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est
r
i
ct
i
m, i
t
s us
e t
o
c
\
c
nt
s
.
Ac
c
or
c
l
i
m
1
,
(
0 C
UI
TC
1
1
t
\i
e
ws
,
t
h
e t
i
ou
1
r
c
s a
i
c a
r
ou
nd 460
0-
4
50
0 mi
l
l
i
on ye
a
r
s l
ot
-
t
he b
eg
i
nni
n
g of
[
l
i
e c
on (
a
n
d of
t
h
e pl
an
c
t
)
and 4000 mi
l
l
i
on N
'
car
s F
or i
t
s end.
Chan
ge o
f
s
uf
ix
It
' the t
erm Pr
oterozoi
c has becom e so entre
nched that i
t cannot
Nepl
ember/,,甲
59
t
he e
r
a l
e
ve
l
a
nd c
ons
i
d
e
r
i
ng i
t a
s s
yn
on
ym o
f Mes
o
phy
t
i
c (
be
g
i
n
-
n
i
n
g 1
0
00 mi
l
l
i
on y
e
a
r
s a
go
)
.
Ev
e
n
t
ua
l
l
y t
he be
s
t
s
o
l
u
t
i
on woul
d b
e
t
o a
ba
ndo
n t
h
e na
me Pr
o
t
e
r
oz
o
i
c a
l
t
o
ge
t
he
r b
ut
i
t
i
s a
c
kn
owl
e
d
ge
d
t
ha
t
t
hi
s
mi
g
ht
b
r
i
n
g c
on
f
us
i
on a
t ir
f
s
t
.
Pr
e
c
e
ed
i
n
g t
he Me
s
op
hy
t
i
c wou
l
d
be t
he Pal
e
o
phy
t
i
c Er
a
,
c
ha
r
-
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
e
d b
y t
h
e e
x
i
s
t
e
nc
e of
pr
i
mi
t
i
v
e p
l
a
n
t
s (
e
q
ui
v
a
l
e
n
t
t
o t
he
Mes
o
pr
ot
e
r
oz
o
i
c of Co
wi
e a
n
d Ba
s
s
e
t
t
,
1
98
9 a
nd e
x
t
e
nd
i
n
g f
r
om
1600 t
o 1000 M a)
.
Geor
g
e,
T N,
and ot
her
s,
1
967,
Th
e s
t
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c
al code
-r
epor
t oft
h
e
s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
a
phi
ca
l c
ode Su
bc
ommi
t
t
ee:
Pr
oce
edi
ngs of t
he Geol
ogi
c
al Soci
et
y of London,
1
638,
pp.
75-87.
Gi
g
n
o
u
x
,
M,
1
9
6
0,
G6
o
l
o
g
i
e S
t
r
a
t
i
g
r
a
p
h
i
q
u
e
:
Ma
s
s
o
n
,
P
a
r
i
s
.
Ha
l
l
be
r
g
,
J A.
a
n
d Gl
i
k
s
o
n
,
A J
,
1
98
1
,
Ar
c
h
a
e
a
n g
r
a
ni
t
e
-
g
r
e
e
n
s
t
o
n
e t
e
r
r
a
n
e
s
of N Aus
t
r
a
l
i
a, i
n Hunt
e
r
,
D R, Pr
eca
mbr
i
an of t
he S He
mi
s
phe
r
e:
El
sevi
er. Am st
er
dam.
Ha
r
l
and,
W B.
and ot
her
s,
1
967,
Th
e f
os
s
i
l r
ec
or
d:
Geol
ogi
ca
l Soci
e
t
y of
London
Har
l
a
nd,
W B.
and ot
her
s
,
1
990,
A ge
ol
ogi
c t
i
me s
ca
l
e:
Cambr
i
dge
Uni
ver
s
i
t
y Pr
es
s.
