HYDROGEN
GETS THINGS MOVING
CONTENTS
84.077
4
HYDROGEN:
NUMBER 1 IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
million barrels of oil
ARE USED UP WORLDWIDE EVERY DAY
5
171
AIR LIQUIDE:
COMPREHENSIVE EXPERTISE
million litres of petrol and diesel
6
ARE USED UP EVERY DAY IN GERMANY ALONE
35,000
BLUE HYDROGEN:
HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES
tonnes of carbon dioxide
7
ARE EMITTED WORLDWIDE PER YEAR
HYDROGEN
THERE IS NO ENERGY TRANSITION WITHOUT HYDROGEN
8
CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM RENEWABLE
SOURCES AND BIOMASS
FUEL CELL VEHICLES:
EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY WITH A RANGE YOU ARE USED TO
10
CLEAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP:
A NEW BASIS FOR MOBILITY
67 28
164 24
Reference: ADAC 2008
WE ARE MOVING FORWARD!
Using hydrogen as a fuel allows for secure, individual mobility without any
damaging emissions. It can contribute to reducing fossil fuel use and to cutting
CO2 emissions over the long-term.
2
12
H2 MOBILITY:
EXTENSIVE ROLL-OUT IN GERMANY
14
READY FOR SERIES PRODUCTION:
HYDROGEN STATIONS MADE BY AIR LIQUIDE
3
HYDROGEN:
NUMBER 1 IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
AIR LIQUIDE:
COMPREHENSIVE
EXPERTISE IN HYDROGEN
1766
55
Hydrogen is a molecule with huge potential
for the future: It can be produced in various
ways, and is virtually emission-free when
being converted to electricity in a fuel cell.
As a fuel, it enables clean, quiet mobility.
Fuel cell vehicles have a large range and
can be filled up in a matter of minutes.
This means they can be compared positively
to conventional vehicles. This is why
hydrogen will have a key role to play in
tomorrow’s mobility.
IN
DISCOVERED BY CHANCE BY HENRY CAVENDISH
PERCENT
WEIGHT PROPORTION WHICH IS THE MOST
PLENTIFUL ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS
92
PERCENT
OF THE SUN IS MADE UP OF HYDROGEN,
HYDROGEN IS PURE ENERGY AND
14.4
83
TIMES LIGHTER THAN AIR
APPROX.
PERCENT
IS THE ENERGY VALUE EFFICIENCY THAT
CAN THEORETICALLY BE REACHED
Hydrogen (H2) is element number 1 in
the periodic table, and for a good reason:
No other element is as plentiful as
hydrogen in our universe.
On earth, hydrogen always exists in
chemical compounds such as water,
hydrocarbons and other organic
compounds, from which it can be
extracted using energy. At this point,
hydrogen is a very light gas, which
quickly mixes with the surrounding air.
Air Liquide, world leader in gases, technologies and services for Industry and Health,
has built up unique expertise in managing
the entire hydrogen chain, covering not only
production, distribution, and high- pressure
storage but also hydrogen refuelling
stations.
Mobility is one of the most important
foundations of the modern world. To
secure it for the future is one of the great
challenges of our generation. In a time
where fossil fuels are becoming more
scarce and thereby more expensive, we
have to show great determination in
advancing alternative solutions.
IS HYDROGEN SAFE?
YES, BECAUSE IT IS …
… not self-igniting
… not oxidising
… not flammable
… not poisonous
… not hazardous to water
… not carcinogenic
Hydrogen is the most plentiful
chemical element in the universe
and is available in virtually unlimited
To reach this ambitious goal, Air Liquide is
bringing its 50 years’ worth of experience
in manufacturing and distributing hydrogen,
such as in the Clean Energy Partnership
(CEP), a strong partnership of marketleading companies, who are helping to
advance fuel cell-based mobility in
Germany.
4
amounts. It is, as the name suggests, a
component in water and it is found in all
living organisms in combined form. Hydrogen
is the element with the lowest density.
A hydrogen molecule carries the denomination
H2, therefore always consists of two
hydrogen atoms. It is approx.14.4
times lighter than air.
5
HYDROGEN FROM
RENEWABLE
SOURCES
THERE IS NO ENERGY
TRANSITION WITHOUT
HYDROGEN
Hydrogen is also especially important for
the success of the energy transition as a
storage medium for electricity generated
from renewable sources.
It is common knowledge that the wind blows
and the sun shines, but not always when
there is a need for electricity. Hydrogen can
offset these fluctuations. This is because
large amounts of energy can be stored in it
BY
AS A VOLUNTARY COMMITMENT
FROM AIR LIQUIDE
However, as part of its ‘Blue Hydrogen’
initiative, Air Liquide has made a
commitment that, by 2020, it will be
producing 50 percent of its hydrogen
used for energy applications either by
not releasing carbon dioxide or by means
of CO 2 neutral production. In doing so,
the particular focus is CO 2 neutral hydrogen production by water electrolysis,
alongside reforming biogas.
