i7 bY Jos c } A Gal l e gos A pr opos al f or t herevision of c hr onos t r at i gr aphi c nom encl at ure A, 、 ・ 、i s ed t (, l l l i l l ol og}厂 ‘ , ,ge ol ogi cal col l s,‘, 、 , ‘ 、and pc r i o d} I s pr o po s ( 〔 / .I t, ‘ 、s i t g ge s i e d t ha t t he i i ame‘ 。 /I he v oul l ges / Col l , t he I ' l l al l er o' - pi c, i s 1 - cl ai l l ed t oget her wi l h pal c ( ) 一I M、 ( ) 一: I n d) , ‘ ・ ‘ ) 一h e f oi e I h e n a ni c Pr oi c r o l - O i ci odc I t i l e c a ch o I t i l e t hr e e di f l ' c t e nt c r a s i i i t h a t c on. Th i s, 、[ l ot s a t i s t a } et or } f r oi l l: , l i n - 21 ' 1 1 s t i c poi nt ol l \ . l ow i t s t hr ee Cr as 八deo- oi c, Mes oz oi c wi d Cenozoi c. 7oi r al FL I r I hCI _ , t i l e WI - I l l PI - OI CI - O/Oi C i, COI _ I _ Ckt t i %C( ) } 、Pal eozoi c ( ai l d N les o- /ok.and Cem) 一 / 01 C) Ni l i s "01 consi si cni . wi t h I ti f ncr o7oi c abol l dol l mew ‘ , /t he l er ms孙1 - 1 1 an, al l d口i t at er ne, 二,; . 、 ' I ’ h e s a i l l e a ppl i es t o t i l e l e i - I I I Ar c h e an whi c h i s i n c on s i } t ci i l A i t h al l I (col l i l l i el l ded. T - or t he ol de st coi l s and t hei r er as ' t er i l l s ol r c ad Y us e d b Y s e v e r al aut h oi 、ar e pr o po s e d( 、 、 i t h 「 、 ‘ , , , , ‘ ・‘hal l " "cs t o t he t ol , , ,ot ' si l . lUes) f . Pr opos al s‘ , , 、/ I t s- ot her cons . I n i t s I ' dNour howex cl - i s I I l e t ' * I l ct I h aI i t i s】 之 之 星 I I i I i ar } haI i m- , h e el l L l , ! . C ( I l o t I l Ml l y C I C C Z I C I C ' , i l l t h OL WI I i t s 1 - di l - l l e I MS bC C l l ex t en d e d ft i i - t her and I ' ar t hei back i l l l i t t l e. ( Wi l mar l h, 1 925} St ockAcI 1 , 1 964: 11 川 and, 1 975} James. 1 979} Bat es and J ack, , oi l . 1 980) . l i ie f d o i l ph i l ol o gi c al gr omi ds t ak bi g i n i o ac c o ma t he , , , ‘ , / ‘ , , . s l ag e s, , ,t h e e whi t i o l l ‘ , /pl an t s , a l l i l l i al s al l d t hc Hi l a l l y, a t i c l i t i o l l l i a" ,‘ ( )h e山i l " [ 1 1 ( )i n c ol l " . i s t el l c y i l l t i l e us e。 ) ( 山C S U I T i N一 , 。i l l t i l e n a l l i c s l ot - c o ms , a nd c l a " ( mi d pe r i od s of ' t h e L' al - 1 / 1 i t sel 2 . o f ' I l i e S C C a t e o I o r i e s i l l or d er t o f a c i I i I a t e t I I c i de l l I i I i cz l I i o i l of t h e 1 C \ C I i n t h e l i ci r a i c hy of 、 t e r ms . Li mi t i ng i t s L i w[ ( ) t i l e n a l l i e "( ) {C L } I S WOU l d h e p r e l c r a bl e t o w s i l l L , i t l or c ol l s s i l l c c 1 1 1 i " , X k ol l i d i l l \ ol \ ' C山C I c s s ' c l Introducti on nuni hei o1 ' chan, Lc, , . Si n c e山。