Name:
Date:
Period:
This week we will practice creating covalent compounds through drawings and 3D models. We will also look at polar and non-polar molecules to see how their
structures affect their interactions with various molecules. We will end the week by investigating how solubility is affected by factors such as surface area,
temperature and pressure.
CLASS
MONDAY (2/27)
Activities
NO SCHOOL
TUESDAY (2/28)
Presentation #3
Introduction to Covalent
Compounds
THURSDAY (3/1)
FRIDAY (3/2)
Presentation #4
Presentation #5
Presentation #6
Covalent compounds
continued – practice with
drawing them
Polar vs. non-polar
molecules
Polar vs. non-polar
molecules continued
Creating lava lamps
Detergent investigation
Modeling covalent
compounds in 3D
p. 12
p. 16-18
Write a reflection about
today’s activity. Type it up
and email it to me. Answer
the following questions:
1.) What is detergent and
how does it clean clothes?
2.) How does detergent
affect surface tension?
3.) How does detergent
affect an oil-water
mixture?
ALEKS
Tutorial on covalent bonding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Eh_0Dseg3E&feature=related (type in “Chemistry Tutorial 6.01a: How Covalent Bonds Form”)
Homework
Read and annotate p. 2-4,
answer questions on p .5
and finish p. 6-7
WEDNESDAY (2/29)
Ionic and covalent bonding animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww&NR=1 (type in “ionic and covalent bonding animation
1
Warmup- Reflection on Ionic Compounds
1.) Explain how ionic bonding works.
2.) What common physical properties do ionic compounds have? (What do ionic compounds all look like?) Why are they
like this?
3.) What do ionic compounds have in common in regards to their melting points – are they high or low melting points?
Why are all there melting points like this? (Hint- has to do with their ionic bonds).
4.) What happens when you put ionic compounds in water?
5.) What is electricity and why do ionic compounds in water conduct electricity?
2
Homework – Covalent Compounds
Covalent Bonding – Overview & Single Bonds
Read the following pages and highlight and annotate any important information. Then answer the questions below:
3
4
5
Answer the following questions:
1.) On page 2, the text talks about the story of an art project. How does this art project relate to covalent bonding?
2.) Describe what a covalent bond is and what type of elements make covalent bonds.
3.) What type of force holds atoms together in a covalent bond?
4.) What is another name for a covalent compound?
5.) On page 3, there is a diagram of a water molecule at the bottom. Explain why oxygen bonds together with hydrogen
(make sure that you talk about the electrons in your explanation).
6.) On page 4, there is a diagram of a water molecule at the bottom. Explain why nitrogen bonds together with 3
hydrogen atoms (make sure that you talk about the electrons in your explanation) instead of 2 hydrogen atoms like
water.
7.) Page 4 talks about double and triple bonds. What is a double bond? What is a triple bond?
8.) Look at page 4. Why does oxygen create a double bond with itself?
9.) Look at page 4. Why does nitrogen create a triple bond with itself?
6
Drawing Covalent Compounds
Use Lewis Dot Structures to show how these covalent bonds form.
7
Molecular Compound
Electron dot structures
Structural Formulas
(represent bonds with
dashes)
EX: HF
# of unshared pairs
There are 3 pairs of
unshared electrons
1.) F2
2.) H2O
3.) NH3
4.) N2
5.) CO2
6.) HCN
7.) HCl
8
Type of bonds (single,
double, triple)
1 single bond between H
and F
Warmup – Covalent Compounds
Read the following information about molecular (covalent) compounds and you’ve already learned about the properties
of ionic compounds. Fill in the chart below.
Properties
Ionic Compounds
Strength of bonds (stronger or
weaker?)
Typical phases of matter (solid, liquid,
gas?)
Melting point (high or low?)
Dissolves in water (yes or no?)
Conducts electricity (yes or no?)
9
Covalent Compounds
Practice with Covalent Compounds
In this exercise, I want you to figure out what each of these covalent compounds will look like. First, draw the Lewis dot
structures and then draw the structural compounds of each (use “sticks” or “lines” to represent the bonds between each
atom in the compound).
1)
SHF
2)
CF2S
3)
BH3
4)
SF2
5)
P2H4
10
Modeling Covalent Compounds
Build these compounds using the molecular kits provided, draw the Lewis Dot Structures and Structural Compounds
(model with lines to represent the bonds), state the type of bonds and give the compound a name.
COMPOUND FORMULA
Lewis Dot Structures
Structural Compound
1. CO2
2. CH4
3. HCN
4. C2H4
5. C3H6
6. HCOOH
7. C2H2
8. N2F2
11
Types of Bonds
Homework- Drawing Covalent Compounds
Fill in the chart below.
COMPOUND FORMULA
Lewis Dot Structures
Structural Compound
1. CF4
2. BF3
3. NF3
4. H2CS
5. CH2F2
6. O2
7. PF3
8. H2S
12
Types of Bonds
Warmup- Practice with Drawing Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds (share or steal?) ____________ electrons.
Figure out the formulas for the following ionic compounds:
1.) Mg + Br
Chemical formula: _________________________
2.) Al + Cl
Chemical formula: _________________________
Covalent Compounds
Covalent compounds (share or steal?) _________ electrons.