Har
r
i
s
,
A L, and ot
her
s
,
1
975,
A c
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on of Pr
eca
mbr
i
a
n r
oc
ks i
n t
he
Br
i
t
i
s
h I
s
l
es:
Geol
ogi
cal
Soc
i
et
y of London:
Spe
ci
al
Repor
t
,
no.
6. Hedbe
r
g,
H D,
1
976,
I
nt
er
na
t
i
ona
l s
t
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c gui
de:
Wi
l
e
y,
New Yor
k.
Hol
l
a
nd,
C H,
a
nd ot
he
r
s,
1
978,
A gui
d
e t
o s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
aphi
ca
l pr
oce
dur
e:
Geol
ogi
c
al
Soc
i
et
y of London:
Spe
ci
al
Repor
t
,
no.
11
.
Fi
na
l
l
y,
t
h
e ol
d
es
t
e
r
a o
f t
he Cr
i
p
t
oz
o
on i
s de
s
i
g
na
t
ed t
he Pr
o-
t
e
r
o
ph
y
t
i
c c
h
ar
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
e
d by t
he mo
s
t
p
r
i
mi
t
i
ve eu
ka
r
y
ot
i
c pl
a
nt
s
(
eq
ui
va
l
e
nt
t
o t
h
e Pa
l
e
op
r
ot
e
r
oz
oi
c f
r
om 25
00 t
o 1
6
00 Ma
)
.
The Az
oon Eon wou
l
d ha
v
e on
l
y on
e e
r
a wh
i
c
h,
a
cc
or
di
ng t
o
t
he c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a a
l
r
ea
dy us
e
d
,
wou
l
d be t
e
r
me
d Ar
c
he
o
ph
yt
i
c c
o
r
r
es
po
nd
-
i
ng t
o t
he a
p
pe
a
r
a
n
c
e o
f t
he ir
f
s
t
l
i
f
e on t
h
e p
l
a
n
e
t
.
I
t wo
ul
d be
g
i
n a
t
4000 M a and end at 2000 M a.
Re
ga
r
d
i
ng t
h
e t
e
r
m Qua
t
e
r
na
r
y,
t
h
e
r
e a
r
e n
o a
r
gu
me
nt
s
f
or
i
us
-
if
f
yi
ng i
t
s c
on
t
i
n
ue
d us
e a
t
t
he e
r
a l
e
ve
l
a
n
d l
i
t
t
l
e l
o
gi
c i
n i
t
s us
e a
t
t
he s
ys
t
e
m a
nd pe
r
i
o
d l
e
v
e
l
s
i
nc
e t
h
e a
ba
nd
on
me
nt
of t
he l
ong
-
go
ne
Pr
i
ma
r
y a
nd Se
c
o
nd
a
r
y an
d t
he r
e
l
e
ga
t
i
o
n of Te
r
t
i
a
r
y t
o i
nf
o
r
ma
l
s
t
a
t
us (
Cowi
e and Bass
et
t
,
1989)
.
Sy
s
t
e
ms a
nd pe
r
i
ods
The s
i
t
ua
t
i
on r
e
g
a
r
di
ng s
ys
t
e
ms a
n
d pe
r
i
od
s i
s
muc
h l
e
s
s c
ompl
e
x.
I
p
r
op
os
e t
o r
e
pl
a
c
e t
he t
e
r
m Ca
r
bo
ni
f
e
r
ous
wi
t
h Car
bon
毋r
a
n,
a
nd
Cr
e
t
a
ce
o
us wi
t
h Cr
e
t
a
c
i
c
.
To s
ol
ve t
h
e Qu
a
t
e
r
n
a
r
y pr
ob
l
e
m,
a s
i
m-
pi
e s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n i
s t
o ex
t
e
n
d t
he Pa
l
e
o
ge
ne
,
Ne
o
ge
n
e t
e
r
mi
n
ol
ogy a
nd
s
i
mpl
y t
o s
ubs
t
i
t
u
t
e t
h
e na
me Ho
l
o
ge
ne f
or
Qu
a
t
e
r
na
r
y f
o
r t
he ina
f
l
pe
r
i
od o
f t
h
e Ce
no
z
oi
c Er
a
.