e n d、 ) 】t i l e j a s t c e nt i l j . ). s t i - a t i g - r ap he r s h a ve a i med川 t i l e e s t a bl i s hi l i c l i t of: 、L l l l l \ C l - 1 , } d 1 1 01 1 1 CI ) CL I t Ul e f oi c hr on os t r a t i g r a ph N , t o l C I ) I d C C t i l e pl - 0 1 1 1 C L : l t i o ) l l of S } ' 1 1 01 1 \ 1 1 1 01 1 1 , 01 - l l l ot - C - oi - - I c s " - C ( l L l i \ ' , I l c l l t I CI - 1 1 1 ' , } kl l i d) 1 W\C hCCl l L I SCd川 t i l e i nt er nat i onal l i t er at 川℃ 八【W,(ol l " - r e s s ol] 9 89 , Th e I l i t cl - l i a l i on al Comm i s s i on oi l St i at i L r a phi c NOl l l C 1 1 CI d l L l l - C a g r e e d a pr o pos a l t h a t [ ( ), I c l i i c % c [ 1 1 1 C ` } , C } 1 1 1 1 1 S } ld f f i l l ' , 1 1 1 L I S 1 he t i l e p oi nt of ' l eF el - c l i c e t o[ - co l i t i l l u e d d i s - C L 1 1 , S l ol l . Hok } e\ c r - t a ki ng p l l i l ol o g} i nt o a c c ou nt , i t i s i m opi l l i on t ha t t he( 一 ( ) I I 1 1 1 l i s s i ol l h a s op t e d f or I c s s - a pp r op r i a l e i c r m, , t h a n a f t e r - I M M ' e. s. 一 ‘ ’ l i e } l i l l l o f t hi " pa p e, 一 Whi c h 1 01 1 OV I S d i , C US ' , 1 01 1 i l l t i l e }I ) Z l l l ki l Gc ol oOc a l So ci e t \ of ' sp a l l i O一 1 MI L ' L i a g e c hi - on os t r a t i g i - a phi c t er mi - n ol o, , } - -i s t o c ol ki b or a t c i l l t hi s t a s k h} , p l r 一 ( o ) P p ( o ) 、 s i I ng: 、F I C W 1 1 1 01 ' e C ol l - } l s t c nt l er l l l i l l ol o} - , Y. E ' l l i ph as i s i s " ' ke l l t o ( t i e i l a ni c s f or c or l s , Cr a" , and per i ods . Mes ozoi c Cr a) . I t WOUI L I s cei l l conveni ent t o l i mi t i l l , Us e t o OWN Me Peri ods nom encl ature Ti l C l - C i s91 一 c: l t cl 一 L i l l I I ' 01 - 1 1 l i t v r e ga r di m, t h e n ami ng , of pe r i od" . Ho} \ - e\ , el - . t i l e st l 日、\ i ( i s J OL I F I L I川 thr ee di l - f er ent l evc卜:f or t he de l l on l i n a t i o n of c oi l s , Cr a s } I l l d C e r t a i n I ) C I - i Od S ( Tr i a, , ` 1 C , . 1 1 - 1 1 - a s S i C . b ut not Cr C t a Ci C) . ThC ( Cr i n Qua t e r na r y, i s i nh er i t e d f r o nt ( l i e ( 川I C "he l l t he I ' l l a l l c r i voi c h a d f ou r er a s an d. } , I r i Cl l y s f ) C a ki l l `. } u nl } l h e ohsol ct o Pr opos ed c hange s Eons-change of prehx I t ( l i e u s e( ) 【Ph al l e , 一 、 voi c l ot t h e r uo, . t i ec c r i t c o n i s a c c ep t e d, t h e n mor e C ol l ms i c i l l n a l ne s l ot - t i l e I } k o C ar l i el c o i l s a r e(1 - i - 1 1 1 ol - l ow ai l d 八三(刀‘’ Th e l ei i l l Phaner ozoi c r el at es t o t he L i bUndant and \ar i cd f ossi I The pr e s ent s i t uat i on a nnua l r cr ua i ns } i t s e e ms Cl e川 h e r ef or e 一 t ha 曰h e n a ni c of t h e f i r e % i - Eons and eras nom encl ature OUS Col l S hOUl d r ef l ect ( I l e l ack of f o ) s si l 1 - C1 1 l ai l l S ( Wi t l I OL I t I OCUS61 1 1 Oi l t he reas ons t o] - i t ) . Thi s i s bet i cl expr ess ed wi t h t i l e pr ef i x{, 一 、 Pl o- ,i S n c e t i l e I n t e r n a t i o ) na l Cong r e s s i n Bol ogn e( 1 881 ) ,r e s e a r c h er s h a \ e wo r ke d oi l t h e s y s t e r n a t i s a l i on Of s t r a t i g r a phi c 1 1 01 1 1 el I C l a t L i r e b ut t i l e I VOI ) O1 , 1 2 d d r d us e d u an I CS} : : 。 