Cost Effective Storage Today

2YHUYLHZDQG&RPSRQHQW6SHFLILFDWLRQV
&RVW(IIHFWLYH6WRUDJH7RGD\
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϭ
:DWW*ULG 2YHUYLHZDQG&RPSRQHQW6SHFLILFDWLRQV
:DWW*ULG 2YHUYLHZDQG&RPSRQHQWVSHFLILFDWLRQV
:DWW*ULG (6VHULHVLQYHUWHUK\EULG,QYHUWHULVELGLUHFWLRQDOZKLFKDSSOLHVWR*ULGFRQQHFWHG39
V\VWHPVZLWKEDWWHU\VWRUHGHQHUJ\
(QHUJ\SURGXFHGE\WKH39V\VWHPLVXVHGWRRSWLPL]HVHOIFRQVXPSWLRQH[FHVVHQHUJ\LVXVHGWR
FKDUJHWKHEDWWHULHV7KHEDWWHULHVVXSSOHPHQWWKH+RXVHORDGZKHQWKH39HQHUJ\LV
LQDGHTXDWH
:KHQ39HQHUJ\RXWSXWLVLQVXIILFLHQWWRVXSSRUWFRQQHFWHGORDGVWKHV\VWHPDXWRPDWLFDOO\JHWV
HQHUJ\IURPWKHEDWWHULHV,IWKHEDWWHU\FDSDFLW\LVLQVXIILFLHQWWRPHHWFRQVXPSWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWV
HOHFWULFLW\ZLOOEHGUDZQIURPWKHJULG
:DWW*ULG (66HULHV,QYHUWHUKDVD836IXQFWLRQDOLW\XQLQWHUUXSWHGSRZHUVXSSO\VRLQHYHQWRI
EODFNRXWWKH836ZLOOVXSSRUWGHVLJQDWHGEDFNXSFLUFXLWVDQGFRQWLQXHWRSRZHUWKHSURSHUW\
7KHUHDUHEDVLFZRUN0RGHVWRWKHV\VWHP
0RGH(QHUJ\SURGXFHGE\WKH6RODU$UUD\LVFRQVXPHGE\WKHORDGDQGWKHH[FHVV6RODUHQHUJ\LV
XVHGWRFKDUJHWKHEDWWHULHV
0RGH'XULQJWKHHYHQLQJZKHQQR6RODU(QHUJ\LVEHLQJSURGXFHGWKHEDWWHULHVDQGJULGWRJHWKHU
VXSSO\WKHKRXVHKROGORDGV
0RGH'XULQJD*ULGIDLOXUHRUEODFNRXWWKH:DWW*ULG 836RU%DFNXSIXQFWLRQSURYLGHVFRQWLQXRXV
SRZHUYLDHLWKHUWKH%DFNXS836SRZHURXWOHWLQVLGHWKH:DWW*ULG FDELQHWRUWKURXJKWKH
VZLWFKERDUGHVVHQWLDOKRXVHFLUFXLWZLULQJRSWLRQDOH[WUD
0RGH7LPHRIXVH728FXVWRPHUV² 7KH:DWW*ULG (QHUJ\6WRUDJH6\VWHPFDQEHSURJUDPPHGWR
SURYLGHHQHUJ\WRWKHORDGVGXULQJFRVWO\SHDNWLPHVZKLFKPD[LPLVHVILQDQFLDOUHWXUQVDQGUHGXFHV
\RXUSD\EDFNSHULRG
)UHHPRQLWRULQJHQDEOHVXVWRPRQLWRUWKHV\VWHPHQYLURQPHQWDO)LQDQFLDODQG(OHFWULFDO
SHUIRUPDQFHDQGLGHQWLI\DQ\V\VWHPLVVXHVWKDWPD\RFFXU
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
Ϯ
:DWW*ULG N:N:K6WRUDJH6\VWHP²
(QHUJ\*UDSKV'RPHVWLFVLWH%ULVEDQH4XHHQVODQG:LQWHU
7KH:DWW*ULG VLWHGDWDLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKHGLDJUDPDERYHVKRZVN:KRIHQHUJ\ZDVFRQVXPHG
