Indentured Indian Migration : an historical
investigation into the possible reasons for
Indians emigrating from their places of origin
(with particular reference to the United
Provinces and the Madras Presidency) to the
Colony of Natal
By
J H Lalla
1984
INUENTUllED:
INDIAN
hZIGRATION
An h i s t o r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o the p o s s i b l e rears,ons
for I n d i a n s e m i g r a t i n g from t h e i r p l a c e s o f o r i g i n
(with particu1o.r reference t o t h e United Provinces
,and t h e M ~ d r a sp r e s i d e n c y ) t o t h e Colony o f N a t a l .
JeH. LALLA
ACKNO YJLEDGEMENTS
t
A s much a s s i s t a n c e , b o t h p u r p o s e f u l and i n c i d e n t a l , w a s
r e c e i v e d , i t m i g h t seem i n v i d i o u s t o l i s t names; s o I
h o p e a g e n e r a l e x p r e s s i o n o f t l i a n k s w i l l b e a c c e p t e d as
a t o k e n o f a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h o s e n o t m e n t i o n e d below.
S p e c i a l tklarko a r e due t o P r o f e s s o r S o Bh,ana a n d D r J.13. Drain
( b o t h of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westville ) f o r t h e i r
a s s i s t a n c e , p a t i e n c e , u n d e r s t a n d i n g and guidance; t o
Bridgemo11a.n YdsLharaj a n d Y r a v e e n R a m f o r t h e i r warm s u p p o r t
and h e l p d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of r e s e a r c h a n d w r i t i n g ; t o
Dan Sew, my b r o t h e r - i n - l a w ,
a n d M r s l i e e n a G o b i n d l a l , my
s i s t e r , f o r t h e i r s a c r i f i c e s and t o l e r a n c e d u r i n g t h e c h o r e
o f t y p i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t ; t o t h e library s t a f f , o f b o t h t h e
U n i v e r s i t y of DurbLul-Westville a n d U n i v e r s i t y o f Natal, v~ho
,yuided me t o w a r d s r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l ; t o t h e s t a f f o f t h e
Natal A r c h i v e s ( l ' i c t e r n ~ n r i t z b u r g ) f o r t h e i r c o - o p e r a t i o n ,
a i d f i l i a l l y -to the n i e ~ n b c r s o f my f a m i l y , p a r t i c u l a r l y my
lvife ruid m y m o t h e r , f o r t h e i r s u p p o r - t a d c o n s t a n t
e n c o u r a ~ e m e i i td u r i n g o u r p e r i o d s 01g r i e f a d h a p p i n e s s .
60 qJcd quuaT.jrrd,-rc T: auioa;)q oh\:y s u - u r p u ~p-[no:.: 'i;l[(l?:;t:oci
'JOU
'1cq.1:~,yo q ~ o da : , ? u y ~ ? I : L : q a s J a n a u ~ ) A U I [ ~ C U U I
x Iloq.urzurn,, pur: XIX , , ~ ~ o l J u o '~? ,. ,: ~ p urrroJj
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sa aarrcq.~codnr-~:
j o s y ~ , c ? q . uu?~ A ~ q s n p u r~ u 2 n sa y q j o A-roqsyrl a y j
a-[do;)d j o quauranom q u z q s u o a
Lq p a z y ~ a q a ' e ~ c y 'aT T ~d a q j c ' s y L z o q s r y p ~ ~ o h !' q s c d a y q
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p a a q c I c y u o y q a r ~ q c ao~u 'a.xour.rayqm,q
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. a a u a p r s a J j o aS.cn.ya
q u a u n l r r ~ a d - r r ~ r a sJ O q-usul?ur~aciu sr: p a u r j a p S p 1 c ~ a u a 2
137: u o ~ q ~ ~ 3TonaT
y m
ps.rauaq a q v * a ~ c l o a dj o u o r q ~ J ~ 7 : u r
a y q 'ST q u y q ' a ~ d o a d 30 quamanom a q q yqTM p a u 4 a a u o a s-c
p u ~s u o y q c a n b a o a y q 20 a u o s Ja,ijsuc oq s q d r n a q q ~L p n q s s r y &
u
UIOJJ
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' m p u 1 u y ax?-[: s u o r q r p u o a a y q a-rau q ~ : y ~ i\ ~ a q q a s o q .
~ J O M Xaqq
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,,11nd,,
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L ~ q u n o aJ a y q o u q a y q a n c a T L a y q p y p K ~ M' u o y q s a n b oyq sr
' q u c q ~ o d u r r aJom ' a q u ~ 3 r u lurarlq appc1u q u u : j s , r a q t m a S ~ c - [ :
y a n s ur p m amoa Kay? p ? ~ ?Lyh\ ~ n t i r r q q.t:qq. 3ur;cnp ~ q t s ~
ur p a p a a u E ; u ? ? ~ ~;)IT$
uI ~JOA';
*s:tlorq:::;ln~1.TO ,IacIurnT.r :I
sasr-e.x s r y ~ , * s ~ a , ~ n o qpaJnq.clallur
z~
S-G ' p 1 6 ~ - 0 q $ ~ p o r . ~ a c i
oyq 3 u r ~ n p'-pq,r:jq oq. aw:a c;trz:yprr~ ?sour qcl..(q 1x:jrorrq s!: $1
t h e I i c c u b l i c oi' S o u t h A f r i c c ~ ~p so p u l a t i o n .
Thus, C h a p t e r
Onr :it-Lcmpts t o rl.riswer t h e r4ue:;tion "Were I n d i a n s n e e d e d
Nntal?"
The b c _ ~ i n n i n e ; so f t h e su,ga.r i n d u s t r y ,
t l i c n e e d f o r ' I n d i n n Lnbour, t t l e c o l i c l i t i o n s o f i n d e n t u r e , '
t h e -temporary h a l t i n i m n i g r a t i o l l i n t o N a t a l , t h e
y l . n n t e r l s n l e n t o r e s u m e i m m i g r : : ~ . t i o no f i n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r ,
t h e e v e n t u a l t e;-~min::
t i o n of i n c i e l i t u r e d i m u i e r n . t i o n a r e
d i ~ ~ c u s s eas
d % h e y a11 f o r m t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e s e n c e
o f I n d i a n s i n N n t t ~ l , L ~ LI nI t e r , i n t h e I i e p u b l i c o f
Soutll A f r i c n .
ill
C h r t y t e r TVJOd e a l s ,.;ene17nlly w i t h t h e p a s s e n q e r s t h . t
c t r r i v e d abo:lrd t l ~ etwo :;liips, " P o n g o l a n % I X a n d
"Umzinto" X.
A b r i e f a n a l y s i s 01' t h e c o m p o s i - b i o ~o f t h e
!)a:;;engexBs, t h e i r c:xs-te group:-; and ernpl.oyers i s d e a l t
6 5 t h i n t h i s c h n . p t e r as t h i s s a m p l e g r o u p j l r o v i d e d t h e
s t i m u l u s oi' t h i s stucly, a n d t h e corm~len-ks
h e r e are
p e r t i n e n t -LC? i:j::ues d c t - i l t w i - L l 1 i n 1;llc. t h i r d c h a p t e r .
The main t h r u ~ to f t h i s s t u d y i s c o n t : ~ i n c d in C h a p t e r
T h r c e , where m ,?-l;tcmp-I;i s sn:lde t o :I-nnr-;\;lcl- some o f t h e
, . ~ u : ~ s t i o nrs: ~ . i s e d a b o v e ; t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f w h i c h
i s "iVhy d i d t h e p e o p l e 1 e : i . v ~t h e i r rnotiibr c o u n t r y t o
wol-lc i n f o r e i g n l n n [ l s ? " A s m o s t o l . t h e n n s - e n c e r s a b o a r d
t l l e two n b o v e - n e n t i o n c shil,:: o r i : ~ i n : l . t e df r o m t h e
U n i t e d P r o v i n c c s (now Ut-t:tr ~ r : - ~ . d c . s hand
)
t h e 3indr:-is
Prcsid-ency, t h i s s t u d y t r i e s t o f o c u s a t t e n t i o n on t h e s e
; ~ l . : l c c s , : ~ l t l x o u g hi t is n o t nlv~:.tys l ~ o : : r : i l ) l c . T h r r e f o r i : ,
t h e f : ~ c t o r : : ~th31; c r e : r t e d t h e " , p ~ ~ j hcc~.nno-1;
"
be d i s c u s s e d
on:l?: w i t h r e f e r e n c e -lo -I;hese .tv~o p l ~ t c e s . I t r u s t b e boxme
i n mind . t l i : ~ tm o s t f:lctor:; th.1-t ;ilrc?corm~entecl on
e
, 2s t h e y
r e l a t e t o most p a r t s of India,
i l i ~ l - ~ d i ! lt ~
l i:c l1n.i t c i i 1'1-ovirlcl:;; :n~r'l Lila M Lira,:; Yresi,.]r:ncg.
; i l ~ c : . e i t I.:: l7i):;:;iblc -I;o conllr.ct t l ~ c , "pu;;hfl f:-,.-.tors
::!)l'ci:'ic;l..l.:Ly t o i ? i t h ( ? r *of t l ~ n : ; ct,;ro
'
I
, , o r
both, i-l
!:,?i:
l
LIPI,II
[ ! o ~ ~ t t .