、 ℃h e e l ) \ Cr y v a r i c d a n d r e r n ar k - a bl e d i l f i CU l t i es ha v e a r i s e n p r ev e n t i n g t he r e a ch i n- of ge n er al l y a cc ep t e d a (r , e c r ne n t ( l o t , ex a mpl e : Ge or g e a nd o t h er s , i W } Van Evs i n, , a , 1 97 5} l i e dbe r - } 1 976} J a ni e s , 1 97 9} Ha r l a n d a n d ot h e r s 1 990) . FU r t hcr di fi cul t i es have arken \ Ahen aner nf l i s hjve been i nade [ ( )cor r el a t e success i ons bet ween cont i nent s(Kel l er , 1979, f or RL I S- s i a} Wan g a nd I JU, 1 98 0, f o r Chi n a } Coa t s , 1 981 、Ru t l a n d a n d ot h- e r s . 1 981 ,Hal l be i - a nd Gl i ks on , 1 9NI ,l or Au s t r ai i a } Ke nt a n d H U1 0}! ` 978, Bul l on and ot her s , ) 98 1,Ni s bet and ot her s. 1 981 、l ot Af r i c a : Edwa r ds a n d Fo yn. 1 9 8 1 , f o r I - e n os ca n di a) . Hus s i t u a t i on i s cl e a r l y r ef l e c t e d i n t h e l a s t c om p i l a t i on by Van F } I s i nI -, 川 98 7) , v , h e r e t h l e di f f e r e nt na r ne s us e d a r e l i s t e d, a n d i n t he C ompi l at i o j n a} _ ' ( C e d by t h e l ( : GS i n 1 9 89 ( ( , owi c an d Ba s s e t . 1 98 9) RC _ - } I r d i n -山c _ na i ne s c h o ) s e n f or c o ns an d cr as . t h e l a s t me nt i on e d compi l at i on ( t oes not s eer n t o have achi c\cd si t ni cl ent Col l si st el l c\ . / %i t a t t empt t o i n i p r ov e i na t t er s i s j ua de by i n t r od u ci ng t h e pr ef i x e s I } - p i } o dc. s , V《 ) /I7.l i e ) .、 } 1 1 - oi l l t i l eG1 - e e l } wo ) r d Hi c al l i l l g I c on c e al ed. Sni i i l a r l }- i t ' L i n ol de r c on i s di S t i l l - } , L l i S h e d. i t s d es i o 1 n a t i o n s hO L l 1 I d b c ba s e d o i l t h e s a me C r i t c - r i on, t i l e exi s t ence or non- exi st enc e of ani ni al s. The l er m Az oi c i s pr o po s e ( ] a s i t cxp r c. } S c s Cl e a r l y t hi s i dc a , wi t h t h e n eg a t i v e pr ef i x一 ‘ I ( al s o t 。 一 ( mi l Gr eek) . A di f f er en t qU C S t i O l l i s : wha t a r e t h e - L - c oc hr on oi ne t r i c l i mi t s t o t h e s e e or l s , p a r t i c ul a r l y t h e ea r l i e s t ' ? W1 1 1 1 01 i t 1 1 1 1 . 