VOLUME 52, NUMBER 2
CONTENTS
Trowel Marks.............................................................................................................................................................2
In Memoriam .............................................................................................................................................................2
Welcome to the Society ..............................................................................................................................................2
Spring Meeting 2004 .................................................................................................................................................3
Book Review...............................................................................................................................................................4
2004 Calendar of Events at the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center...................................................................7
Unusual Boatstone from Caddo County...................................................................................................................7
Fruit from the Heavens: the Ground Cherry ...........................................................................................................8
Salvage Excavations At The Jewett Site: A Washita River Phase Village In South-Central Oklahoma...............9
2004 Spring Dig at the Bryson-Paddock Site .........................................................................................................56
Registration For Spring Dig 2004...........................................................................................................................57
Rock Art ...................................................................................................................................................................59
Certification Program Looks Ahead .......................................................................................................................59
Enrollment Form For Certification Program Seminars........................................................................................60
FROM THE EDITORS:
We are looking for articles for the 2005 issues of Oklahoma Archeology.
Beginning with the February 2005 volume, we do not have major articles
for the Journal. Deadline for that issue is Dec. 15, 2004.
 OKLAHOMA ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 2004
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
1
Trowel Marks
In Memoriam
Hello Everyone! Spring is just around the corner
now, and I am ready to be outside again!
Robert (Bob) Hill, 1924-2003
We have learned of the passing last year of a founding
member of the Society, Mr. Robert (Bob) Hill. Don
Wyckoff said that Mr. Hill worked with Dr. Bell on
the Harlan Mound site excavation and on the Grand
River survey. This obituary is from the Tulsa paper.
We have the plans all set for the Spring Meeting in
April, and I hope you will find the speakers and their
topics interesting and informative. I tried to get
different topics. We also will have a drawing for a
beautiful cedar and steatite Native American pipe with
coral inlay. (Right now the pipe is resting beautifully
on my coffee table.)
Robert Burns (Bob) Hill, 78, died April 5, 2003. His
parents, Lura Phillips Hill and Johnson D. Hill, Sr.
and his brothers, Johnson D. Hill, Jr. and Lewis
Kimbell Hill preceded him in death. Bob was born
July 17, 1924 in Tulsa. He graduated from St. John’s
Military Academy in 1942 and received a degree from
the University of Tulsa in 1948. He was proud to
serve his country during World War II in the 100th
Infantry Division in the European Theater. Bob was
Vice President/Secretary of Atlas Life Insurance
Company. He worked many years with Dr. Robert
Bell of the Archaeology Department of the University
of Oklahoma to reestablish the Oklahoma
Archaeological Society and the Tulsa Archaeological
Association.
He enjoyed the many years he
volunteered for KBEZ’s Big Band Saturday Night
program. Bob’s love of the outdoors and American
Indian culture came second only to the love for his
family. He is survived by his wife of 57 years, Connie
Osborn Hill; his son, Richard Douglas Hill and wife,
Joyce; his daughter, Carolyn Jane Brackin; his sistersin-law, Elizabeth and Joy; also his grandchildren,
Grant and Garrett Hill an Clark and Laura Brackin;
plus many nieces and nephews.
Jim Cox plans to have his archaeology display set up
at the meeting. He says he will be happy to talk with
anyone on how to properly present items for display.
And Dave will have a table with T-shirts for sale.
Charlotte Gifford is helping me get the final details for
our field trip to Woolaroc on May 8. We can meet
somewhere and caravan up there. Deborah McPhail
has information on a winery tour for the summer
which sounds different but intriguing. We will save
Spiro for the fall. I love field trips. My German
classes all went to Ingrid's Kitchen before Spring
Break to research German food. My Native American
Club went to the Sam Noble Museum one day, and
plans are in the making for a trip out to the National
Cowboy Hall of Fame.
I've made several trips to the Historical Society to
listen to and buy the Native American dance music
tapes that Steve Brandt told us about during his talk
for the Central Chapter. I bought Ponca and Kiowa
War Dance, Gourd Dance, and Fire dance songs.
All systems are go, so now if the weather cooperates-it's on with the show!! See you there.....
Kathy
Kathy Gibbs ([email protected])
Welcome to the Society
New Members, 12/16/2003 through 03/15/2004
Sustaining
Brandon Crull, Pauls Valley
Active
Mark Green, Blanchard
A.M. Harris, Cushing
John Henry Heidebrecht, Colony
Richard Marlar, Edmond
Rebecca C. Smyth, Austin, TX
John Williams, Pauls Valley
Contributing
Bob Campbell, Gillham, AR
Dr. Norbert E. Hoffman, Weatherford
Thomas W. Perrine, Bartlesville
Don R. Stephenson, Plano, TX
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
2
Spring Meeting 2004
The Spring Meeting will be held in Norman on April 17, in Rm. #103 of Dale Hall on the OU campus. Jim Cox of
Newcastle will have an exhibit illustrating techniques for documenting collections and Dave Morgan will be
selling T-shirts. The speaker lineup will be:
8:45-9:15
Board meeting
9:15-9:45
General meeting-Awards
Bob Brooks, Summary of Activities for 2003-A General Overview
9:45-10:00 Break
10:00-10:30
Richard Drass, The Bryson-Paddock Site---An Early Historic Wichita Village with French Contact Materials and
Site of the Spring Dig
10:30-11 :30
Harvey Pratt, Skeletal Reconstruction of Sandman: 1837
11:30-12:30
George Odell, Some Nifty Things an Archaeologist Can Do With a Pile of Stone Tools
12:30-2:00
Lunch Break
Drawing for Native American Pipe
2:00-3:00
Marshall Gettys and Richard Aitson, Native American Material Culture: Old Traditions--New Direction.