1
INTRODUCTION:
Slavery, indenture ztnd conscription are a few alternative
techniques for incorporating foreigners (or locals) and
organising them in the service of a dominant political
povrer. The system of indenturing Indians came about
chiefly as a result of the abolition of slavery in the
British Empire in 1834, and was part of a planned
H. Tinker holds the view
emigration-cum-labour
that, the planters, in the British Empire (and elsewhere), ,
deprived of their slnve labour, "turned greedily to the.,
millions of India, \vho they believed could be induced to
labour in the cmefiolds for a pittance no greater than
that awarded to the slaveOfl2 IIo called the indenture
system "a new system of slavery."
Calcutta mld ll1adrasbec~une tho "Coolie cntchmentn centres
for the world's trade in indentured labour in the
nineteenth century and recruiters from British and
European colonies set up their offices and vied to dispatch
their orders. 3
1.
L. Kuper:
'Indentured labour and other forms of
recruiting and controlling strangera' in
L. Kuper and M.G. Smith (eds.) :
Pluralism in Africa, p. 255.
2.
H. Tinker: A New System of Slaverx: The Export of Indian
Labour Overseas 1830
3.
-
1920, p.18.
Y,S, Meer, et al: Documents of Indentured Labour, Natal
1851 - 1917, p . 4 .
TI-IE
DESTINATION
The r o l e p l a y e d b y s u > q a r i n t h e h i s t o r y o f Natal i s
import,ant.
One o f t h c M i l n e r b r o t h e r s b r o u g h t t h e first
c a n e t o p s f r o m Mauritius as e a r l y as 1047. E.P. R a t h b o n e
i n February 1849, p l m t c d f i v e a c r e s c l o s e t o t h e
Umhloti River.
He u s e d as l a b o u r f o u r I n d i , m s b r o u g h t
f r o m nlauritius, t h e p i o n e e r I n d i a n imnligrants i n t o Natal. 4
The d e v e l o p m e n t s o f t h e sugar i n d u s t r y p r o c e e d e d a p a c e
a f t e r t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t s b y Edmund Morewood (1850-1852) 5
i n t r o d u c i n g t h e f i r s t s u g a r m i l l , o n has e s t a t e a t
"Compensation".
By 1 0 5 8 f u l l s u g n r l x r o d u c t i o n h a d begun. O v e r t h r e e
t h o u s m i d s a c r e s i n Durb:m and V i c t o r i a c o u n t r i e s w e r e
devoted t o sugar cultivntion.
Ilowever, t h e g r e a t e s t
d i f f i c u l t y t o be overcome was -the s h o r t a g e o f l a b o u r .
L.M. Thompson p u t s it:
,
As
" f o r t h e c u l t i v a t i o n , r e a p i n g and m n n u f a c t u r e o f
sugar, a c e r t a i n t y p e o f l a b o u r i s n e c e s s a r y . . . .
T h a t a l a b o u r problem s h o u l d have e x i s t e d i n
Natal may at firs-l; s i g h t seem i n c o n c e i v a b l e . B u t
though t h e r e were a hundred t h o u s a n d N a t i v e s i n
N a t n l t h e r e was n o t enough l a b o u e r s . 11 6
4.
EoII. Broolces nnd C . d c 73.
5.
A.J.
6.
Christopher:
Quoted i n E.11.
o f Natal, p.80.
S o u t h e r n A f r i c a , p.05.
Broolrcs ~ u l dC.
N n t n l , p.81.
A Hiztory
-
Webb:
I
d e E). Webb:
A History of
3
Natal n e v e r h a d s l a v e r y , as s h e w a s n o t a n n e x e d u n t i l
eleven years a f t e r t h e a b o l i t i o n of slavery in t h e B r i t i s h
It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t h a d s l a v e r y e x i s t e d , s h e
dominions.
may h a v e u s e d it. H e r s h o r t a g e o f l a b o u r , however, was
due t o d i f f e r e n t c a u s e s .
C l o s e r acquaintance by t h e
B r i t i s h s e t t l e r s w i t h the land revealed t h a t the l o c a l
n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n h a d n o t r e a c h e d an economic s t a g e .
They
c o u l d noi; b e t e m p t e d t o work f o r t h e . E u r o p e a n f o r any
It becnme c1cp.r t h n t some o t h e r s o u r c e o f d o c i l e ,
r e l i z b l e l a b o u r h a d -to b e f o u n d , i f t h e c o l o n y were t o
p r o s p e r 'and d e v e l o p . 0
V?zicus p o s s i b i l i t i e s were c o n s i d e r e d , i n c l u d i n g c o n v i c t
l a b o u r f r o m B r i t a i n , A f r i c a n s f r o m P o r t u g u s e Mozambique,
2nd t h e s e t t l e r s e v e n l ; u n l l y t u r n e d t o I n d i a , b e c a u s e
t h e r e were men among them who had had e x p e r i e n c e o f s u g a r
p l z n t i r i g i n M a u r i t i u s m d t h e B r i t i s h West I n d i e s .
Indians
i t was r e s J ' i s e d , h a d s a v e d s u g a r i n d u s t r i e s e l s e w h e r e , t h e y
m i g h t p l a y a c r u c i a . 1 r o l e i n c r e a t i n g a s u g a r indus1;ry i n
~ a t n l . The
~
f i r s t r e c o r d e d r e f e r e n c e t o t h e Natal c o l o n i s t s
demand f o r i n d e n t u r e d I n d i a n l a b o u r i s t r a c e d t o a r e p o r t
i n t h e D u r b a n O b s e r v c r , l 7 O c t o b e r 1 8 5 1 , No. 9, a t a m e e t i n g
o f l e a d i n g c i t i z e n s h e l d a t Durban Government S c h o o l H a l l . 1 0
G.H.
Nicholls:.
6.
Fi7a
9.
L. Thompson:
Palmer:
10. Y.S.
S o u t h A f r i c a i n my t i m e ,
Economic ,and P o l i t i c c a Background t o t h e
H i s t o r y of I n d i a n s i n M. P a l m e r , e t al.:
The I n d i a n as a S o u t h A f r i c m , p . j
Co-operation m
' d conflict:
The Z u l u
Kingdom and N a . t : ~ l i~n M. W i l s o n and
L.17. Thompson ( e d s . ) :
Oxford H i s t o r y o f
S o u t h A f r i c a , pp. 387-380.
Meer, e t n l . :
Documents of I n d e n t u r e d Labour,
p, 4 a n d 22.
4
India1 labour was by no means forced upon Natal. The
innigration of the Indisns into Natal was no "spontaneous
migration on the part of the Indian people but from an
artificial movcment promoted and fostered by the European
11
inhabitants themselves"
The Government of British India which by 1858 had experience
of the emigration of labourers to Mauritius, British Guiana
aid four of the Viest Indian 1slnnd.s c?yld which had worked out
suitable conditions for their employment, was nbt at first
But Natal
willing to sanction emigration to Natal.
persisted and in 1859 three Laws were passed (Nos. 13; 14
and 15 of that year) and forwarded by Lieutenant-Governor
John ~cott(~vhocalled the scheme Itan experiment" and aaid
that the scale of Indian immigration to Natal would be
small13) to the Colonial Office which confirmed them. The
most important was Law 14 of 1859 which proviued for
Government-sponsored indentured labour from India.
The labourer was bound for five years. Thereafter he might
enter into an ordinary contract of labour, or not work at
all, and might chmge his residence. After 10 years he was
entitledto a free passage to India, which he might subject
to the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor, cornmate for a
grant of land equal in value to the return passage, &d
whether this approval was obtained or not, he was entitled
to remain in Natal if he so wished.14 The complicated
11.
12.
13.
14.
E. Bradlow: 'Indentured Indims in Natal and the L3 Tax*
in South African Historical Journal, No.2,
p.38.
E.11. Brooltes and C. d c B. Webb: A Elistory Of N~ltal,p.82
L. Thompson: Co-operation and conflict: The Zulu
Kingdom and Natal' in M. Wilson and
L.M. Thompson (eds.) : Oxford History of
South Africa, p. 388.
E.B. Brookes and C. d e B. Webb: A History of Natal,p.83
5
The complicated n e g o t i a t i o n s a r e t o o v a s t t o m a l y s e h e r e ,
b u t i t c a n be added t h a t t h e n c o o l i e s w r e c e i v e d 10 s h i l l i n g
a month w i t h r a t i o n and q u a r t e r s , t h a t r u l e s f o r b a d e
c o r p o r a l punishment, t h a t t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f women i n each
p a r t y w a s t o be f o r t y t o e v e r y hundred males, and t h a t i n
e a c h p a r t y a c e r t d - n number of personsof h i g h e r ra& wGre
i n c l u d e d i n accordance w i t h t h e p o l i c y of t h e Land and
E m i g r a t i o n Commission. 15
The I n d i a n Act a u t h o r i s i n g crnicyra.tion t o N a t a l (No. XXXIII
o f 1860) r e c e i v e d t h e a s s e n t of t h e Viceroy on
24 J u l y 1860.
F i n a l l y t h e system g o t u n d e r way, and t h e
' T r u r o ' w i t h t h e f i r s t s h i p l o a d of I n d i a n i n m i g r a n t s
a r r i v e d a t Durban on 17November 1860.
