvane
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Elective Courses
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German I V
S cientific Prose Twice a week
M r Hodges
German V
Compositi o n and Oral E xercises
O nce a week A ssistant Professor Bart
lett
French I V — L itt erature francaise au X V I I
eme siecle
Th e me s
Three times a
week
A ssistant Professor Jacquinot
Natural H istory I I I — Com parative A nato m y
and Physiology of V ertebrates Three
times a week A ssistant Professor Jam es
Natural H istory V I I I — E lementary B otany
Gray s S tructural and Systematic Bot
any
Three times a week A ssistant
Professor Goodale
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I OQ
TH E O D O R E R O O S EVE LT
J UN I O R Y EA R
Prescrib ed Course s
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E nglish — S ix Themes
Professor H ill and
M essrs Ware and Perry F our Forensic
Themes A ssistant Professor Palmer
Philosophy — Jevon s L ogic
Twic e a week
for a half year
Profe ssor Peab ody
Metaphysics ; Ferrier s Lectures on th e
Greek Philosophy Twic e a week for
a half year A ssistant Professor Pal
mer
E lective Cour ses
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German V I I I — Richter ; Goethe ( Faust and
A us meinem L eben ) ; German lyrics ;
Compo si tion
Three times a week
Professor H edge
Italian I — G Gozzi
Silvio
Pellico ( L e Mie Pr ig o n i) ; T o s can i s
Grammar ; Prose Comp osition
Three
times a week M r B e n del ari
Philosophy V I — Political E conomy ; J S
M ill s Political E conomy ; Financial L eg
i sl a
t ion of th e United States
Th re e
times a week Professor D unbar and
D r La
ughlin
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I IO
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C LA SS O F
1
88 0
A llen Frederick H obbs
Russell Ca rpenter
A l l ey Wi l iam H enry
Almy Fr e deric
A ndrews Willia m Shankl a
nd
A twood Ch arl es E dward
Ba c on Robert
B aldwin H enry Cutler
B arrows M orton
Barstow q nry Taylor
Bartlett Nathaniel Cil l ey
Beale Charles Frederic Ti ff a
ny
B ement G e rard
B ent on Char l es Horace
Bi llings Sherard
Bish op Robert Roberts
Biss ell H erb ert Porter
B l air Charles B enton
B lo dge t t W i ll ia m Tilden
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LI Z
A PP E N D I
B ond H ugh L enno x
B ra c kett Frank H er b ert
B radfo rd Russell
Bradley Charles Wesle y
Breed A mos Frankl in
Brigham Cli ff ord
Brigham Nat M ayn ard
B rown Lo uis Mayo
B uckley Phi li p To wnsend
B utler George Min ot
Cab ot Francis E l l i o t
Carpenter F rank O l iver
Carruth I gnatius Sumner
Cha pin H enry Bai n br idge
Chap m an Charl es H en ry
Chase George Thorndike
Clark Wi ll iam Bradford
Cole Walter
Col l ison Harvey Newt on
Cook Wi l liam Ho ff
Davi s Char l es Stevenson
D oane John
D odd E dw in M errick
D odge Frank Faden
Dwight Jonathan
Ea
ton A rth ur W entworth H a mi l t on
Edward s Pierre po nt
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3
"
T H E O D O R E R O O S E V E LT
El lis ,
Ra lp h N ich ol son
E ustis H erbert Ha l l
Fe s senden Jam es D eering
Fi eld Jam es B ra
iner d
Fish Char l es Everett
Fos te r Ch arle s Chaun c e y
Fow l er H aro l d iNlorth
French H enry Gardner
Fu ll er E ugene
Ga
rdiner Frederi c
Gaston William A lexander
Ged des Ja m e s
Gest Jos eph H en ry
Gi l bert Samue l C otton
Gi ll e y Frank M i l ton
Gi l man John B radley
Goo ch Wi ll iam Wallace
Gree l ey Lo ui s May
Gr iswol d Ge orge
Guil d Henry Eliot
Ha l e A rthur
Hal l A rthur L awrence
H all Frederic Bound
Ha
ll William D udley
H an s com A rthur L ee
H arris on Mitchel l
H art A lbert B ushn el l
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1 14
T H E O D O RE RO O S EVEL T
M errill George White
r ow
Messervy George Pa
s sa
M il l er A ndrew
Moo rs Arthur Wendell
M or gan Charles
Morriso n S anford
M o rss Charles H enry
M o uld D avi d
Muzze y A ustin K en t
N icker son Thomas Whit e
Norton C harles Phel p s
n
William Francis
O Ca
lla
g ha
’
O K e ef e J oh n Al oysius
rd Ec kstein
O pdy ck e Le ona
Parker Charle s Al bert
Pell ew Wiliam George
Pe nn ypacker James Lane
Perry A rth ur
Perry George M urdock
Per r y H e rbert M ills
m
Peters George rGorh a
Pew William A ndrews
Pil s bury E rnest H enry
Price W es ley Frank
Q uincy Josiah
Rand H arry S eato n
Ra
nl ett F re de rick J or d a
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1 16
A PP E N D I X
Rh ett Wa l ter H or ton
Richardso n Wil l iam King
R ol li ns Frank B l air
R ooseve l t Theodore
Russe ll E ugene D exter
S al tonstall Richard M iddl ecott
n ger Chester Franklin
Sa
S avage H enry Wils on
Sharon Frederick William
S harp Wi ll iam B ever l y
Shaw H enry Russ el l
S ki nner Samue l Wiggi ns
Smith Frederick M ears
Smith Walter All en
St e ven s Will iam Stanford
Stow V an derly nn
Sui re Frank Ove rton
Talb ott William H ouston
Tayl or A rth ur
Tay l or Wi l liam Ge orge
T ebbet s J oh n S ever
T h o m sen Jo hn Jacob
Ti ff any Walter Chec kl ey
Townsend H oward
Trimb l e Ri c hard
Tupper Frederi c A l l ison
Turpin B rad ford Strong
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11
7
T HE O D O R E R O O S EVEL T
Wakefield John L athrop
W are C harl es
Warr en Charl es E ver ett
Washbur n Char l e s Gr en fill
Web b H enry Randa ll
Weimer Al b ert Barne s
We l d Christ o pher Minot
Welling Richard Ward Green e
Whee l a
n
Fairf a x H enry
Whitcomb S i l as M errick
White F ranklin D a vi s
White W illia m Ho war d
Whiting F rederick E rwin
Wilkins o n Al fred
Wil l ia m s Otto H olland
W in l ock William Crawford
Win s or Rob er t
W o o dbury John
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1 18