Figure out what the following compounds will look like – draw the Lewis Dot Structures and the structural compounds
(bonds = lines) for each.
13
14
Blobs in a Bottle (a polar vs. nonpolar molecule lab)
[taken from Science Bob at http://www.sciencebob.com/experiments/lavalamp.php]
Introduction: You’ve already learned about polar and nonpolar molecules and how they react with water.
You will now put the polarity principles to work to create a lava lamp and understand how it works.
Materials:





A clean water bottle
_____ of water
Vegetable oil
Alka seltzer tablets
Food coloring
Procedure:
1. Pour the water into the bottle.
2. Use a measuring cup, beaker or funnel to slowly pour the vegetable oil into the bottle until it’s almost full. You may
have to wait a few minutes for the oil and water to separate.
3. Add 10 drops of food coloring to the bottle. The drops will pass through the oil and then mix with the water below.
4. Break a seltzer tablet in half and drop the half tablet into the bottle. Watch it sink to the bottom and let the blobby
greatness begin!
Data & Observations:
What do you notice happening between the oil and the water?
What happens when the alka-seltzer tablet hits the water? What does it produce?
What happens AFTER the alka-seltzer tablet hits the water? Why is this lab called “Blobs in a Bottle?”
Conclusion:
1. Why don’t water and oil mix? Make sure to use polar and nonpolar molecules in your answer.
2. The CO2 gas produced by the alka-seltzer and water reaction rises to the top of the bottle and carries with it the
colored water. When the gas escapes from the top, why does the water sink back down?
15
Homework – Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Part 1: Identifying Ionic, Polar and Nonpolar Bonds
For ionic bonds, the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between atoms is __________.
For polar covalent bonds, the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between atoms is __________.
For nonpolar covalent bonds, the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between atoms is __________.
Use your Periodic Table of Electronegativities to help you figure out whether the following bonds are ionic, polar or
nonpolar.
Bonds
Ionic, polar or nonpolar?
Bonds
1. Na-Cl
9. Fe- Cl
2. C-S
10. F-F
3. S-F
11. Cr- O
4. N-Cl
12. C-O
5. Fe-S
13. H-H
6. O-Cl
14. C-H
7. Cl-Cl
15. Br-I
8. Si-Br
16. Ca-F
Ionic, polar or nonpolar?
Part 2: Identifying Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
The following compounds are all covalent. Draw the compounds and figure out whether they are polar or nonpolar
covalent molecules.
1.) CS2
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
2.) SF2
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
3.) BF3
16
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
4.) CO2
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
5.) CH4
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
6.) HCN
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
7.) CH2Cl2
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
8.) NF3
Polar or nonpolar? ____________________
17
Part 3: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules in Water
Here are the following molecules and their structures. Explain what will happen to these molecules when I put them in
water – will they mix together with water or not? Why or why not? Make sure you talk about polar and nonpolar
molecules in your explanation.
18
Warmup – Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Identify whether these molecules are polar or nonpolar. Explain why.
NH3
BF3
CH3Cl
19
The Detergent Lab
In class, we’ve talked about polar and non-polar molecules and why oil and water don’t mix together. Today we are
going to explore how detergent works – how it cleans our dishes and clothes.
Review:
In a previous class, you did an experiment where you tested how many drops a penny would hold. What happened
during that lab to the penny and the water?
Why did you get those results?
Predict:
Today we are going to see how detergent affects how many drops of water we can fit on the surface of a penny. Make a
prediction – what do you think detergent will do to the penny and the water? Why do you think that?
Method:
NORMAL PENNY
1. Get a pipette and a small graduate cylinder filled with water.
2. Drop water from the pipette onto the penny, keeping careful count of each drop. Draw a diagram below showing the
shape of the penny just before it overflows.
person
#1
person
#2
person
#3
person
#4
Average
20
EFFECTS OF DETERGENT
1. With your finger, spread one small drop of detergent on the surface of a dry penny.
2. How many drops do you think this penny will hold after being smeared with detergent – more, less, or the same as
before? Why?
3. Using the same pipette as before, add drops of water to the penny surface. Keep careful count of the number of
drops, and draw the water on the penny after one drop, about half full, and just before overflowing.
4. How many drops were you able to place on the penny this time before it overflowed? _____________
5. Record how many drops each person in your group placed on the penny this time.
person
#1
person
#2
person
#3
person
#4
Average
6. Did the detergent make a difference? Describe the effect of the detergent.
7. What does detergent do to have this effect on water?
8. Explain how detergents act as cleaning agents, considering the cohesion among water molecules and the affects of
amphipathic (both polar and nonpolar) molecules.
21
DETERGENT, OIL AND WATER
Introduction
In this activity, we’ll see how detergent affects oil and water.
Predict:
What happens when you put oil and water together – why?
What do you think will happen when we add detergent to the oil and water mixture?
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Add a few drops of food coloring to the water.
Pour about 30 ml of the colored water along with the 30 ml of cooking oil into the water bottle.
Screw the lid on tight and shake the bottle as hard as you can.
Put the bottle back down and have a look. Let the mixture sit for a couple of minutes and observe.
After a couple of minutes, what happened with the oil-water mixture?
5. Now add some detergent.
6. Screw the lid back on the water bottle and shake the bottle as hard as you can.
What happened with the oil-water-detergent mixture?
22