1 c h di f iC f U l t y, i t C a l l h e mai nt a i n e d t h a t t h e Az o i c cr i d ed 2 50 0 mi l l i on ye a r s a g o. On t h e ot he r ha n d. i t i s Y ) Ot S a l i S f a C l Ol V 1 0 S U"L I C 、 曰h a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e A/ oi c Eo i l c oi n c i de d wi t h t h e h co i n ni n, of t h e pl a n e t i n cl Udi l l " t h e p ha s c of ' e ar l y de v el op me nt wh e n t h e pl ar i e t N Aa s e s s e nt i a l l y lui f d, Thi s mi gh t be c on s i d er e d as a n e r a } xi t h i n t h e Az oi c . hU t t hi s f i r s t s t a g I e o f t he pl a n ei ' s以ol ut i ( ) 门h a s: ,V e r y s m9Wa r ch a r a c t e r i s t i c . I t C l i de d wi t h t he a pp e al U r i c c O f 1 1 1 0 s ol i d c r us t whi c h c ou l d be c ons i de r e d C q Ua l i n i mp or t a n c e t o t h e a pp e a r a nc e o fl i f e . I t i s l og i ca l t he r e f o r e t o Cl e\at Q i t t o t i l e St at US 01 ' al l Con f oi whi ch t he t er m G(0, }CMC 1 1 . , pr o- pos cC l . I t s t emp or a l l i mi t s、 、 o ul d h e ix f e d b } t h e Pl a n et b ec o mi n g a t ) e n t i l y i n t he s ol a r s ys t e ni . a n d hv t h e a pp ea r an c e of t he f i r s t c ol i t i l l u - OL I S Cr US1 , i ndependent l y of ' t he abs ol ut e dal es ass i - , med t o t hes e 58 Tab l e I Eons and e r as . The nome n c l at ur e of I UGS( 19 S9 ) c ompar e d wi t h t he pr o po s al s i n t hi s p ape r ( ne w t e r ni ss hown i n bo l dt y pe ) . Thi s pr opos al I UGS ( Cowi e and Basscu, 1 989) Fr a一 Fr at hei n Fol l 一Fol ithem Ge ochr onomet r y M a BP Foi l一 Eont hem Cenozoi c M es ozoi c Fr a一 Fr at hem Cenozoi c Phancr o/oi c Phanerozoon P. 1 1 cozoi c M esozoi c Pal eozoi c 570 Neopr ot e r ozoi c Mes opi - ot e l - oz oi c Pal copr ot cr oz oi c !f) () () Crypt oz oon Prot erozoi c 1 600 Mes ophyt i c Pal e ophy t i c Pr ot e rophyt i c - ' ) 5 0 0 Ar chcan Azoon Ar che ophyt i c Geoge non Ge oge ni c 4000 Tab l e 2 Pe r i o ds o ft he Phane r o z oi c ( i t e m , t e r ms i n b ol d t y pe ) . us e d f o r t h e n ames of ' c r a s . i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o in f d a n ot he , 一 w: L yt o ) ( I i S _ t i nLL I i Sh COns . kr a 一F1 1 - at hem 尸cr i od一Svst cI I I I I I o r de , 一 t o k e e p c h a ng e s t o t h e mi ni t num, i t i s pr op os c d 1 k ) c on- 1 1 1 1 L I C t hC us e ot ' Gr cck t Cl - 1 1 1 S wi t h ani mal C01 1 1 1 M M01 I S } t S S L I I ' I ' i xc, , hut wi t h c hmwc - s i n t he t o r m. ] I i s pr op os e d t h a t t h e a dj e c t i va l cn c l i n g - i c (' Cl i o/oi c t l ( 山) gei l e NCOgel l e Pal e m, Ie ne I , , l epl a ce d h\一 ( M. Co ) l l si S t Cl I t Ol t Wi t h t hC MI MC 01 t he SUht l i } r i S o ) , i t s el f c 0h.I ' ( ) , - t he il f s t e o n, \ N hi c h i nc l u c i c s t h e t i me wh e n t he pl a n c t } k a s h e c omi na a n cn t i t \ bU t h a d n ot d ev el op e d: , ha r d C RI s L i f i s p 1 _ 0p 0' , C d t O e I I I PI O } ' } I S L I I