The I n d i a n s a r e t h e o n l y p a r t of t h e p o p u l a t n of Natal
which cnme by s p e c i n l and u r g e n t i n v i t a t i o n ,
After the
a r r i v a l of t h e * T r u r o l , n i n e t e e n o t h e r s h i p s f o l l o w e d
b r i n g i n s t o Nztal approximately 6 000 s o u l s . Thus even a t
t h i s e a r l y s t a g e t h e I n d i a n s were a much h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n
t h a n has o f t e n been thought.
is
T a b l e 1.1.
POPULATION STRUCTURE I N NATAL,'
1861
- 191118
YEAR EUROPEANS p e r c e n t AFRICANS p e r c e n t INDIANS p e r c e n t
1 5 1 i 0.9
1 8 6 1 1 2 538
8.2
139 625 90.9
187; 17 380
6.0
266 817 92.2
5 070 1.8
1881
1891
1904
1911
1
.
28 483
46 788
97 109
98 114
14-Palmer:
7.6
8.2
8.8
8.2
329
483
904
953
253
690
041
398
87.1
84.6
82.1
80.4
20 196
5.3
4 1 142 7.2
100 918 9.1
1 3 3 420 11.4
lEconomics m d P o l i t i c a l Background t o t h e
16.
E.H.
H i s t o r y of I n d i a n s ' i n M-Palmer, e t . a l :
The Indicm as a South Afric;m,p.4.
Brookes and C. de B.Webb: A H i s t o r y o f Natnl,p.83
10.
Y.S.
M e o r c,t al.:
Documents of I n d e n t u r e d Labour, p.16.
The e a r l y i r m n i , q r , u l t s w e r e m a i n l y f r o m t h e Madras P r e s i d e n c y ,
A few were r e c r u i t e d
s p e a k i n g T m i l and T e l u g u l a n g u a g e s .
from Calcutta..
Between 1860 a n d 186G a b o u t 6 000 i n d e n t u r e d
I n d i a n s a r r i v e d i n Natal f r o m M:l.dras and 300 f r o m
Calcutta. 19
The s u g a r p l a n t e r s were d e l i g h t e d t o g e t t h i s l a b o u r and t h e
Natal Mercury w a s a l m o s t l y r i c a l a b o u t it. 20
I n d i m i m n i g r a t i o n c e a s e d f o r a t i m e i n 1866.
The i n i t i a t i v e
c a n e f r o m t h e p l a n t e r s , who were d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e
a p ? ~ o r t i o n m c n tof t h e f i n m c i r i l b u r d e n o f -the i r n r n i g r a t i o n c o s ~
b e t w e e n t h e Government and t h e m s e l v e s and who were
s u f f e r i n g w i d e r t h e d e p r e s s i o n o f 1865. B u t i t must be
admitted t h a t i n t h e first six years of t h e indentured
l a b o u r s y s t e m , Natal f a i l e d m a r k e d l y t o a c c e p t t h e
r e s ~ o s i b i l i t i e so f h e r p o s i t i o n . 2 1
t h e f i r s t I n d i a n s who h a d a r r i v e d i n Natal became
e n t i t l e d t o a f r e e r e t u r n passage t o India.
Most o f them elected t o stay in
b u t t h o s e who d i d r e t u r n
complained t o t h e I n d i a n a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t t h e y had b e e n
badly treated.
By t h a - t t i m e , t h e Natal p l a n t e r s were
w a n t i n g t o i m p o r t more I n d i a n s , b u t t h e I n d i a n Government
p r o h i b i t e d f u r t h e r r e c r u i t m e n t f o r Natal u n t i l t h e
c o m p l a i n t s had b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d .
In 1870-1,
19.
L. Thompson:
Co-operation
and c o n f l i c t :
Kingdom a d Natal' i n M.
20.
R.E.
The Zulu
Wilson a n d
L.M. Tlzompson ( e d s . ) : O x f o r d R i s t o r y o f
S o u t h A f r i c a , p.389.
Gordon and C . J . T a l b o t : From D i a s t o V o s t e r :
Source M a t e r i a l o n South A f r i c a n H i s t o r y ,
21.
22.
E.H.
1488-1975, pp. 287-288.
B r o o k e s and C. d e B. 'Vebb: A H i s t o r y o f N R ~ R . ~ ,
p.87.
L.Thompson:
C o - o p e r a t i o n and c o n f l i c t :
The Zulu
Kingdom and Natal1 i n M. W i l s o n a n d
L.M. Thompson ( e d s . ) :
Oxford H i s t o r y o f
S o u t h A T r i c a , p.383.
7
C o l o n e l M i l e s , who w a s a c t i n g Lieutenant-Governor a t t h a t
t i m e , a p p o i n t e d a cornmiasion of two, t o e n q u i r e g e n e r a l l y
i n t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s of I n d i a n s i n N a t a l and p a r t i c u l a r l y
t h e c o m p l a i n t s made by t h e l a b o u r e r s who had r e t u r n e d t o
I n d i a . One o f t h e members w a s M i c h a e l Gallwey, AttorneyG e n e r a l of Natal and t h e o t h e r w a s C o l o n e l B a n n i s t e r
P r i c e - L l y o d , a member of t h e I n d i a n C i v i l S e r v i c e , who w a s
i n Natal on s i c k l e a v e . Price-Llyod spoke some of t h e
I n d i a n l a n g u a g e s and w a s t h e r e f o r e i n a p o s i t i o n t o
communicate more e a s i l y w i t h t h e I n d i a n l a b o u r e r s .
The
c o r m i s s i o n e r s , cognizcmt o f t h e importance of a renewed
s u p p l y of l a b o u r t o t h e s u g a r i n d u s t r y , recommended t h e
c o r r e c t i o n of t h e more obvious a b u s e s such as f l o g g i n g ,
f i n e s f o r s i c k n e s s and i n a d e q u a t e m e d i c a l s e r v i c e s and
facilities.
The L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l of Natal p a s s e d
l e g i s l a t i o n embodying t h e recommendations o f what w a s
c a l l e d t h e " C o o l i e Comniasiong' i n Law 1 2 of 1872. 23
The most i m p o r t a n t p r o v i s i o n of t h e Law of 1072 w a s t h a t
a f i t p e r s o n s h o u l d be a p p o i n t e d P r o t e c t o r Of I n d i a n
I r m u i g r m t s , w i t h m a , r i s t e r i : ~ lj u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r I n d i a n s . 2 4
The r e g i s t r a t i o n of I n d i a n m a r r i a g e s w a s p r o v i d e d f o r .
M e d i c a l , o f f i c e r s were a p p o i n t e d by t h e Government i n each
d i s t r i c t . Flogging w a s abolished f o r " f r e e w Indians f o r
b r e a c h e s of t h e M a s t e r s and S e r v a n t s Act.
Employers were
r e q u i r e d t o k e e p wage-books.
Amendments t o t h e Law were
made i n 1874, including; t h e s e t t i n g up of an I n d i a n
Immigration Trust Board t o s u p e r v i s e t h e f i n a n c e s o f t h e
scheme. 25
I n 1874 t h e Government of N a t a l r e q u e s t e d t h e Government.
of I n d i a t o p e r m i t t h e r e s u m p t i o n of e m i g r a t i o n on t h e
ground t h a t N a t a l w a s t h r e a t e n e d w i t h p o s i t i v e r u i n . The
'Migrunt Labour i n Natal 1060-1879,
in the
23.
CC. B a l l a r d :
24.
25.
J o u r n a l of N a t a l and Zulu H i s t o r x , I , p . 3 0 .
E.H. Broolcesand Cede B. Webb:A H i s t o r y !'Gf N a t a l , p m 9 0
I b i d . , p.90
8
.*'
Wragg Commission r e p o r b e d t h a t " i n 1U74 c r o p s w e r e r o t t i n g o n
This death of labour forced the planters t o
t h e g r o u n d"
r e b i l i s e t h e v a l u e of I n d i a n l a b o u r .
The I n d i a n Government
was e v e n t u a l l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h N a t a l ' s a t t e m p t s t o remedy the
more b l a t a n t a b u s e s <and o n July 28, 1874, t h e f i r s t I n d i a n s
I m m i g r a t i o n was
u n d e r t h e new scheme a r r i v e d i n Natal.
considerable.
A p p r o x i r n n t e l y 8 0 0 m:tlcs e n t e r e d Natal i n 1874.
By 1 8 7 5 , t h e I n d i t u l p o p u l a t i o n h a d r e a c h e d t h e f i g u r e o f
9 9 1 4 , b y 1385 of 30 1 5 9 e 2 7 A t o t a l number o f 1 5 2 1 8 4
indentured
a r r i v e d from I n d i n betwecn 1860 and
1 9 1 1 as w e l l as a c o n s i d e r a b l e number of u P a a o e n g e r M I n d i a n s ,
who h a d come o u t a t t h e i r own e x p e n s e u n d e r t h e o r d i n a r y
i r n y ~ i t ~ r a t i loanw s o f t h e c o l o n y .