RQWKHGD\GDWDZDVFDSWXUHG
7KHJUDSKVKRZVWKDWWKH:DWW*ULG EDWWHU\EDQNDQGN: 6RODU$UUD\WRJHWKHUSURYLGHGN:K
RIWKHKRPH·VGDLO\HQHUJ\UHTXLUHPHQW7KLVHTXDWHVWRDVDYLQJRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\IRUWKH
GD\EDVHGRQWKHFXUUHQWHOHFWULFLW\FRVWRISHUN:KDQGDWRWDORISHUDQQXP
3OHDVHQRWHWKHVHUHVXOWVDUHEDVHGRQ6RODUHQHUJ\SURGXFHGGXULQJZLQWHU'XULQJVXPPHUD
VXEVWDQWLDOLQFUHDVHLQSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQSURGXFWLRQZRXOGEHH[SHFWHG
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϯ
7HFKQLFDO6SHFLILFDWLRQV
DŽĚĞů
'tϱϬϰϴͲ^
'tϯϲϰϴͲ^
^ŽůĂƌ
Ύ DĂdž͘ ƉŽǁĞƌ;tͿ
ϱϰϬϬ
ϰϮϬϬ
DĂdž͘ ǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ;sͿ
ϱϴϬ
ϱϴϬ
ϭϮϱΕϱϱϬ
ϭϮϱΕϱϱϬ
DWWd ǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ;sͿ
^ƚĂƌƚŝŶŐ ǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ;sͿ
ϭϮϱ
ϭϮϱ
DĂdž͘ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ;Ϳ
ϭϱͬϭϱ
ϭϱͬϭϱ
ŽǀĞƌĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ;Ϳ
ϮϬ
ϮϬ
EŽ͘ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌƐ
Ϯ
Ϯ
Ϯ;ĐĂŶ ƉĂƌĂůůĞůͿ
Ϯ;ĐĂŶ ƉĂƌĂůůĞůͿ
EŽ͘ ŽĨ DWWdƐ
ŽǀĞƌǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
ϩ
ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌ
^hE>/y ͬ Dϰ
;KƉƚŝŽŶĂůͿ
ĂƚƚĞƌLJ
ĂƚƚĞƌLJ dLJƉĞ
>ĞĂĚͲĂĐŝĚ Žƌ >ŝͲ/ŽŶ
>ĞĂĚͲĂĐŝĚ Žƌ >ŝͲ/ŽŶ
ĂƚƚĞƌLJ ZĂƚĞĚ ǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ;sͿ
ϰϴ
ϰϴ
Dy ŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ;tͿ
ϰϲϬϬ
ϰϲϬϬ
ŚĂƌŐĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ;Ϳ
ϱͲϱϬ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ͕ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂďůĞ
ĂƚƚĞƌLJ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ;ŚͿ
хϭϬϬͲϱϬϬ,;ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚͿ
ŚĂƌŐŝŶŐ ĐƵƌǀĞ
ŚĂƌŐŝŶŐ ǀŽůƚĂŐĞ
ĂƚƚĞƌLJƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ
ĂƚƚĞƌLJ ǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ƐĞŶƐĞ
ƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƐŚƵŶƚ
ϯͲƐƚĂŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
ϱͲϱϬ ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ͕ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂďůĞ
хϭϬϬͲϱϬϬ,;ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚͿ
ϯͲƐƚĂŐĞ ĂĚĂƉƚŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ
ϱϳs
ϱϳs
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ;>ŝͲ/ŽŶͿ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ;>ŝͲ/ŽŶͿ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
KƵƚƉƵƚĂƚĂ
EŽŵŝŶĂů ƉŽǁĞƌ;tͿ
ϰϲϬϬ
ϯϲϬϬ
DĂdž͘ ƉŽǁĞƌ;tͿ
ϰϲϬϬ
ϯϲϬϬ
WĞĂŬƉŽǁĞƌ ;ĂĐŬͲƵƉͿ;tͿ
ϭ͘ϱdž WŶŽŵ͕ϭϬƐĞĐ
DĂdž͘ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ;Ϳ
ϮϬ
ŽǀĞƌĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ;Ϳ
ϯϬ
ϭϲ
Ϯϰ
ϱϬͬϲϬ,nj͖ ϮϯϬsĂĐ
EŽŵŝŶĂů ŽƵƚƉƵƚ
ϰϱΕϱϱ,njͬϱϱΕϲϱ,nj͖ ϭϴϬΕϮϳϬsĂĐ
ŽƵƚƉƵƚ ƌĂŶŐĞ
ŽƵƚƉƵƚ ;ĂĐŬͲƵƉͿ
ϭ͘ϱdž WŶŽŵ͕ϭϬƐĞĐ
ϮϯϬsĂĐ цϮй͕ ϱϬ,nj цϬ͘Ϯй͕ d, ǀфϯй;ůŝŶĞĂƌ ůŽĂĚͿ
d,
фϭ͘ϱй
WŽǁĞƌ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ
Ϭ͘ϵ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐΕϬ͘ϵ ůĂŐŐŝŶŐ
'ƌŝĚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝŽŶ
^ŝŶŐůĞ ƉŚĂƐĞ
ŽǀĞƌǀŽůƚĂŐĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
Ϫ
ĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ
DĂdž͘ ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ
ϵϳ͘ϲй
ƵƌŽ ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ
ϵϳ͘Ϭй
DWWd ĂĚĂƉƚĂƚŝŽŶ ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ
ϵϳ͘ϲй
ϵϳ͘Ϭй
ϵϵ͘ϵй
1%,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWRWDO39SRZHUVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGRIPD[LPXP'&SRZHU
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϰ
6DIHW\6SHFLILFDWLRQV
DŽĚĞů
'tϱϬϰϴͲ^
'tϯϲϰϴͲ^
WƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ
ZĞƐŝĚƵĂůĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƵŶŝƚ
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ŶƚŝͲŝƐůĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ƐǁŝƚĐŚ;WsͿ
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ;ŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůͿ
ŽǀĞƌ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
/ŶƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ĞƌƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ Θ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ
'ƌŝĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ
sϰϭϬϱ͕s ϬϭϮϲͲϭͲϭнϭ͕ 'ϴϯͬϮ͕ 'ϱϵͬϮ͕ ^ϰϳϳϳ͘Ϯͬ͘ϯ͕ /ϲϮϭϬϵͲϮ
^ĂĨĞƚLJ
D
/ϲϮϭϬϵͲϭΘͲϮ͕ ^ϯϭϬϬ͕ /ϲϮϬϰϬͲϭ
EϲϭϬϬϬͲϲͲϭ͕ EϲϭϬϬϬͲϲͲϮ͕ EϲϭϬϬϬͲϲͲϯ͕ EϲϭϬϬϬͲϲͲϰ͕ EϲϭϬϬϬͲϯͲϭϭ͕ EϲϭϬϬϬͲϯͲ
ϭϮ
'ĞŶĞƌĂů ĂƚĂ
ŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ;tdž,džͿ
tĞŝŐŚƚ ;ŬŐͿ
DŽƵŶƚŝŶŐ
ŵďŝĞŶƚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƌĂŶŐĞ
ZĞůĂƚŝǀĞ ŚƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ
ϱϭϲΎϰϰϬΎϭϴϰŵŵ
ϱϭϲΎϰϰϬΎϭϴϰŵŵ
ϯϬ
Ϯϴ
tĂůůͲŵŽƵŶƚĞĚ
ƌĂĐŬĞƚ
ͲϮϱΕϲϬΣ ;хϰϱΣ ĚĞƌĂƚŝŶŐͿ
ϬΕϵϱй
DŽŝƐƚƵƌĞ ůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
ϰ<ϰ,
DĂdž͘ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŶŐ ĂůƚŝƚƵĚĞ
ϮϬϬϬŵ
WƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶ ĚĞŐƌĞĞ
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
džƚĞƌŶĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ
ĚĞŐƌĞĞ
dŽƉŽůŽŐLJ
/Wϲϱ
KƵƚĚŽŽƌ Θ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ
ࠊϮࠊϯ
'ƌĂĚĞϭ
dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞƌͲůĞƐƐ
^ƚĂŶĚďLJ ůŽƐƐĞƐ;tͿ
ŽŽůŝŶŐ
фϴ
EĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽŶǀĞĐƚŝŽŶ
EŽŝƐĞ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ;ĚͿ
фϮϱ
ŝƐƉůĂLJ
> ůŝŐŚƚ Θ WW
ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
h^Ϯ͘Ϭ Žƌ tŝͲ&ŝ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ǁĂƌƌĂŶƚLJ;LJĞĂƌƐͿ
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ϱͬϭϬͬϭϱͬϮϬͬϮϱ ;ŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůͿ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϱ
%DWWHU\7HFKQRORJ\
'HHSF\FOHJHOEDWWHULHVDUHDSURYHQWHFKQRORJ\ZLWKRYHU\HDUVRIWHVWLQJDQGLPSURYHPHQW
23]9 *HOEDWWHULHVDUHUHJDUGHGDVWKHPRVWUREXVWDQGPDLQWHQDQFHIUHHZLWKSURYHQF\FOHOLIH
LQLVRODWHGUHJLRQV
0DLQ7HFKQLFDO$GYDQWDJHV
3ODWHSRVLWLYHSODWHXVHV3] WXEXODUSODWHZKLFKFDQSUHYHQWDFWLYHPDWHULDOIDOOLQJDQGDGRSWV
PXOWL FRPSRQHQWDOOR\IUDPHKDVILQHFRUURVLRQUHVLVWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHDQGORQJVHUYLFHOLIH
1HJDWLYHSODWHXVHVVSHFLDOUDGLDWHGVWUXFWXUH
6HSDUDWRUXVHV$PHU6LOPLFURSRUH39& VHSDUDWRUIURP(XURSHVHSDUDWRUKDVODUJHSRURVLW\
DQGORZUHVLVWDQFH
(OHFWURO\WH)URP*HUPDQ\JDVVLOLFRQGLR[LGH6LRHOHFWURO\WHLQJHOVWDWHLQWKHEDWWHU\ZLWKRXW
IORZLQJOHDNDJHDQGODPLQDWLRQFDQEHDYRLGHG
6DIHW\YDOYHXVHV*HUPDQ\WHFKQRORJ\FRQVWDQWRSHQLQJDQGFORVLQJDFFXPXODWRUFDVH
H[SDQVLRQVRGDPDJHDQGHOHFWURO\WHGU\XSFDQEHDYRLGHG
&RQVWDQW&XUUHQW'LVFKDUJH$PSHUHVDW&)
&͘sͬdŝŵĞ
ϭϬŵŝŶ ϭϱŵŝŶ ϯϬŵŝŶ ϭŚ
ϮŚ
ϯŚ
ϱŚ
ϴŚ
ϭϬŚ
ϭ͘ϴϱsͬĐĞůů
Ϯϳϰ
Ϯϱϯ
ϮϬϲ
ϭϱϳ
ϭϬϱ
ϴϭ͘Ϭ
ϱϱ͘ϱ
ϯϴ͘ϳ
ϯϮ͘ϴ
ϭ͘ϴϬsͬĐĞůů
ϯϯϳ
ϯϬϲ
ϮϰϬ
ϭϳϲ
ϭϭϱ
ϴϴ͘ϭ
ϱϵ͘ϴ
ϰϭ͘ϰ
ϯϱ͘Ϭ
ϭ͘ϳϱsͬĐĞůů
ϯϵϵ
ϯϰϯ
Ϯϱϲ
ϭϴϯ
ϭϭϵ
ϵϬ͘ϭ
ϲϭ͘Ϭ
ϰϮ͘ϭ
ϯϱ͘ϲ
ϭ͘ϳϬsͬĐĞůů
ϰϰϴ
ϯϳϰ
Ϯϳϭ
ϭϵϭ
ϭϮϮ
ϵϭ͘ϵ
ϲϭ͘ϵ
ϰϮ͘ϳ
ϯϲ͘Ϭ
ϭ͘ϲϱsͬĐĞůů
ϰϴϭ
ϯϵϱ
ϮϴϮ
ϭϵϲ
ϭϮϰ
ϵϯ͘ϲ
ϲϮ͘ϵ
ϰϯ͘Ϯ
ϯϲ͘ϯ
ϭ͘ϲϬsͬĐĞůů
ϱϬϯ
ϰϬϵ
Ϯϴϵ
ϭϵϵ
ϭϮϲ
ϵϰ͘ϳ
ϲϯ͘ϱ
ϰϯ͘ϱ
ϯϲ͘ϲ
&RQVWDQW&XUUHQW'LVFKDUJH$PSHUHVDW&)
&͘sͬdŝŵĞ
ϭϬŵŝŶ ϭϱŵŝŶ ϯϬŵŝŶ ϭŚ
ϮŚ
ϯŚ
ϱŚ
ϴŚ
ϭϬŚ
ϭ͘ϴϱsͬĐĞůů
ϱϭϬ
ϰϳϱ
ϯϵϰ
ϯϬϯ
ϮϬϰ
ϭϱϴ
ϭϬϵ
ϳϲ͘ϳ
ϲϱ͘Ϯ
ϭ͘ϴϬsͬĐĞůů
ϲϭϲ
ϱϲϳ
ϰϱϱ
ϯϯϵ
ϮϮϯ
ϭϳϭ
ϭϭϳ
ϴϮ͘Ϭ
ϲϵ͘ϱ
ϭ͘ϳϱsͬĐĞůů
ϳϭϳ
ϲϮϲ
ϰϴϬ
ϯϱϬ
ϮϮϴ
ϭϳϰ
ϭϭϵ
ϴϯ͘Ϯ
ϳϬ͘ϱ
ϭ͘ϳϬsͬĐĞůů
ϳϵϬ
ϲϳϯ
ϱϬϯ
ϯϲϮ
Ϯϯϯ
ϭϳϳ
ϭϮϭ
ϴϰ͘ϭ
ϳϭ͘Ϯ
ϭ͘ϲϱsͬĐĞůů
ϴϯϯ
ϳϬϬ
ϱϭϴ
ϯϲϵ
Ϯϯϳ
ϭϴϬ
ϭϮϮ
ϴϰ͘ϵ
ϳϭ͘ϴ
ϭ͘ϲϬsͬĐĞůů
ϴϱϱ
ϳϭϱ
ϱϮϲ
ϯϳϯ
Ϯϯϵ
ϭϴϭ
ϭϮϯ
ϴϱ͘ϯ
ϳϮ͘Ϯ
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϲ
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϳ
ŵĞƌͲ^ŝů ^ĞƉĂƌĂƚŽƌƐ
ŵĞƌͲ^ŝůͬŽƌƵŐĂƚĞĚ
7KLFNQHVVPP
%DFNZHEPP
3RURVLW\FPJ
3RUHYROXPH
(OHF5HVLVWDQFH
$FLGGLVSODFHPHQWPOP
2[LGDWLRQZHLJKWORVV
:HWWDELOLW\V
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
m
Ÿ
.