The
r
e a
r
e s
ome i
n
c
on
s
i
s
t
en
c
i
e
s i
n t
he p
r
op
os
ed s
y
s
t
e
m an
d
a
bs
ol
ut
e c
ons
i
s
t
e
n
c
y ma
y s
t
i
l
l
be s
ome wa
y of
t
.
Th
e e
xt
e
ns
i
on of
t
he
s
a
me r
i
g
ou
r i
n t
e
r
mi
n
ol
og
y i
nt
o t
h
e Ep
oc
h l
e
ve
l
wi
l
l
no
t
be a
c
hi
e
v
e
d
f
or a c
ons
i
de
r
a
b
l
e t
i
me.
I
n
de
e
d i
t
ma
y ne
v
e
r be pos
s
i
b
l
e o
r n
e
c
e
s
-
s
a
r
y,
s
i
n
c
e t
hi
s
i
s t
h
e r
e
s
e
r
ve o
f s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s f
o
r wh
om t
h
e s
t
a
t
u
s qu
o
ha
s b
ec
o
me s
o f
a
mi
l
i
a
r t
ha
t
c
ha
nge ma
y we
l
l
b
e l
e
s
s r
el
e
va
n
t
.
Su
mma
r
i
es of t
he p
r
op
os
e
d c
ha
n
ge
s a
r
e gi
ve
n i
n Ta
b
l
e
s
I
a
n
d 2.
Hol
me
s
,
A,
1
9
5
9
,
A r
e
v
i
s
e
d g
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
i
me
-
s
c
a
l
e
:
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
Edi
nbur
gh Ge
ol
ogi
ca
l Soc
i
e
t
y v.
17 no.
3,
pp.
1
83-21
6.
J
ames
,
H L,
1
979,
Pr
e
ca
mbr
i
a
n su
bdi
vi
ded:
Epi
s
odes
,
no.
4.
Ke
l
l
e
r
, B M,
1
979,
Pr
ec
ambr
i
an s
t
r
a
t
i
gr
aphi
c s
ca
l
e oft
he USSR:
Geol
ogi
cal
Maga
zi
ne v.
11
6,
no.
6, pp.
41
9-429.
Ken
t
,
L E,
a
nd Hugo, P J
,
1
978, As
pec
t
s of t
he r
evi
s
ed Sout
h Af
r
i
ca
n
s
t
r
at
i
gr
aphi
c cl
as
s
i
ica
f
t
i
on,
i
n Cohee,
G V and o
t
he
r
s
,
eds
.
,
Cont
r
i
b
u-
t
i
ons t
o t
he geol
ogi
c t
i
me s
cal
e:
Ame
r
i
ca
n As
s
oci
a
t
i
on ofP
et
r
ol
e
um Geol
ogi
s
t
s
,
St
udi
es i
n Ge
ol
ogy no.
6.
Kr
one
r
,
A, ed.
,
1
981
,
Pr
ec
ambr
i
an pl
at
e t
ect
oni
cs
:
De
vel
opment
s i
n
Pr
e
ca
mbr
i
a
n Geol
ogy 4:
El
s
e
vi
er
,
Ams
t
er
da
m.
Ni
s
be
t
,
E G.
,
Wi
l
s
on,
J F,
and Bi
c
kl
e, M J,
1
981,
Ev
ol
u
t
i
on of t
he
Rhodes
i
an a
nd ad
j
ac
ent Ar
c
haea
n t
er
r
ai
n:
t
e
ct
oni
c model
s
,
i
n K
r
one
r
,
A,
e
d
.
,
1
98
1
,
Pr
e
c
a
mbr
i
a
n p
l
a
t
e t
e
c
t
o
n
i
c
s
:
De
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
s
i
n Pr
e
c
a
mb
r
i
a
n
Geol
o
gy 4:
El
s
evi
er
, Ams
t
e
r
dam.