From 1 8 6 0 , when t h e f i r s t s h i p l o a d s a r r i v e d , u n t i l 1 9 1 1 t h e
s u g a r i n d u s t r y d e p e n d e d u1)on i n d e n t u r e d s e r v i c e , and i t s
d i f f i c u l t t i r n e s w e r e , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h o s e y e a r s when
p c r n i i s s i o n t o r e c r u i t i n I n d i a nra,s t e m p o r a . r i l y w i t h d r a w n . 2 9
Tlle B r i t i s l i Inc1ic.m ena.hlcc1 Nn.La1 -Lo T)r.osj)er. The demand f o r
I n d i s m L a b o u r was alwAys p;re:xter t h a n t h e a u p j ~ l y . Natal
a g e 3 t s 1 ' s e a r c h e v e r y nook n n d c o r n e r " o f M a d r : ~ ~ f; o r i m r ~ . i g r x n t s
viil:l.ing t o c o n e t o t h e p l s n t : a t i o n s , s n d a r e f o r c e d t o a c c e p t
nien who "do n o t compare f n v o w : ~ . b l y v l i t h t h e c l a s s o f I n d i a n
r e c r u i t e d i n p a s t y e n r u l ' 30 The Indian!.> w e r e s h i p p e d t o
N ~ i t a . 1i n i t i a . 1 1 ~f o r l a b o u r o n t h e s u g a r p I _ ~ . n t ~ . t i obnus t ,
l a t e r , a s t h e s y s t e m was s e e n t o b e p r o f i t ~ . b l e , f o r work i n
r a i l w a y s , c o a l m i n e s and i n d o m e s t i c s e r v i c e . 3 1 T h e y
.
1
-
bec2me s n e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t i n a l m o s t e v e r y s e c t o r o f t h e
-
26.
27.
28.
29.
--
Kondapi:
I n d i a n s O v e r s e n s , p. 21.
E.H. B r o o k e s and C . d c B. Webb: A H i s t o r y o f Natal,
-- p.90.
J.B. Brian:
C h r i s t i n n 1ndi:lns i n N a t a l 1860-1911:
An
I - I i s t o r i c a l and S t a . t i o t i c a 1 Study, p.4
A.F.Hattersley:
The B r i t i-s h S e t t l e r n c n - t i n 1Jato.l: A
C.
-
-
-
30.
31.
Stucly i n Irnper-io.1 Migrat Ton, p. 241.
Quoted i n L.E. N e m e :
The A s i s t i c D a n g e r i n t h e C o l o n i e s ,
pp. 18-19.
L.Kuper: ' I n d e ~ i t u r e d l a b o u r rlnd o t h e r f o r n l s o f r e c r u i t i n g
and c o n t r o l l i n g s t r r l n { : c r s l i n L. K u p e r m d
f,l.G.Smith ( e d s . ) : Pl.ura,lism i n . A f r i c a p.255.
-9
d
g r o w i n g economy, but t h e c o n d i t i o n 3 o f t h e i r s e r v i c e c o n t r a c t s
r e s t r i c t e d t h e i r f r e e d o m o f movemelit a n d b a r r e d f r o m
a s s o c i a . t i n f : as e q u a l s v ~ i - t hEurope,ms. 32
Anti-Indian f ~ e l i n gi n t h e C o l o n y becLme v o c n l i n t h e 1 8 8 0 s
T h i s w a s t h e r e s u l t o f t h e h o s t i l i t y o n t h e p a r t of
E u r o p e a n t r a d e r s b a s e d on t r a d e r i v a l r y and o n f e a r s C h a t
t h e Indian p o p u l n t i o n w a s s p e c d i l y o v e r t a k i n g t h e E u r o p e a n
p o p u l a t i o n . 33
The p o s i t i o n g r e w w o r s e d c c a d ~b y d e c a d e s i n c e 1 8 7 0 , t h e
f i r s t d e c a d e o f o r g a n i s e d ,and f i e r c e anti-Indianism i n
Natal.
The Natal W i t n e s s , m o u t h p i e c e o f White N a t n l i a n s
i n t h e mirllavlds and u p l a n d s c a s t i g a t e d t h e i m m i g r a n t s i n n o
w l c e r t a . i n t e r m s : "The I n d i a n s were n o t i n n e e d o f p r o t e c t i o n .
It i s r n t h c r t h e E u r o p e a n comrauni.ty t h a t r e q u i r e s p r o t e c t i o n
a g a i n s t t h e h e a t h e n c o o l i e s " . 34
I n d e n t u r i n g w a s t e r m i n a t e d i n 1 9 1 1 by t h e B r i t i s h Government
of I n d i a i n r e s r l o n s e t o p r o t e s t s by I n d i a n s a g a i n s t bad
t r e a t m e n t d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f i n d e n t u r e and t h e
n o n - f u l f i l l m e n t o f p r o m i s e s t o t h e frtbe o r e x - i n d e n t u r e d . 35
32.
*I b itd P
33.
B.Pachai: ' A l i e n s i n P o l i t i c a . 1 H i e r a c h y l i n B.pachai
(ed.):
South Africa's Indians:
The E v o l u t i o n
0 1 a n'Iinority, p.9.
Did,,pp.g-lO.
L.Kuper:
'Indentured l a b o u r and o t h e r forms o f
recruiting
c o n t r o l l i n g stran{:crn' i n
L.Kuper :m[l M. C. Smj.th ( e d s . ) : P l u r a l - i s m i n
Africa, p. "57.
34.
35.
:C
0
d
-
11
12
CHAPTER 11:
THE
PASSAGE
The I n d i a n i m m i g r a n t s were b r o u g h t t o t h e Colony o f Natal
b y s h i p vrhiclz d e p a r t e d f r o m one o f t h r e e p o r t s , namely,
one f r o m C a l c u t t a ,
Bombay, C a l c u t t a o r Madras.
Two s h i p s
t h e o t h e r Madras - wcre c h o s e n s o t h a t a c r o s s - s e c t i o n of
two l a r g e a r e a s o f I n d i a c o u l d b e u s e d as what may b e c a l l e d
t h e " r e s e a r c h groundI1 o f t h i s s-tudy. An a t t e m p t i s made t o
a n a l y s e and comment on v a r i o u s a . s p e c t s r e l a t e d t o t h e two
Specific d e t a i l s regarding
s h i p s and t h e i r p a s s e n s e r s .
r e g i s t r a t i o n number, n a n e s , a g e , s e x , c a s t e , h e i g h t and
p l a c e of o r i g i n c a n be f o u n d i n A p p e n d i c e s A and B.
-
The n i n e t e e n t h ( 1 9 t h ) voyage o f S.S. " P ~ n g o l at~o o~k 26 d a y s .
The voyage b e g a n a t t h e P o r t o f C a l c u t t a o n 30 March 1895 and
ended i n t h e P o r t o f Natal o n 25 A p r i l 1895.
TABLE 2.1 :
l'Pongolnn X I X
PONGOLA
- B~?EN(!JO\\~NOF PASSENGERS.
XIX
(58548-50091)
(Calcutta)
(344 P a s s e n g e r s )
TABLE 2.1. :
NIII!RBEII
ITa1e
PER CENT
200
80
Female
Boys
Girls
31
23
TOTAL
342
2'
gassen-ers
- no
information
-
344 E m i g r a n t s b o a r d e d t h i s s h i p .
T h i s number i n c l u d e d
200 men, 88 women, 31 b o y s a n d 2 3 g i r l s . ( ~ n f o r t u n a t e l ~ ,
i n f o r m a t i o n on two p a s s e n g e r s
~ e ~ i s t r a t i oNumbers
n
50584
and 58664
c o u l d n o t be f o u n d as t h e m i c r o - f i l m w a s
u n c l e a r , and, f u r t h e r m o r e , no t r a c e c o u l d be f o u n d i n t h e
E m p l o y e r ' s R e g i s t e r s t h a t a r e k e p ~ ra t t h e ~ r c h i v e s ) . One
man d i e d o n t h e v o y a g e , t h u s b r i n g i n g t h e number t h a t
-
-
l a i d c d t o 343, a s no c h i l d r e n wcre b o r n :+,board t h i s s h i p .
Amongst t h e s e I n d i a n s , t h e r e were ~ n a n yh e a v y - b u i l t
men and
13
t h e Dep8t Surgeon ( a t P o r t Natal) f e l t t h a t t a k e n as n whole,
He
t h e s e men, would prove a " s e r v i c e a b l e l o t of labourers".'
a l s o f e l t t h a t t h e women were of Itthe u s u a p y p e t 8 . Women were
i n t h e p r o p o r t i o p of 44 p e r c e n t of t h e number o f men. One
of t h e s t i p u l a t i o n f o r i n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r l a i d down i n 1860 w a s
t h a t women i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n of 35 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l
nnm b e r of men should be brought t o N a t n l , b u t t h i s
p r o p o r t i o n was l a t e r i n c r e a s e d t o 50 p e r cent.'
T h i s shows
th:-it tlie r e c r u i t e r s had n o t been a b l e t o f u l l y s a t i s f y t h i s
requirement.
The Surgeon S u p e r i n t e n d e n t (G.P. S t a u n t o n ) of t h e S.S.