c
m
2
)
$PHU6LO ULEEHG
$PHU6LO FRUUXJDWHG
A
c
i
d
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
l
/
m
2
)
Separator pore volume (%)
(OHFWULFDO5HVLVWDQFH
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
$FLG'LVSODFHPHQW
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϴ
6LR*HO
$SSOLFDWLRQRIVXOIXULFDFLGLPPRELOL]HGRQVLOLFDJHODVDQHIILFLHQWDQGEHQLJQFDWDO\VWKDVEHHQ
H[SORUHGLQWKHV\QWKHVLVRI7ULDU\O+LPLGD]ROHVYLDFRQGHQVDWLRQUHDFWLRQRIEHQ]LO RU
EHQ]RLQDOGHK\GHDQGDPPRQLXPDFHWDWH7KHNH\DGYDQWDJHVRIWKLVSURFHVVDUHKLJK\LHOGV
FRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIFDWDO\VWHDV\ZRUNXSSXULILFDWLRQRISURGXFWVE\QRQFKURPDWRJUDSKLF
PHWKRGDQGWKHUHXVDELOLW\RIWKH+62ă6L2FDWDO\VW
7ULVXEVWLWXWHG ,PLGD]ROHV6ROYHQW)UHH6\QWKHVLV0XOWLFRPSRQHQW5HDFWLRQ6LOLFD6XSSRUWHG
6XOIXULF$FLG+HWHURJHQHRXV&DWDO\VW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0XOWLFRPSRQHQWUHDFWLRQV0&5VKDYHGUDZQJUHDWLQWHUHVWHQMR\LQJDQRXWVWDQGLQJVWDWXVLQ
PRGHUQRUJDQLFV\QWKHVLVDQGPHGLFLQDOFKHPLVWU\EHFDXVHWKH\DUHRQH SRWSURFHVVHVEULQJLQJ
WRJHWKHUWKUHHRUPRUHFRPSRQHQWVDQGVKRZKLJKDWRPHFRQRP\DQGKLJKVHOHFWLYLW\>@
0&5VKDYHJUHDWFRQWULEXWLRQLQFRQYHUJHQWV\QWKHVLVRIFRPSOH[DQGLPSRUWDQWRUJDQLF
PROHFXOHVIURPVLPSOHDQGUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHVWDUWLQJPDWHULDOVDQGKDYHHPHUJHGDVSRZHUIXO
WRROVIRUGUXJGLVFRYHU\>@7KHLPLGD]ROHQXFOHXVLVDIHUWLOHVRXUFHRIELRORJLFDOO\LPSRUWDQW
PROHFXOHV
&RPSRXQGVFRQWDLQLQJLPLGD]ROHPRLHW\KDYHPDQ\SKDUPDFRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGSOD\
LPSRUWDQWUROHVLQELRFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHV7KH\DUHZHOONQRZQDVLQKLELWRUVRI30$3NLQDVH
IXQJLFLGHVKHUELFLGHVDQWL LQIODPPDWRU\DJHQWVDQWLWKURPERWLFDJHQWVSODQWJURZWKUHJXODWRUV
DQGWKHUDSHXWLFDJHQWV,QDGGLWLRQWKH\DUHXVHGLQSKRWRJUDSK\DVSKRWRVHQVLWLYH
FRPSRXQGV6RPHVXEVWLWXWHGWULDU\OLPLGD]ROHV DUHVHOHFWLYHDQWDJRQLVWVRIWKHJOXFDJRQV
UHFHSWRUDQGLQKLELWRUVRI,/ELRV\QWKHVLV>@5DG]LV]HZVNL DQG-DDS SURSRVHGWKHILUVWV\QWKHVLV
RIWKHLPLGD]ROHFRUHLQVWDUWLQJIURP
GL FDUERQ\OFRPSRXQGVDOGHK\GHVDQGDPPRQLDWRREWDLQWULSKHQ\OLPLGD]ROH>@
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOPHWKRGVIRUWKHV\QWKHVLVRIWULDU\OLPLGD]ROHVXVLQJ+32ă0R2ă+2
.+32>@FDWDO\VWIUHHXQGHUPLFURZDYHLUUDGLDWLRQ>@LRQLFOLTXLGQEXW\ODQGGL
EXW\OLPLGD]ROLXP VDOWV>@FHULF,9DPPR QLXP QLWUDWH&$1>@R[DOLFDFLG>@(X27I
>@
>+PLP@+62>@=U&O>@<E27I>@1L&Oă+2