T i X c on n ot i ng , or i gi n h U t mo di l i c d t o i na k e i t s i mi l a r t o t h e ot h e r e on n ame s . Th e s uf ti x一 留 ‘ ・ ] 1 ( ) 川 、pr op os c o - 1 . Coi nhi ni n, - , pr e- l i X CS } I n d S L I I ' I i X C, , t h e CO I I S ] WH I C' , I l - 01 1 1 W1 1 1 1 2 C s t 1 0 AdC s t a l _ C : C ret aci c M CS ( ) /( ) I C T riassi c Per mi an Pal cozoi c Phul l cr o, - ool l〔r 1 pl ol - Pon,人-t wi l , Geogel l ol l . J Ur assi c Carboni feran t )C\ r O ) j j i } I I I Si l uri m) Or c l ovi ci mi (muhri an Eras Re- a r di m, t h e muni m, ot c i as . t h e p r op os a l s i na d e h cr c a r e as C o l l - s i s t en t a s po s s i bl e wi t h t he t r a di 6o na l t e r ms al r e a dV Us e d } ld f C O I I - no t e pa l e on t ol og i c a l S i t L K I t i O1 I S a c c o r di n g t o t h e } I C C J I . I ue d kn o' A l e d- C ( e. ( , . Va n Fv s i nL a , 1 98 7) . Some Ph a n er oz o on c r a s h a v e h e e n n a me d a c c or d i n- t o ( l i e e v o- l u t i on a t v l e ve l s of 一 a ni mal s( 〔OU) 一 ,M( 、 ‘ ).Po l / c ( ) 一 : M( ) .A l o- i c al de v el opmen t of ' t h i s s ys t e m woul d h e t o e x t e n d i t ha c k wa r d i n t i me U S . i u} " S i nl i k I ‘ 一p r e ix f es wh i c h i n di c a t c 2 1 ] ' C at f a 1 1 1 i ( I L 1 i t N a nd I C S S C I CV01 1 . 1 t i Onal - Y or a dc.『 I 一 h e t ei - ni Pr ot er ( ) 一(I ' r om t he Gr eek v vor d mean- i nL , ol d er山an , o r pr e vi ou s t o) i s a h - Ca C I N us e d i n CU I T e ut S } I S WMS a t t he con l evel . I t i s cl ear t hat t he names of cons s houl d he di s t i nct f r ont t hose ol Anot l i c i c h oi c e n i m - di t be t h e U t i l i S a t i Ou Of ' 1 h C C \01 1 1 60 1 1 J I } , g ! r 之 a l dc e ( o ) t f 、 ' pl 毛 a t 犷 n I t % s 1 r 飞 a l l t l l i c l i 一 t h a n an nna l 、一 I " hi S N AOU l d h av e t h e a d\ an t a - , , e ol ' ma ki ng i t c as } t o di S t i l l ' L l i s h c ons an d c r a s . I t ' \ , \ e c on s i de r [ h e t e r m Pha ne r oz ooi i Cq Ui va l e nt t o a p os s i bl e Ce m) p 1 ml i (( , ( )na me d b e c au s e t h e l i r s t V a S CU I al - pl an t s , t h e mos t ev ol v e d, a p pc a i - c c l i n t h e i nf e r i or Pa l c oz oi c) t h e c r a P I - C\ i on s t o t h e P al e o z oi c, t h e l a s t( ) !t h e ( A - Y pt OZ OO 1 1 C oul d b e de , . , i gn a t ed t h e Me s o phoi ( o t h e r t c n i p or a l di vi s i on s i n or de r t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e r c c og ni t i on ol ' t h e p os i t i on of 、 ea ch i n t h e n omen c l a t ur a l h ei r a r c hv. 1 1 ' t he s u f f i x一 ; ‘i s be el i mi nat ed t hen i t ni i Lht he bes t pi - cs ei - vec l by r est r i ct i m, i t s us e t o c \ c nt s . Ac c or c l i m 1 , ( 0 C UI TC 1 1 t \i e ws , t h e t i ou 1 r c s