"Pongola" X I X r e p o r t e d t h a t measles were brought on board by
a c h i l d , who showed symptonis of t h e d i s e a s e on t h e f i f t h day
a f t e r l e a v i n g C a l c u t t a . Mumps a l s o o c c u r r e d on board t h i s
v e s s e l , and on a r r i v a l t h e r e were 25 c a s e s of mumps, and
m e a s l e s r e q u i r i n g c o n t i n u e d t r e a t m e n t e 3 No c a s e s of h e a r t
d i s e a s e viere found among t h e p a s s e n g e r s .
The I n d i a n
I m n i g r a t i o n T r u s t Board of Natal, i n i t s T h i r t e e n t h Annual
Report ( ~ u l y1894-June1835), f e l t t h a t t h e I n d i a n s who had
a r r i v e d from C a l c u t t a have been s u p e r i o r t o t h o s e i n t r o d u c e d
i n former y e a s , b u t because t h e y a r r i v e d i n t h e summer
months of J z n u a r y , February and March, t h e y were more l i a b l e
t o siclcness t h a n a t any o t h e r t i m e of t h e y e a r , which i s n o t
s o marked i n t h e c a s e of I n d i a n s a r r i v i n g from Madras. 4
The S.S. ttUmzinto" on i t s t e n t h ( 1 0 t h ) vdyage l e f t t h e P o r t
of Madras on 23 November 1895 and a r r i v e d a t D u r b , a n ( ~ o r t
~ n t a l )on 1 4 Dccc~nbcr 1895. Thc voyage took 2 1 daye.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Report of t h e P r o t e c t o r of Irnniigrants, June1895, p.A24.
E.H. Brookes cnrl Code B. :Yefib: A i3istory o f Natal, p.86
Report of t h e P r o t e c t o r of I m m i g r n u l t s , June18g5,pmA3.
-.I b i d
p.A46.
Report of t h e P r o t e c t o r of I~nmipantr:,Dec.1895,
9
p.A6O.
14
TABLE 2.2. :
"UMZINTO"
X
-
UMZINTO X
-
(59942
BRENCDO'?/N OF PAS:;ENGERS.
-
(~adras)
60213)
(272 p a s s e n g e r s )
TABLE 2.2. :
BRiLV(DO':'iN OF YAS:jFIJGERS
NUMBER
Male
Pernitle
171
59
P
18
Boys
Girls
TOTAL
24
272
A t o t a l o f 272 emigrn.nts b o a r d e d t h i s s h i p .
The p a s s e n g e r s
No-one
i n c l u d e d 170 men, 60 women, 18 iloys m d 24 g i r l s .
d i e d o r w a s born while aboard t h i s
p a s s e n g e r s , t h a t l a n d e d a t Durban,
a g a i n , i t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e
p r o ? ~ o r t i o no f 34.5 p e r c e n t o f t h e
s h i p . Thus t h e number o f
r e m a i n e d a t 272.
Here,
women were i n t h e
number o f men.
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e p o r t o f t h e M e d i c a l Board o n t h e
I r n K i g r a n t s , t h e I n d i a n s i n t h i s s h i p m e n t were l a n d e d i n a
very clean condition.
The m e d i c a l o f f i c e r s w e r e p l e a s e d t o
f i n d t h a t t h e r e were no c a s e s o f h e a r t d i s e a s e , and s t a t e d
t h a t t h e p h y s i q u e of t h e I m m i g r a n t s were " q u i t e u p t o t h e
a v e r a g e " , and t h a t t h e r e w a s a f a i r s p r i n k l i n g o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l - b u i l t m d b i g men ,mone;st them, and t h a t - t h e
women were c l e a n ,and a b e t t e r l o t t h a n u s u a l . 5
The dellland, f o r I n d e n t u r e d I n d i r u l s , f r o m a l l p a r t s o f t h e
Colony ( o f N a t a l ) w a s v e r y g r e a t d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d JuneDecember 1 8 9 5 , especially f o r Madras men, p r i n c i p a l l y f o r
elnployinelit on t h e c o ~ ~ s t The
.
p r o t e c t o r o f I n d i a n Immigrants
r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e s u p l ~ l yof l n b o u r from. t h e Madras
F r c s i r l e n c y h r ~ df o r some montlis F a l l e n c o n s i d e r a b l y s h o r t
o f t l l e i n d e n t s s e n t t o t l ~ eM;-~drnsAgcnt, Meo:;rs P a r r y and
Cornp:uiy, owin,.: t o t h e g r e a t d i f . l ' i c u l t y i l l r e c r u i t i n ( ; t h e
--
5.
Rcnor-t o f t h e F r o t e c t o r of I~!lrni!:l-;.uz-l;s,I ) e c . 1 8 9 5 . p . ~ 6 0 .
c l a s s o f p e o p l e r e q u i r e d , and 3 1 ~ ~t o0 t h e s c a r c i t y o f women.
The M a d r n s A g e n t s hnd remnrkecl t h a - t h a d it n o t b e e n f o r t h e
s c l x r c i t y o f nromen, t h c y wou1.d h a v e s h i p p e d many more
~ a b o u r e r s . ~With r e g a r d t o -thc s u p p l y o f l a b o u r f r o m
C a l c u t t a , M r M i t c h e l l , t h e E m i ~ r : . ~ . t i oAng e n t a t t h a t p o r t ,
s t a t e d t h a t h e h a d no d i f f i c u l t y w h a t e v e r i n o b t a i n i n g t h e
numbers i n d e n t e d f o r , t h e s u p p l y b e i n g a l m o s t u n l i m i t e d . 7
Ilad i t n o t b e e n f o r t h e g r e n - t e r p r e f e r e n c e shown b y m o s t
of t h e C o a s t e m p l o y e r s f o r Madras I n d i a n s , t h e I n d i a n
I n u n i g r a t i o i ~T r u s t B o : ~ r d c o u l d h a v e s e c u r e d more l a b o u r f r o m
Calcutta. 0
TABLE 2.3:
"PONMILA" X I X
-
EhlPT'YERS AMY ALLOCATION.
.
PONGOLA X I X
LeonLvd Acutt
Baker B r o t h e r s
H.H. B o l a s e
S.W. B i s h o p
B. C r o i - ~ p t o n
G. Cbvery
John Cross
5
M a r i e L.P.A. C h e r o n
P e t e r P.I. Davidson
William G i l l e t
.
E W. Hawksworth
H.P. H a r r i s o n
J.11. H u t t o n
J.L. H u l l e t & Sons Ltd.
\Y. Ilenwood
J. I n g l i s
Gustave J a c q u e l i n
'VY. L a d d s
J.M. Morrison
J.J. M i l l i c a n
Natal Goverlmen-t R a i l w a y s
6.
. ..-
'17
17
4
5
7.
R e p o r t of t h e I ' r o t e c t o r of I m r n i g r m t s , Dec .1895,p.A61.
I b i d . , p.AG1
8.
R e p o r t of t h e P r o t e c t o r of I m m i g r a n t s ,
J u n e 1895,p,A46.
TABLE 2 . 3 :
"PONGOZA" X I X
PO 'TGO L 4 X I X
-
EJ"PT.OYERS AND ALLOCATIONS
Ottawa Estate
Prospect H a l l Estate
Reynold B r o t h e r s Ltd.
A. S i n c l a i r
St:-iinbank B r o t h e r s
C .Em Thrash
Willi,m T. Woods
Yi. W i l s o n
Unknown
Most of t h e p a s s e n g e r s f r o m t h e s e two s h i p s w e r e i n d e n t e d t o
Indentured I n d i a n s had been
sugar-cane p l a n t a t i o n owners.
l a n t a t i o n , and
p r i m a r i l y b r o u g h t t o work o n t h e s u g a r - c a n
s o o n t h e i r l z b o u r becarnc a k e y f a c t o r i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
t h e N:itnl S u n g r i n d u ~ t r y . ~Ao t h e i n d e n t u r e d s y s t e m became
p r o f i t a b l e , t h e Indiz-tns w e r e a l s o s h i p p e d f o r work i n r a i l w a y :
A point in case is the
c o a l m i n e s and i n d o m c s t i c s e r v i c e , 1 °
f a c t t h a t t h e Natal Goverlmelit R a i l w a y s e m p l o y e d a s i g n i f i c a n - 1
number o f I n d i , m s , a n d i s o n e o f t h e more c o n s p i c i o u s
non-sugar employer.
.ia
TABLE 2.4:
-"UbIZINTO"
Uii4ZINTO
X
X
-
EMPLOYER AND ALLOCATIONS
,
-
13QLOY E. 1
NrntlB ER
Joh? B a z l e y R Sons
H o r a c e Balcomb
Blacltburn C e n t r a l F a c t o r y
H u ~ hL a n c a s t e r C a r b u t t
Chicli B r o t h e r s
13
9.
10.
L. Thomp::on:
L.1Cuper:
10
2
5
5
'Co-operation
and C o n f l i c t :
The Z u l u
Kingdom ,md Natal1 i n M.'~Yilson & L.yhompaon:
O x f o r d H i s t o r y o:€ S o u t h A f r i c a :
p.389.
' I n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r and o t h e r forms of
r e c r u i t i n g and c o n t r o l l i n g s t r a n g e r s t i n
11.Iiupe.r a n d PK. G. S m i t h ( e d s ) : P l u r a l i s m
i n Africa,
p.255.