>@VRGLXPELVXOIDWH>@LRGLQH>@QDQRFU\VWDOOLQH PDJQHVLXP2[LGH>@R[DOLFDFLG>@
VLOLFD
VXOIXULFDFLG>@DFHWLFDFLG>@/SUROLQH >@3(*>@
&X7)$>@WHWUDEXW\ODPPRQLXPEURPLGH 7%$%>@
1+0R2ă+2>@,Q&Oă+2>@=UDFDF
>@DQK\GURXV)H32>@DQGXUDQ\OQLWUDWHKH[DK\GUDWH >8212ă+2@VXSSRUWHGRQ
DFLGLFDOXPLQD>@
0DQ\RIWKHVHPHWKRGVKRZHYHUVXIIHUIURPORQJHUUHDFWLRQWLPHVXQVDWLVIDFWRU\\LHOGVGLIILFXOW
ZRUNXSDQGH[FHVVLYHXVHRIUHDJHQWVDQGFDWDO\VW,WLVWKHUHIRUHLPSRUWDQWWRILQGPRUH
FRQYHQLHQWPHWKRGVIRUWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHVHFRPSRXQGV7KHUHIRUHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRID
QHZPLOGPHWKRGWRRYHUFRPHWKHVHGLVDGYDQWDJHVVWLOOUHPDLQVDFKDOOHQJHIRURUJDQLF
FKHPLVWV2QHRIWKHDLPVZHKDYHLQPLQGLVWRLQWURGXFHDQHZFDWDO\VWIRUV\QWKHVLVRI
WULVXEVWLWXWHGLPLGD]ROHV ZLWKFRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVVDQGPLOGFRQGLWLRQLQKLJK\LHOGV
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϵ
5HVXOWDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
6HYHUDOPHWKRGVDUHXVHGLQWKHV\QWKHVLVRIWKHVHWULVXEVWLWXWHG LPLGD]ROHV DQGWKHLUGHULYDWLYHV,Q
DGGLWLRQWKHV\QWKHVLVRIWKHVHKHWHURF\FOHVKDVEHHQXVXDOO\FDUULHGRXWLQSRODURUJDQLFVROYHQWV
VXFKDVHWKDQROPHWKDQRODFHWLFDFLG'0)DQG'062OHDGLQJWRFRPSOH[LVRODWLRQDQGUHFRYHU\
SURFHGXUHV7KHVHSURFHVVHVDOVRJHQHUDWHZDVWHFRQWDLQLQJFDWDO\VWDQGVROYHQWZKLFKKDYHWREH
UHFRYHUHGWUHDWHGDQGGLVSRVHGRI7KHWR[LFLW\DQGYRODWLOHQDWXUHRIPDQ\RUJDQLFVROYHQWV
SDUWLFXODUO\FKORULQDWHGK\GURFDUERQVWKDWDUHZLGHO\XVHGLQKXJHDPRXQWVIRURUJDQLFUHDFWLRQV
KDYHSRVHGDVHULRXVWKUHDWWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW>@7KXVGHVLJQRIVROYHQWIUHHFDWDO\WLFUHDFWLRQ
KDVUHFHLYHGWUHPHQGRXVDWWHQWLRQLQUHFHQWWLPHVLQWKHDUHDRIJUHHQV\QWKHVLV>@
6ROLGDFLGVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKRVHEDVHGRQPLFHOOH WHPSODWHVLOLFD·VDQGRWKHUPHVRSRURXVKLJK
VXUIDFHDUHDVXSSRUWPDWHULDOVDUHEHJLQQLQJWRSOD\DVLJQLILFDQWUROHLQWKHJUHHQLQJRIILQHDQG
VSHFLDOW\FKHPLFDOVPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVHV$ZLGHUDQJHRILPSRUWDQWRUJDQLFUHDFWLRQVFDQEH
HIILFLHQWO\FDWDO\]HGE\WKHVHPDWHULDOVZKLFKFDQEHGHVLJQHGWRSURYLGHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIDFLGLW\
DVZHOODVKLJKGHJUHHVRIUHDFWLRQVHOHFWLYLW\7KHVROLGDFLGVJHQHUDOO\KDYHKLJKWXUQRYHUQXPEHUV
DQGFDQEHHDVLO\VHSDUDWHGIURPWKHRUJDQLFFRPSRQHQWV>@
,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKH+62LPPRELOL]HGRQ6L2ZDVXVHGDVDFDWDO\VWIRUV\QWKHVLVRIRUJDQLF