Hydrogen extracted by electrolysis is then
completely emission-free if the electricity
used originates from renewable sources,
such as wind, solar energy or water power.
6
HOW DOES WATER
ELECTROLYSIS WORK?
During electrolysis, water
is split into its components
hydrogen and oxygen. The
ANODE
PERCENT
‘BLUE’ HYDROGEN FOR
ENERGY APPLICATIONS
Hydrogen is thus a truly green all-rounder:
It doesn’t just get things moving, it’s also a
key factor in delivering clean electricity on
demand and in reducing network instabilities.
It’s an element with a future!
The most economical process currently
available for targeted manufacture of
hydrogen on an industrial scale is steam
reforming of natural gas: Steam and
natural gas are heated up and converted
to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO 2)
using a catalyst.
CATHODE
50
2020
for a long time to be used for producing
heat or to be reconverted using fuel cells
when it is required.
electrical energy used is
converted into chemical
energy and stored in the
form of hydrogen.
7
FUEL CELL VEHICLES:
EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY WITH
A RANGE YOU ARE USED TO
A RANGE OF
700
KILOMETRES
IS POSSIBLE TODAY WITH FUEL CELL POWER. USUALLY,
NO MORE THAN 200 KILOMETRES CAN BE REACHED
WITH BATTERY-POWERED ELECTRIC CARS
65
The construction of a fuel cell is similar to
that of a car battery. Every cell contains
two plate-shaped electrodes (anode and
cathode) with a polymer electrolyte
membrane (PEM), which are separated
from each other by an electrolyte. This
electrolyte can conduct ions, but it is
gas-opaque.
The catalyst materials (normally platinum)
are on the electrodes and ensure that the
gaseous hydrogen supplied releases ions as
charge carriers. The hydrogen molecules
decompose into hydrogen atoms at the
anode, which in turn become positively
charged hydrogen ions by releasing
electrons. The free electrons flow to the
cathode via a conductor and can now be
used as electricity that powers the electric
motor.
PERCENT EFFICIENCY
IS REACHED WITH A FUEL CELL. WITH AN INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE, THIS IS ONLY 25 TO 35 PERCENT
0
HOW DOES A
FUEL CELL WORK?
MILLIGRAMS OF POLLUTANTS
ARE HYDROGEN
TANKS SAFE?
Modern hydrogen tanks consist
of a plastic core that is insulated
by a carbon fibre composite.
The tanks are designed for an
operating pressure of 700 bar
and would be able to withstand
twice that pressure. Therefore,
hydrogen is not just clean, but
safe as well!
ARE EMITTED WITH THE FUEL CELL
To release the required energy to power a
car, several cells are arranged in a ‘stack’.
2 kg
29 kg
164 kg 193 kg
Fuel cell stack
High volt battery
57 l
Hydrogen tanks
46 l
97 l
Hydrogen
Power electronics
146 l
Lithium-Ion-battery | In comparison: 10 kg diesel for weight, 10 l diesel for volume
THE NUMBERS ARE VERY MUCH
IN FAVOUR OF HYDROGEN …
… This is because in a direct comparison – regardless of whether weight or volume is measured – hydrogen
Electric motor
is far superior, both in system weight of the tank and in net fill values of battery-based energy storage.
9
CLEAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP:
A NEW BASIS FOR MOBILITY
Rostock
Hamburg
Bremen
Germany is one of the first countries
worldwide that has a basic supply
network for hydrogen mobility.
Berlin
Hannover Wolfsburg
Braunschweig
Münster
Mülheim a.d. Ruhr
Düsseldorf
Kassel
Kamen
Leipzig
Wuppertal
Cologne
Limburg
Offenbach
Würzburg
Nürnberg
Heilbronn
Regensburg
Karlsruhe
Stuttgart
Freiburg
This is why Air Liquide has been a
member of the Clean Energy Partnership
since 2011 – a coalition of 20 leading
companies focused on comprehensively
investigating the suitability of hydrogen
for everyday driving.
The Clean Energy Partnership is one of
the most important international under­
takings to investigate hydrogen as a fuel.
Frankfurt
Heidelberg
Being a global market leader, Air Liquide
recognises its responsibility when it
comes to planning a societal change of
such a dimension.
Metzingen
Ulm
Munich
They are currently working on:
- Exchanging experience with regards to
operating H2 stations and fuel cell
vehicles, to learn from each other and to
advance technical progress,
- Harmonising payment methods and
availability systems, pump operation etc.,
- Implementing state-of-the-art technologies and standards to enable quick and
safe filling up, as well as to gain valuable
experience in the daily operation of fuel
cell vehicles.