T/rBLF:
-- 2.4
:
"UI~JXINTO"
--
X.-
-
UNFIOY \<It:; AN]) hLJ IOCATION:?
r n TOY
~ 311
NUMBER
Maria L.P .A. C h e r o n
T.G. C o l e n b r a n d e r
YJ.Colepper
Alcide Coulen
Edviin E s s e r y
11. P Hnrri:;on
B.A. Wood I I o e l
L a Mercy E s t a t e
L.V. L e d e b o c r
Andrew D a v i d s o n L e s u r e
N z t a l C e n t r a l S u g a r Company
Natal Covernrnent R a i l w a y s
William Pearce
J .T P o l k i n g h o m e
Reunion E s t a t e
Reynold B r o t h e r s
.
.
T o n g a a t C e n t r a l S u g n r Company
Stainb'ank B r o t h e r s
Marie Schutz
Ann S e d p a n Symans
Unknown
2
9
1
1
10
5
1
9
16
1
31
31
16
17
18
24
16
5
1
3
20
According t o t h e Pro1;ector o f I m m i g r a n t s , t h e r e l a t i o n s
between employers and t h e i r l a b o u r e r s were, g e n e r a l l y
speaking, v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y .
Men, who a r e w i l l - i n g t o d o a
f a i r day's viork and c o n d u c t t h e m s e l v e s p r o p e r l y , a r e t r e a t e d w i
t h e " g r e a t e s t kindness and consideration.
The
conditions on t h e e s t a t e s u s u a l l y v u r i e d w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r
o f ' t h e ovmer, b u t e v e n t h e m o s t l i b e r a l d i d n o t g o b e y o n d
p e r s o n ~ l i z i n ga f e w ' , o f t h e t t c o o l i e s t t .l2 U s u a l l y , t h e
immigrants w e r e m e r e l y r e g a r d e d as t l h a n d s t t ta n d n o more. 1 3
11.
12.
R e p o r t of t h e P r o t e c t o r of I m r n i g r n n t n , J u n e 1 8 9 5 , p.Al6.
L.Kuper: ' I n d e n t u r e d l a , b o u r :~.nd o t h e r I'orms o f r e c r u i t i n g
Lma c o n t r o l . ' l i.n,y s l r c ~ n ~ c ri ns ~L.Kuper m d
S m i t h ( e d s . ) : P l ~ r n l i s r ni n A f r i c a , p. 255
M.G
Bro o k e s m d C.do R. Webb: A H i s t o r y o f Natal, p.
18
TLIBLE 2 . 5 :
"FOI'JGOLA" XIX
Ahir
Ahirin
Alith
Ahur
Ar&h
Babhan
Bhar
Bhnrin
Bhuin
B R ~ S
Barki
Bhoo j
B andarv~an
Bhunikar( ~huimhar*)
Dooadh
Dhobi
Godaryn ( ~ a d a r i ~ a * )
Goo jar ( ~ u j a r * )
Gareria
Gararya
Jat
Haj jam(HajamS)
Kashi ( ~ h a s i * )
Kelwot
Kownt ( ~ e v a t * )
Kalmar ( ~ a l v a r * )
Kurmi
Kohar
Koharin
Kahur
Kuhar
Kachu
Kunbi
Sumhc-
Kum,ax
-ANALYSIS
OF CASTI3S.
19
CASTE
NUMBER
Kori
K o i r i (Koeri*)
Kandoo (Kandu*)
Lonia
Lodh
Lodhi
Lohnr
Morai
Marao
24
7
7
5
3
1
3
Millan
Musulm~m
Pasi
Pattan (~athan*)
Rajput
ThWr
Thahar ( ~ h a k a r ? )
Trandoo
Vallah
Zimedarin
The Hindu s o c i a l s y s t e m , founded o n t h e d i u i s i o n o f s o c i e t y
i n t , o ' c a s t e s 1 , p r e s e n t s a s o c i a l framework o f g r e a t
c o m p l e x i t y . The t r a d i t i o n a l l v a r n a ' s y s t e m
modified i n
t h e course of t h e evolution of Indian s o c i a l p o l i t y ,
d i v i d e s Hindu s o c i e t y i n t o f i v e m a j o r g r o u p s . The f i r s t
t h r e e , namely, Brahmins ( p r i e s t s ,and men o f l e a r n i n e ) ,
K s h a t r i y a s ( r u l e r s and w a r r i o r s ) and V a i s h y n s ( t r a d e r s ) a r e
The f o u r t h g r o u p i s
r e g a r d e d as l d u i j a l o r ' t w i c e b o r n ' .
composed of numerous o c c u p a t i o n a l c a s t e s who a r e
r e l a t i v e l y c l e a n and a r e n o t c l a s s e d as u n t o u c h a b l e s .
F i n a l l y , i n t h e f i f t h m a j o r g r o u p we crin p l a c e a l l t h e
u n t o u c h n b l e c a s t e s . Tlle c l ~ t s s i f i c a t i o nwas a c c e p t e d by t h e
Hindus a l l o v e r I n d i a . l4 The c a s t e s a r e t o o numerous t o
allow an indepth a n a l y s i s i n t h e present study.
For a
d e t a i l e d brcalcdown of Cast(?, C a s t e g r o u p s ,and L o c a l i t y i n
which t h e men~ber~s
of e a c h c a s t e a r e m o s t l y f o u n d , t h e
i n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d t o S i r A . Dairies's
Ethnography ( C a s t e s and T r i b e s ) ,
,
14.
S .C.
Dube :
---.I
~ l l a c p.
, 35
Of S i g n i f i c , m c e i s t h e s t o , t i s t i c t h a t t h e c a s t e s w i t h l a r g e r
nluribers abo'lrd "Pongola" x i x , namely, A h i r (16.5 p e r c e n t of
t h e t o t a l number o f passen[;ers on t h i s s h i p ) , Kurmi ( 5 . 5 p e r
c e n t ) , K o r i ( 9 p e r c e n t ) , and R a j p u t ( 4 . 6 p e r c e n t ) a r e m o s t l y
f o u n d i n Upper 1 n d i a 1 5 , which i n c l u d e s t h e a r e a known as
U t t a r Pradesh.
C o n s i d e r i n g l;he f a c t t h a t most o f t h e
Imrnigrmts were b r o u g h t t o work i n p l a n t n t i o p s , i t i s
s u p r i s i n g t o n o t e t h a t most o f t h e s e c a s t e g r o u p s do n o t
b e l o n g t o t h e a : ~ r i c u l t u r a lc l a s s .
F o r example, t h e members
o f t h e A h i r c a s t e a r c c a t t l e - b r e e d e r s , t h e members o f t h e
K o r i c z s t e a r e weavers m d t h o s e b e l o n g i n g t o t h e Rajput a r e
land-oif,mers, o r as S i r B a i n e s c a l l s them, vllanded-dominant".
INTO" X
TABLE 2.6:
-
-
-AlTmf'SIS
-
OF CASTES.
--- --
CASTE
Agambudi j a ( ~ ~ a m u d a i ~ a n * )
Balija
L i n g a B a l i ja
Chetty
Christian
Dhoby
Ediya
Colla
Gounden
Jhyar
Kamma
Kapula
Kapulu
Knkkilar
K apu
K a.unvc7J_i m
Kondatharulu
Kollar
15.
S i r A. Baines:
E t h n o g r a p h y ( C a s t e s and T r i b e s ) , pp.153-165
21
CASTE
Kavarai
Lettigah
nlohamedan
Mus salman
Marava
Mudaliar
Muthriah
Mudaly
Methiga
Naik
Naidu
N a t t an
Odda
Panchama
Pallnr
Potter
Pariah
Palayigam
Pallilu
Reddy
Raju
Raja
Sudra
Salaloo
Sabclu
S e tt i g a d u
Telaga
Telugu
Udyun
V annia
VettdcLar
Vellala
Vaduga
Vaniyan
Yelamalin
W
( a s t e r i s l c ) d e n o t e s as s n e l t i n
S i r A . B a i n e s l E t h n o g r n p l i y ( C a s t e s and T r i b e s ) - s t m a b u r g ,
V . J . T r U e n e r , 1912.
v
-
REASONS lpOR MIGRATION
POSSIBLIi:
I n d i n , i n t h e n i n e t e e n - t h c e n t u r y w a s a vast c o u n t r y w i t h a
p o p u l a t i o n o f many m i l l i o n s .
With t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e
system of indentured labour, thousands of I n d i a n s l e f t t h e i r
homelands t o s e e k " b e t t e r p a s t u r e s t t e l s e w h e r e , a l t h o u g h many
o f them b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e y would e v e n t u a l l y k e t u r n t o t h e i r
places of origin.
A l t h o u g h t h e s e p e o p l e came f r o m v i l l a g e s
a l l o v e r I n d i a , c e r t a i n a r e a s seem t o h a v e h a d a v e r y h i g h
c o n c e , n t r a t i o n of e m i g r a t i o n .
Two s u c h a r e a s o f p a r t i c u l a r
i n t e r e s t a r e t h e Madras P r e s i d e n c y and t h e U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s .