FRPSRXQGV>@,QWKLVZRUNZHUHSRUWWKHVROYHQWIUHHV\QWKHVLVRIWULVXEVWLWXWHGLPLGD]ROHV
XVLQJ+62LPPRELOL]HGRQ6L2DVDFDWDO\VWXQGHUFODVVLFDOKHDWLQJ
(IILFLHQF\RIWKLVUHDFWLRQLVPDLQO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHDPRXQWRIFDWDO\VWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGUHDFWLRQ
WLPH
)RUJHWWLQJWKHEHVWFRQGLWLRQVLQLWLDOO\ZHVWDUWHGWKHFRQGHQVDWLRQRIEHQ]LO PPROFKORUR
EHQ]DOGHK\GHPPRODQGDPPRQLXPDFHWDWHPPROLQWKHSUHVHQFHRI+62LPPRELOL]HGRQ
6L2JUDVDFDWDO\VWDWÝ&IRUKZKLFKOHGWRORZ\LHOGRIWULVXEVWLWXWHG
LPLGD]ROH7RHQKDQFHWKH\LHOGRIWKHGHVLUHGSURGXFWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHUHDFWLRQZDV
LQFUHDVHGWRÝ&:LWKLQFUHDVLQJWKHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHSURGXFWLYLW\RIWKHUHDFWLRQLQFUHDVHGEXW
ZDVQRWYHU\KLJK7KHQLWZDVWKRXJKWZRUWKZKLOHWRFDUU\RXWWKHUHDFWLRQLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIKLJKHU
DPRXQWRIWKHFDWDO\VW0D[LPXP\LHOGZDVREWDLQHGZKHQWKHUHDFWLRQZDVORDGHGZLWK
JURIWKHFDWDO\VWDWWKHÝ&$IXUWKHULQFUHDVLQJRIFDWDO\VWORDGLQJGRHVQRWDIIHFWWKH\LHOG
$IWHURSWLPL]LQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVZHDSSOLHGWKLVFDWDO\VWIRUV\QWKHVLVRIWULVXEVWLWXWHG LPLGD]ROHV E\
XVLQJGLIIHUHQWDURPDWLFDOGHK\GHVZLWKDZLGHUDQJHRIRUWKRPHWD DQGSDUDVXEVWLWXWLRQVXQGHU
VROYHQWIUHHFODVVLFDOKHDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVWRHVWDEOLVKWKHFDWDO\WLFLPSRUWDQFHRI+62LPPRELOL]HG
RQ6L2IRUWKLVUHDFWLRQ*HQHUDOO\WKHV\QWKHWLFSURFHGXUHLQYROYHVVWLUULQJWKHPL[WXUHRIDOGHK\GH
PPROEHQ]LO PPRODPPRQLXPDFHWDWHPPRODQG+62LPPRELOL]HGRQ6L2JUIRU
PLQDWÝ&7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJUHVXOWVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH:HIRXQGWKDWWKHUHDFWLRQ
SURFHHGHGYHU\HIILFLHQWO\HLWKHUHOHFWURQUHOHDVLQJRUHOHFWURQZLWKGUDZLQJVXEVWLWXHQWVRQDU\OULQJ
RIDOGHK\GH
$OVRGXHWRGLUHFWXVHRIEHQ]RLQUDWKHUWKDQEHQ]LO LQWKHV\QWKHVLVRILPLGD]ROHV DVLJQLILFDQW
LPSURYHPHQWLQWKHV\QWKHVLVWRZDUGWKHJUHHQHUFKHPLVWU\LVUHSUHVHQWHG:HKDYHUHSHDWHGWKH
UHDFWLRQZLWKEHQ]RLQLQVWHDGRIEHQ]LO DQGWKHGHVLUHGSURGXFWKDVEHHQHIILFLHQWO\SURGXFHG
ZKHQZHXVHGEHQ]RLQLQVWHDGRIEHQ]LOWKHUHDFWLRQWLPHLQFUHDVHGDQGDOVRWKH\LHOGRIWKH
UHDFWLRQGHFUHDVHGSDUWLDOO\
3RVVLEOHPHFKDQLVPIRUWKHVXOIXULFDFLGLPPRELOL]HGRQVLOLFDJHOFDWDO\VHG V\QWKHVLVRIWULVXEVWLWXWHG
LPLGD]ROHV KDVEHHQSURSRVHG
ϭϯϬϬϰϳϳϳϳϴ
ǁǁǁ͘ĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ǁĂƚƚŐƌŝĚΛĂůůŐƌŝĚ͘ĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ϭϬ