3:00-4:00
Bill Welge, How to Clean and Deacidify Documents
4:00-4:30
Don Wyckoff, Burnham Site Memoirs
Directions in Norman
Turn north from Lindsey St. onto Elm Ave. Dale Hall is at the corner of Lindsey and Elm. The parking lot on the
west side of the building is open on weekends. Be sure to park in legal parking spaces.
Hwy 9
NORMAN
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
3
Book Review
are provided in a 37 page-long appendix.
Interestingly, no isolated occurrences are reported
found during the survey. Presumably any “isolated”
artifacts were regarded as low level background
“noise” to other areas with sufficient materials to be
regarded as a site.
From Top to Bottom: Pedestrian Survey of the Black
Mesa Region, Cimarron County, Oklahoma. By
Leland Bement and Casey Carmichael. Oklahoma
Archaeological Survey Archaeological Resources
Survey Report 48. 105 pp.16 figures and 20 tables.
Cost $5.00 from the Oklahoma Archaeological
Survey, Norman. Free access from the following
website
The first section or chapter briefly introduces the
project. It speaks eloquently and lyrically about the
distinctive character of the Black Mesa region; about
how the transition from the surrounding Plains to the
incised Canyon lands is so abrupt that herds of
animals being pursued by hunters on the Plains,
seemingly vanish into the thin air, when in fact they
had dropped into the abyss of the Cimarron River
valley. The section also lays out the organization of
the other report sections.
http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/pdffiles/BlackMesaFinalReport.pdf
Reviewed by: Christopher Lintz, Geo-Marine, Inc.
Planning grants from the Oklahoma Historical
Society, and the State Historic Preservation Office for
conducting archaeological inventory surveys of small
parcels of land across Oklahoma have been the “bread
and butter” projects that support staff members of the
Oklahoma Archaeological Survey. This volume marks
the first rigorous survey into the Black Mesa and
Kenton region (rather than the State Park) in the
extreme northwestern corner of the Oklahoma
panhandle, a region radically different in landforms,
environments and cultures from most other places in
the state. It also marks the second posting of
electronic reports by the Oklahoma Archaeological
Survey on the World Wide Web.
The second section discusses the environmental
setting and cultural background and is organized by
five topics. The first summarizes the geology,
topography, landform and age of soils. To this is
added brief discussions of the modern climate and the
common recent plants and animals. The second topic
is an overview sketch of the prehistoric and historic
cultural sequence of Chaquaqua Plateau of
southeastern Colorado, to which the Black Mesa is
physiographically related, and the manifestations on
the High Plains of Texas and Oklahoma. Discussion
of most cultural stages summarizes the age and names
of complexes and select sites, but rarely provides
much information about the artifacts that distinguish
the various complexes. The traits for some complexes
are garbled; for example, bison scapula hoes and tibia
digging sticks are asserted to be characteristics of the
Upper Canark Variant (Apishapa phase) on the
Chaquaqua Plateau, when no such implements have
ever been found (Lintz 1989). Other discussions are
overly simplified. For example, discussions of Native
Americans residing in the region lists only the
existence of Apache, Kiowa and Comanche; yet other
researchers have found historical references to
Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa, Kiowa Apaches, Utes,
Shoshones, Pawnees, Blackfeet, Sioux and Gros
Ventre in the Dry Cimarron valley (Winter 1988: 119
- 122).
The third and fourth topics in the second section
summarize the “previous archaeological work related
to the project area” and the cultural affiliation for the
336 previously recorded sites in Cimarron County.
The organization of this section inconsistently skips
from discussing the chronological history of
archaeological work, to discussions about projects
These surveys gather field data from small parcels to
model the range and distribution of archaeological
sites by landform, which are then evaluated against
known and anticipated impacts so that planners can
maximize preservation of these non-renewable
resources. These projects are intended to serve both as
planning and research tools, and the reports contain
important data about the kinds of sites in the region.
The present survey examined 4,110 acres distributed
across five parcels or tracts ranging from 165 to 1,440
acres in size along the Cimarron Valley and Black
Mesa region. It found or revisited 97 prehistoric and
historic sites in Oklahoma. The field results were
supplemented by information contained in several
private collections. Some local collectors also led the
archaeologists to 12 known sites in the Furnish
Canyon region of Baca and Las Animas Counties,
Colorado. The survey was conducted without the
systematic use of shovel testing between sites or on
sites, so observations are limited to surface conditions.