The Madras P r e s i c i e n c y was a vast a r e a s t r e t c h i n g m a i n l y
a l o n g t h e e a s t c o a s t of I n d i a from Ganjam, i n c e n t r a l I n d i a ,
i n t h e s o u t h e r n t i p o f I n d i a . The U n i t e d
t o "evelly,
P r o v i n c e s c o m p r i s e d t h e p r o v i n c e s of Agra and Oudhl and
b e c a n e known as t h e s t a t e of U t t a r P r a d e s h i n 1947.
TABLE 3.1:
?,.I'ONGOLA"
XIX
- FI,.ACES OF O R I G I N
PLACliS
* ~ a
Allahabad
Azamgarh
Bahraich
Benare s
Basti
Burdwan
Baliya ( ~ a l l i a )
B a r a Bxllti
B~xrsilly
Chapra
Chanparan
Durbhanga
Damoh
Etwab
Fatihpur
Fyzabad
1.
P.Spenr:
India:
United Provinces
United Provinces
United Provinces
2
14
22
UnitedProvinces
United Provinces
UnitedProvinces
West D e n e g a l
United Provinces
10
14
33
1
U n i t c d Provinces
Bihnr
Bihar
Bihar
9
10
1
2
1
1
United Provinces
1
1
United Provinces
1
41
A Rodern I I i c t c ~ r y , p.316
_--
24
4
NUMBER
PLAC!<S OF O R I G I N
F a tchpur
Gaya (Gya)
Condn ( R )
Gwnlin ( ~ w a l i o r )
Ghazipur
Gor&pur
IIycic r g n r h
H,?rdoi
Jny~ore
J nunpur
Julandhar
Luckno w
Mozafferpur
llirzapur
P a r t abgrtrh
Patna
Pllulpur
Pilihil
Roz B a r c a l l j r
R a i Bareli
Sarzn
S i tnpur
Sultm p u r
Shahabad
Unao ( ~ n n n o )
Unlcno\vn
2
United Provinces
Bihar
United Provinces
6
24
1
37
United Provinces
United Provinces
6
3
U n i t e d Provinces
R ajast,m
United Provinces
2
2
10
2
United Provinces
Bihnr
United Provinces
9
1
(f
Unite
Bi h a r
United
United
Bihnr
United
rovinces
Provinces
Provinces
,
,
Frovinces
These tivo a r e a s are o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e , f i r s t l y ,
o v e r 77 p e r c e n t of -the p 3 s s e n g e r s o f "Pongolall X I X came
from t h e d i s t r i c t s of t h e U n i t e d ~ r o v i n c e s , w h e r e a s o n l y
1 2 n e r cent c a n e from t h e B i h a r i d i s t r i c t s .
The b a l a n c e o f
t h e p n s s e n c e r s Prom t h i s s h i p came from o t h e r p a r t s o f n o r t h
I n d i a , rn:my of which c o u l d n o t be f o u n d on t h e p r e s e n t l y
n v n i l ~ b l crn:xps.
F u r t h e r , f o r t h e yertr J u l y 1894
June 1895,
-
t h e C a l c u t t a Agent ( f o r ~ a t n l )h a d f o u n d t h e r e c r u i t i n g
s e a s o n v e r y f a v o u r a , b l e . 2 S e c o n d l y , o v e r 95 p e r c e n t of t h e
p n : : s c n g e r s 01llUmzin-to" X w e r e f r o m t h e M a d r a s P r e s i d e n c y .
T h i s may n o t b c s u r p r i s i n g s i n c e t h i s a r e 3 c o m p r i s e s many
p r o v i n c e s ( o r d i s t r i c t s ) , b u t i t would b e , d i f f i c u l t t o
c o n c e n t r a t e o n a p a r t i c u l a r d i s t r i c t as m o s t l o c a l l y
a v a i l a b l e s o u r c e s d e a l w i t h t h e M a d r a s P r e s i d e n c y as a
whole.
O f t h e Madras d i s t r i c t s , N o r t h A r c o t a n d Godavery
43 p e r cent
h a d t h e h i c h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e m i g r a t i o n ;
?nd 1 8 . 4 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
\ m y d i d t h e p e o p l e 01 t h e s e two a r e a s m i g r a t e i n s u c h l a r g e
numbers? What; mnde t h e m l e a v e t h e p l a c e s w h e r e t h e y h a d b e e n
b o r n ,mii b r o u g h t up? The c a u s e a n d e f f e c t o f m i g r a t i o n i s
b e s t e x p l a i n e d b y a c o m b i n a t i o n 01l u p u s h Ma n d " p u l l u f a c t o r s .
The ,area o f o u t - m i g r r z t i o n i s r e g a r d e d as e x e r t i n g a p r e s s u r e
o r '*push1*, w h i l e t h e a r e a 01 i n - m i g r a t i o n a t t r a c t s o r
"pulls"
The i n d i v i d u a l migrant w e i g h s t h e a d v a n t a g e s a n d
~ l i s a d v ~ m t a g eof
s moving and s t a y i n g p u t . 3
.
The f:ictor:; w h i c h i n f l u e l z c e t h e d e c i s i o n t o m i g r a t e a n d t h e
p r o c e s s of m i g r a t i o n may b e s u m m a r i z e d i n a s i m p l e
frameworlc as f o l l o w s : 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Factors associated with the area of origin.
Factors associated with the area of destination.
Intervening factors.
Personal factors.
-
P e o p l e move f o r d i f f e r e n t r e a s o n s
the following
c n t e c o r i e s of f a c t o r s a r e r e g a r d e d as t h e m a i n d e t e m i n m t s : 5
2.
3.
4.
5
R e p o r t of t h e P r o t e c t o r of Immigrants, J u n e 1895,p.A46.
J.0 .LT. B l o c k nnd J . d. Webb? A G e o g r a p h y o f Mankind, p428
F.S.Lee:
' A T h e o r y of M i g r a t i o n ' i n G.T. Denko, e t . a l .
1
(eds.):
P o p u l a t i o n G e o g r a p h y , p.292.
. o r i l l :
The S p a t i a l O r g a n i s a t i o n o r S o c i e t y , p.162.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Natural c a t a s t r o p h e s ( e a r t h q u a k e s , c r o p f a i l u r e s )
Man-made d i s a s t e r s ( w a r , r e v o l u t i o n )
Economic f a c t o r s (unemployment, p o p u l a t i o n p r e s s u r e )
S o c i o c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s ( t h e q u e s t f o r s p i r i t u a l freedom,
t h e a t t r a c t i o n of a m i l d c1irn:ite o r of u r b a n a m e n i t i e s ) .
However t h e f a c t o r s seldom o p e r a t e i n d i v i d u a l l y , a d
n o r m a l l y a c o m b i n a t i o n of f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c e t h e d e c i s i o n t o
move. P o p u l a t i o n mouemento t y p i c a l l y o c c u r i n r e s p o n s e t o
two k i n d s of ~nol;ivn.t;ion- econornic w d s o c i a l . According
t o Morill:
'lMigrri,.tion o f p e o p l e i s l i k e t r a d e i n t h e
s e n s e t h a t if t h e p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n
income o r s a t i s f a c t i o n - t h e v a l u e
d i f f e r e n t i a l - i s p e r c e i v e d as g r e a t e r t h ~ n
t h e economic and s o c i a l c o s t o f moving, t h e n
m i g r a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e . 81 6
It i s n e c e s s a r y t o b r i e f l y e l a b o r a t e o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o u r
m i g r a t i o n s b e c a u s e o f i t s r o l e v t m c e .Lo t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .
If t h e r e i s a l a b o u r s h o r t a g e i n one c o u n t r y , as t h e r e w a s
i n Natal, and s u r p l u s i n o t h e r s , l i k e i n I n d i a , s t r o n g
m i g r a t i o n c u r r c n t s a r c i n i t i a t e d . O f t e n , i f t h e rnovement
i s o v e r a s e n t d i s t m c e , h i g h t r C m s p o r t n t i o n c o s t s , and
t h e home s i t u a t i o n i s p o o r , t h e m i g r a n t s o f t e n t a k e u p
perm=u?ent r e s i d e n c e i n t h e new c o u n t r y . However, i f t h e
r e c e i v i n g country discourages,perr,qnnent s e t t l e m e n t , t h e
worker d e p a r t s f o r a l i m i t e d p e r i o d , d e p e n d i n g o n s p e c i f i c
,
labour contracts. 1
.
I n d i a n e m i g r a t i o n i:: as o l d ns I n d i a n m a r i t i m e e n t e r p r i s e . 8
-
6.
R.1,. M o r i l l : The S p a t i a l Orc.r:l.nioation of S o c i e t y , p.163
7.
8.
Block c m r l J.W. Webb: A G e o ~ r a p h yo f Mankind, pp436
C .Kondapi:
I n d i a n s O v e r s e a s , p. 1.
J.O.M.
I
28
E a r l y I n d i a n e m i g r a t i o n w a s l a r g e l y c u l t u r a l and commercial,
t h e a m b a s s a d o r s o f a g r e a t c i v i l i z a t i o n and r e l i g i o n on'
t r a d e r s i n r a r e commodities.
The e m i g r a t i o n o f modern t i m e s
p r e s e n t s a p a t h e t i c ,md s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t . The modern
emigrs.nt i s an u n l e t t e r e d l a b o u r e r s e t t i n g o u t t o s w e a t and
l i v e o n an a l i e n ' s e s t a t e .