a i c a r ou nd 460 0- 4 50 0 mi l l i on ye a r s l ot - t he b eg i nni n g of [ l i e c on ( a n d of t h e pl an c t ) and 4000 mi l l i on N ' car s F or i t s end. Chan ge o f s uf ix It ' the t erm Pr oterozoi c has becom e so entre nched that i t cannot Nepl ember/,,甲 59 t he e r a l e ve l a nd c ons i d e r i ng i t a s s yn on ym o f Mes o phy t i c ( be g i n - n i n g 1 0 00 mi l l i on y e a r s a go ) . Ev e n t ua l l y t he be s t s o l u t i on woul d b e t o a ba ndo n t h e na me Pr o t e r oz o i c a l t o ge t he r b ut i t i s a c kn owl e d ge d t ha t t hi s mi g ht b r i n g c on f us i on a t ir f s t . Pr e c e ed i n g t he Me s op hy t i c wou l d be t he Pal e o phy t i c Er a , c ha r - a c t e r i s e d b y t h e e x i s t e nc e of pr i mi t i v e p l a n t s ( e q ui v a l e n t t o t he Mes o pr ot e r oz o i c of Co wi e a n d Ba s s e t t , 1 98 9 a nd e x t e nd i n g f r om 1600 t o 1000 M a) . Geor g e, T N, and ot her s, 1 967, Th e s t r at i gr aphi c al code -r epor t oft h e s t r a t i gr a phi ca l c ode Su bc ommi t t ee: Pr oce edi ngs of t he Geol ogi c al Soci et y of London, 1 638, pp. 75-87. Gi g n o u x , M, 1 9 6 0, G6 o l o g i e S t r a t i g r a p h i q u e : Ma s s o n , P a r i s . Ha l l be r g , J A. a n d Gl i k s o n , A J , 1 98 1 , Ar c h a e a n g r a ni t e - g r e e n s t o n e t e r r a n e s of N Aus t r a l i a, i n Hunt e r , D R, Pr eca mbr i an of t he S He mi s phe r e: El sevi er. Am st er dam. Ha r l and, W B. and ot her s, 1 967, Th e f os s i l r ec or d: Geol ogi ca l Soci e t y of London Har l a nd, W B. and ot her s , 1 990, A ge ol ogi c t i me s ca l e: Cambr i dge Uni ver s i t y Pr es s. Har r i s , A L, and ot her s , 1 975, A c or r e l a t i on of Pr eca mbr i a n r oc ks i n t he Br i t i s h I s l es: Geol ogi cal Soc i et y of London: Spe ci al Repor t , no. 6. Hedbe r g, H D, 1 976, I nt er na t i ona l s t r at i gr aphi c gui de: Wi l e y, New Yor k. Hol l a nd, C H, a nd ot he r s, 1 978, A gui d e t o s t r a t i gr aphi ca l pr oce dur e: Geol ogi c al Soc i et y of London: Spe ci al Repor t , no. 11 . Fi na l l y, t h e ol d es t e r a o f t he Cr i p t oz o on i s de s i g na t ed t he Pr o- t e r o ph y t i c c h ar a c t e r i s e d by t he mo s t p r i mi t i ve eu ka r y ot i c pl a nt s ( eq ui va l e nt t o t h e Pa l e op r ot e r oz oi c f r om 25 00 t o 1 6 00 Ma ) . The Az oon Eon wou l d ha v e on l y on e e r a wh i c h, a cc or di ng t o t he c r i t e r i a a l r ea dy us e d , wou l d be t e r me d Ar c he o ph yt i c c o r r es po nd - i ng t o t he a p pe a r a n c e o f t he ir f s t l i f e on t h e p l a n e t . I t wo ul d be g i n a t 4000 M a and end at 2000 M a. 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