Out of a total of 50 hydrogen stations, the
construction of which is planned by the
end of 2016 as part of the CEP, Air Liquide
will contribute eleven.
WHO IS THE CEP?
The Clean Energy Partnership (CEP)
was founded in December 2002
as a joint initiative of politics and
industry, headed by the German
Federal Ministry of Transport.
Its objective is to investigate the
suitability of hydrogen for everyday
use as a fuel.
Since 2008, the CEP has been a
flagship project of the National
Innovation Programme for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology (NIP),
which is being implemented by the
National Organisation for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW).
For more information:
www.cleanenergypartnership.de
EXISTING LOCATIONS
LOCATIONS PLANNED /
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LOCATIONS AIR LIQUIDE
version: 04/2016
10
11
400
H2 MOBILITY:
EXTENSIVE ROLL-OUT
IN GERMANY
H2 STATIONS
SHOULD BE AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT
GERMANY BY THE END OF 2023
400
AROUND
MILLION EUROS
OF INVESTMENT VOLUME FROM INDUSTRY AND
POLITICS WILL GO TOWARDS BUILDING AND
EXPANDING THE NETWORK OF REFUELLING STATIONS
90
EVERY
KILOMETRES
A HYDROGEN STATION WILL THEN
BE ACCESSIBLE NATIONWIDE
250,000
POWERED BY FUEL CELLS ARE EXPECTED
TO BE REGISTERED BY 2023
CARS
Air Liquide has not just made a historical
contribution to studying and further
developing hydrogen technologies, but it
is also a pioneer when it comes to bringing
this expertise to industrial scale production.
To accelerate the use of hydrogen as a
fuel even beyond the CEP demonstration
project, in 2013, Air Liquide, together with
Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell and Total,
agreed on a specific action plan to build
an extensive network of hydrogen stations
in Germany. The respective joint venture
named H2 Mobility Deutschland was
officially founded by the six partners at
the start of 2015.
H2 Mobility will expand the existing
network of hydrogen stations to around
400 by the end of 2023, the first new
stations are set to go into operation in
2016.
In this way, not only will a H2 supply be
created for metropolitan areas and main
traffic routes, but for rural areas as well,
to flank the announced mass market
introduction of fuel cell vehicles in Germany. There will be an adequate number
of H2 stations – alongside attractive vehicle
acquisition and running costs – which is
one of the most important prerequisites
for market success. This is why H2 Mobility
Deutschland will work very closely with
the automotive industry.
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WHO IS H2 MOBILITY?
The cross-sector joint venture
H2 Mobility Deutschland
GmbH & Co. KG from six
industry partners Air Liquide,
Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell
and Total will build a demandbased national hydrogen
infrastructure in Germany.
H2 Mobility Deutschland
commenced operations at
the start of 2015. The head
office is in Berlin.
For more information:
www.h2-mobility.de
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READY FOR SERIES
PRODUCTION: H2 STATIONS
MADE BY AIR LIQUIDE
The future of mobility is now:
Air Liquide has already completed
more than 60 H2 station projects
worldwide.
At the Air Liquide station that was
built in 2012 in the city centre of
Düsseldorf, Germany, up to 50 fuel
cell cars can be filled up with gaseous
hydrogen. Completely filling a vehicle
tank at 700 bar takes no more than
3 to 5 minutes, which is no longer
than for any conventional fuels.
Air Liquide is prepared for the roll-out
of the hydrogen technology and offers
innovative, flexible solutions, that
don’t just get cars moving easily and
safely, but buses and forklifts as well.
Air Liquide is ready to mass-produce
hydrogen stations, and thereby
consistently continue along the path
to sustainable mobility.
IS FILLING UP
A HYDROGEN
VEHICLE SAFE?
First of all, when filling up
hydrogen tanks, the same strict
safety measures apply as at any
other conventional filling
station. Furthermore, every H2
pump is monitored remotely.
By doing so, a technical issue is
instantly recognised and the
equipment is immediately
switched off.
Before filling up, the tightness
of the connection between the
vehicle and the pump is checked –
only then does gaseous
hydrogen flow into the tank.
Incidentally, the 700 bar
connector coupling has been
standardised worldwide since
2007 and makes a considerable
contribution to the safety of the
refuelling process.
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Contact
AIR LIQUIDE Advanced Technologies GmbH
Hans-Günther-Sohl-Straße 5
D-40235 Düsseldorf, Germany
Phone: +49 211 6699-0
[email protected]
www.airliquide.de/wasserstoff
www.airliquide.com
World leader in gases, technologies and services for Industry and Health, Air Liquide is present in 80 countries with more than 50,000 employees and serves more
than 2 million customers and patients. Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen have been at the core of the company’s activities since its creation in 1902. Air Liquide’s
ambition is to be the leader in its industry, delivering long-term performance and acting responsibly.
04.16