The c a u s e s o f t h e m e t a m o r p h o s i s
a r e m a i n l y e c o n ~ m i c . ~The t r n n ~ f o r m a t i o no f t h e u n r e g u l a t e d
s p o n t a n e o u s rnigrp-tion of I n d i n n a i n t o a n o r g a n i s e d s y s t e m of
10
l a b o u r e x p o r t a l s o v i r t u a l l y depended on t h r e e f a c t o r s .
A demand had t o c o a l e s c e among a g r o u p o f e m p l o y e r s r e q u i r i n g
t h i s , we
t h e s a n e s o r t o f l a b o u r u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s :
have s e e n , a l r e a d y e x i s t e d cmong t h e s u g a r p l a n t e r i n c o l o n i e s
where, u s u a l l y , t h e a f t e r m a t h of s l a v e r y l e f t a n economy
w i t h a c u t e l a b o u r s h o r t a g e s . Means o f s u p p l y h a d t o be
a v a i l a b l e , and t h i s t o o w a s a l r e a d y p r o v i d e d i n t h e network
of European agency h o u s e s i n t h e main p a r t s o f I n d i a .
P i n a l l y , it w a s n e c e s s a r y t h a t any s y s t e m a t i c movement o f
e m i c r a n t s s h o u l d s a t i s f y t h e e t h i c a l ,and e c o n o m i c a l b e l i e f s
of t h e i n d u s t r i a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l m i d d l e c l a s s o f
Brttain.
,
F o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f I n d i a n s , e m i g r a t i o n was n o t a c c e p t e d
as a n a t u r a l p r o c e s s .
So e m i ~ r a t i o nr e l i e d m a i n l y upon
"pushn r a t h e r t h a n w p u l l l l f a c t o r s :
t h e need of people t o
1 unbearable situo.tion.
The emigrcants
o b t a i n r e l i e f from a
came m a i n l y from t h e most over-crowded a,.;ricultural"dic;tricts
o f I n d i a , where c r o p f a i l u r e c o u l d p l u n g e s e c t i o n s o f a
v i l - l a g e conmunity i n t o n e a r .std$a%ion.ll It. muset be b o r n e
i n mind t h a t w h i l e t h e f a c t o r s c r e a t i n g t h e wtpushlla f f e c t
t h e whole of I n d i a o r c e r t a i n p a r t s of I n d i a , t h e y were
a l s o o p e r a t i v e i n t h e U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s ,and t h e Madras
P r e s i d e n c y . Where p o s s i b l e , t h e f a c t o r s have b e e n s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s e two n r e n s .
9.
10.
11.
C. Kondapi:
Indicciis O v e r s e a s , pp. 1-2.
H. Tinker:
A New Syntf'm o f S l n v e r y , p.61.
I b i d : pp. 110-119.
-
The Industrial Revolution
~ 1 the
0
development of large-
scale production in Europe had their repercussions on the
existing social economy. Besides attempts at the
exploitation of the colonies already acquired for the
supply of raw materials for production and markets for the
consumption of manufactured goods, the mercantile and
industrial capitalism led to a acr,unble amongst the
European Povrers for territories.12 The capitalist countries
had vast territories and capital, but their manFower was
not equal to the requirements. Further, as shovin in the
first chapter, the abolition of slavery in the British
Empire in 1033 reopened the problem. An t h o free native
labour could not be secured, m d white labour was out of
question because of climate reasons, the British settlers
w.a.nted to adopt the indenture ayntembd the colonial
governments were impelled to explore other avenues of labour
supply such as 1ndia.13~hcBritish Indim Government did
not examine all aspects of the indentured Indian emigration
before a green signal because the Governor-General of
India, Lord AucklLmd, was a friend of Andrew Corvill who
needed labour for his large sugar farm.14
Indizn economy could not escape the fateful effects of the
Industri~lRevolution in England. --..
The industrial and
cormnercial needs of England necessitated the transformation
of India from a manufacturine power to that of a market
for the sup~)lyof raw materials and the consumption of
British manufactures.l5 In order to understand this, it
must be recalled that during the seventeenth and eighteenth
century, India had supplied the markets of Asia and Europe
with a number of manufactured goods. Nearly all the
industries were domestic occupations and simple crafts of
the village homlets. Spinning and weaving which constituted
-
-
12.
13.
14.
15.
-
C. Kondapi: Indirlns Overseas, p.2.
Ibid. p.2.
Dr. J . C. Jhn: 'Indentured 1ndin.nMis:ction' in
Journal of Indim History, Volume XLVIII, p.:
C.
xondnpi:
Indinns
- .
Ovcr::nas,
P.2.
a g r e a t n a t i o n a l i n d u s t r y g a v e emp1.oymen-L t o m i l l i o n s
16
i r r e s p e c t i v e of a l l c a s t e considerations.
I n d i a f l o o d e d t h e B r i t i s h m a r k e t s w i t h h e r goods:
petitions
w e n t up t o t h e B r i t i s l i P a r l i a m e n t t h a t s u c h i m p o r t s w e r e
destructive t o the
B r i t i s h Industry.
The B r i t i s h
Government r e p o n d e d w i t h h e a v y c u s t o m d u t i e s a n d
p r o h i b i t i o n on Indian manufactures.
Thus, g e n e r a l l y
speaking, B r i t i s h t r a d e p o l i c y with I n d i a followed t h e broad
principles17 accepter1 by a l l European c o u n t r i e s at t h a t
The s e c o n d
time.
The m o s t i m p o r t c a n t w a s t r a d e monopoly.
w a s t h e r e g u l a t i o n 01f o r e i g n t r n d e f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f
B r i t i s h home i n d u s t r i e s , w i t h m e a s u r e t o s u p p l y t h e s e
i n d u s t r i e s wi-tli t l i e i r r a w m a t e r i a l s .
The t h i r d p r i n c i p l e
w a s t h a t o n b a l a n c e e a c h b r a n c h of f o r e i g n t r n d e b r o u g h t
Eminent
i n t o t h e c o u n t r y more w e a l t h t h , m i t t o o k o u t .
w r i t e r s , b o t h I n d i a n 'and B r i t i s h , h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e
I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n i n E n g l a n d w a s i t s e l f "a c o n s e q u e n c e
o f t h e p l u n d e r e d w e a l t h o f I n d i a t ' . l8 T h u s t h e i n t e n t i o n
and e f f e c t of t h e B r i t i s h p o l i c y on I n d i a w a s " t o change
t h e w h o l e f a c e of t h a t i n d u s t r i a l c o u n r y i n o r d e r t o
r e n d e r i t a f i e l d o f t h e p r o d u c e of c r u d e m a t e r i a l s
s u b s e r v i e n t t o t h e rnaluf n c t u r e a o f Greal; B r i t a i n t t ,I9 m d
l e d t o t h e d e c l i n e of h a n d i c r a f t s , f o r c i n g t h e I n d i a n s
t o t u r n t o t h e i r a l r e a d y overworked
land.
The B r i t i s h m a n u f a c t u r e r h a d
o f p o l i t i c a l i n j u s t i c e t o k e e p down
a c o m p e t i t o r w i t h whom h e coulcl n o t
o n e q u a l t e r m s u . 20
p.3.
16.
Ibid.,
17.
S i r G. D u n b a r :
18.
I!?.
20.
and h i g h l y p o p u l a t e d
" e m p l o y e d t h e am
and u l t i m a t e l y s t r a n g l e
hzive c o n t e n t e d
A H i s t o r y of I n d i a fr,om t h e E a r l i e s t
t i m e s t o N i n e t e e n t h 'L1hirty-Nine, p. 217.
R.C. Majumdar ( e t . r r 1 . ) : An Advnnced H i s t o r y o f I n d i a ,
1 7 n r t 111, p.811.
L e t t e r quotecl i n R . Dutt:
The Econolnic H i s t o r y o f I n d i a
i n t h e V i c t o r i < z u Age, p.256
C. Kondspi:
I n d i n n s O v e r s e a s , p.3.
T:IBLE 3.2.
-
:
"UM:<INTO"
North Arcot
South Arcot
Ana1.1; a p u B a n g a l or e
Chingleput
- PTJACICS
--
0 F' O R I G I N .
Madras P r e s i d e n c y ( tamil
district)
Madras P r e s i d e n c y ( T a r n i 1
District)
Madras Y r e s i d e n c y ( T a m i 1
District)
Madras P r e s i d e n c y
Madras P r e s i d e n c y
Orissa
Madras P r e s i d e n c y
Nizams Dominion
Nizams Dominion
Coirnbntore
Cuddapah
Gan j am
Goadavery
Hyedrabad
K i st n : ~
Kolar
Madras
Madura
X
I
*
Madras P r e s i d e n c y ( t : u n i l
District)
Madras P r e s i d e n c y ( T a . m i l
District)
Madras P r e s i d e n c y ( t a m i 1
District)
Nellore
Salem
Trichinopoly
Tuni
Vellore
Vizagapatam
lrladras P r e s i d e n c y ( T a m i 1
District)
Madras P r e s i d e n c y ( T a n i 1
District)
Madras P r c s i d e n c y ( T a m i 1
District)
Madras Presicierrcy
Mndras P r e s i d e n c y