Rut
l
a
nd,
R W R.
a
nd o
t
he
r
s
, 1
981
,
The Pr
ec
ambr
i
an ofS
Aus
t
r
a
l
i
a
, i
n
Hunt
er
,
D R,
Pr
e
cambr
i
a
n of t
he S Hemi
s
pher
e:
El
s
ev
i
e
r
.
Ams
t
er
da
m.
S
c
h
o
p
f
,
J
W,
1
9
7
0
,
P
r
e
c
a
mb
r
i
a
n mi
c
r
o
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
s
ms
a
n
d e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
a
r
y e
v
e
n
t
s
pr
i
or t
o t
he vas
c
ul
a
r pl
ant
s.
Bi
ol
ogi
ca
l Revi
e
w, v.
45,
pp.
31
9-35
2. Si
ms
, P K,
1
980,
Subdi
vi
s
i
on of t
he Pr
ot
er
oz
oi
c a
nd Ar
cha
ea
n Eons:
Pr
eca
mbr
i
a
n Res
ea
r
ch,
v.
1
3,
pp.
379-380.
S
t
o
k
we
l
l
,
C H,
1
9
6
4
,
Fo
u
r
t
h r
e
p
o
r
t
o
n s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
s
,
o
r
o
g
e
n
i
e
s
a
n
d
ti
me cl
assi
icati
f
on of r
ocks of t
he Canadi
an Precambri
an Shi
el
d:
Bat
es
,
R L and J
ac
ks
on,
J A,
1
980,
Gl
os
s
ar
y ofG
eol
ogy:
Amer
i
ca
n
Geol
ogi
ca
l I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e,
Fa
l
l
s Chur
ch,
Vi
r
gi
ni
a.
Bl
a
ckwe
l
de
r
,
E,
1
91
2,
USA,
i
n St
ei
nma
nn, G and Wi
l
cke
ns
, 0, eds
Handbuc
h de
r Regi
onal
en Ge
ol
ogi
c.
Wi
l
ma
r
t
h
,
M G,
1
9
2
5
,
Th
e g
e
o
l
o
gi
c t
i
me c
l
a
s
s
i
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n of
t
h
e US
Ge
ol
ogi
c
al
Sur
v
ey Bul
l
et
i
n US Geol
ogi
ca
l Sur
ve
y no.
769. Pr
e
ca
mbr
i
a
n of t
he S Hemi
s
phe
r
e:
El
s
evi
e
r.
Ams
t
e
r
dam.
Coa
t
s
,
R P,
1
98 1
,
La
t
e Pr
ot
e
r
ozoi
c t
i
l
l
i
t
es oft
he Adel
ai
de Geos
yncl
i
ne,
i
n
Hambr
ey,
M J
,
and Ha
r
l
and,
W B,
eds
.
,
Ea
r
t
h'
s pr
e-
Pl
e
i
s
t
oce
ne gl
ac
i
a
l
Dr Jos
i A Gal
l
e
go
s i
s a gr
adu
at
e
r
ecor
d:
Cambr
i
dge Uni
ve
r
s
i
t
y Pr
es
s
.
an
d po
s
t
gr
a
du
at
e o
f t
he Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
Cohe
e,
G V and ot
her
s,
eds
.
, 1
978,
Cont
r
i
but
i
ons t
o t
he geol
ogi
c t
i
me s
cal
e:
o
f Gr
a
nad
a whe
r
e he i
s now
Amer
i
can As
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on ofP
et
r
ol
eum Ge
ol
ogi
s
t
s,
St
udi
es i
n Geol
ogy no. 2.
Pr
o
fe
s
s
or o
f ge
o
l
o
gi
c
al
t
e
ac
hi
n
g i
n
t
he De
par
t
me
nt
o
f S
ci
en
ce
Te
ac
hi
ng
.
He has t
au
ght
n
at
ur
al
sci
ence si
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