The report is organized into five unnumbered sections
or chapters; and brief site descriptions for all 109 sites
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
4
Section or chapter four presents the survey results
from specific parcels, and comparative summary of
research issues. The initial topics define the seven
types of sites used in the project (lithic scatter, open
campsites,
rock
shelters,
rock
alignments,
quarry/workshops, rock art, and possible crevasse
burials), although other kinds of sites are employed
later in the study. The site types in Section 4 are
different from the site discussions and definitions in
the second and third chapters, and it would have been
prudent to streamline the three chapters and reconcile
the differences in a single discussion. Then, ten
landform types are listed but not defined.
related to specific cultural periods. Sometimes the
researchers cite examples far removed from and
unrelated to the canyon land region. They either
ignore or are unfamiliar with critical archaeological
studies of Cimarron County (Winter 1988, Muto and
Saunders 1978; Saunders and Saunders 1982), or the
wealth of data from excavated and dated contexts
contained in the 25 published reports by Dr. Nowak
and colleagues from the Colorado College field
schools that occurred in Carrizo Creek canyon a mere
15 to 30 km north of the Black Mesa. Finally, the fifth
topic explicitly discusses five kinds of sites common
to the area: caves/rockshelters, open habitations, open
habitations with structures, lithic quarries/workshops
and bison kill sites.
The next 20 pages present the 109 resource sites in
each of the six survey tracts. A comprehensive table
lists by site number the survey tract, the cultural
affiliation, site type and landform occurrence. The
discussion of each tract characterizes the size,
location, and landforms in the parcel. Then another
table lists all resources attributed to the parcel using
the same categories as presented in the comprehensive
table, but the terminology of the site types and
landforms are not consistent between the
comprehensive and specific parcel tables. The
discussion for the rest of each parcel focuses on the
distribution and kinds of sites found on the various
landforms. Overall the characterizations of the parcel
are easy to read and informative about where sites are
likely to occur.
Section three, the research design, begins by
reiterating the project goals of supplying site
information for management decisions and planning.
The scope of work called for the systematic walk-over
survey of at least four square miles (this project
covered 6.5 miles), and to amass information about
the range of site types and settings. The approach
mirrored procedures employed in earlier surveys in
the High Plains portions of the Oklahoma panhandle.
As a means of providing a theoretical context for the
study, the researchers present Lewis Binford’s
distinction of organizational strategies between
residential mobility (foraging strategies) and logistic
mobility (collecting strategies). But, after drawing
distinctions among five possible site types, derived
from the organization patterns developed by Binford,
his site typology and concepts are not employed
elsewhere in the study. I was left wondering why the
researchers felt the need to discuss the topic if it had
no bearing the project’s design. Instead, the research
objectives are structured by the results obtained from
prior planing surveys of other High Plains regions that
may have no bearing on the cultures and landscapes of
Black Mesa. The authors note that in Harper, Beaver,
and Texas counties they have found correlations
between village setting and fertile soils, woodland
period sites and lowland settings, and the extent of
regional exchange of lithics among the High Plains
cultures. Indeed, the issues of site types by landform
and the identification of exotic materials are two of
the focal points of this study. The remainder of this
section discusses the procedures used to select the
survey blocks, and the methods of conducting the
pedestrian survey. Key attributes used in the survey
are site age, site type, site size and landform setting.
The next portion of section four touches on the
research design issues comparing the data across all
five parcels in Oklahoma. Specifically it discusses the
distribution of sites by landform, the age of sites,
evidence for extra-regional contacts, and a summary
of historic resources. The discussion of the density,
and distribution of site types by landform ventures
into the realm of speculation on the use of small
masonry circles found on rims of mesas as fire signal
locations (a new site type), as postulated from possible
line-of-sight locations between points. This fire-signal
concept is imported from the work of Solveig Turpin
and Lee Bement in the Lower Pecos region of Texas.
Such a notion should be relatively easy to test by
documenting the occurrence of oxidized rocks and/or
charcoal inside the fill of the rings. But only one of
five possible signal fire sites (a burned tinaja
depression in a boulder and not the rock ring forms)
reportedly had evidence for oxidation. Minimal trowel
probes in the interior fill of the rock ring features
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
5
cross-referenced to other sections of the report. After
the site number and assigned cultural affiliation(s) is a
brief narration about features and characteristics of the
site. This is followed by bulleted data on site size,
elevation, depth of cultural deposits, disturbances, and
materials (artifacts and/or features) observed. No
attempt is made to quantify the assemblages.
might have provided supporting data. Other authors in
New Mexico and Colorado have postulated such small
stone circles at cliff edges as vision quest and/or eagle
trap sites (Winter 1988).
The chronological assignment is restricted to nine of
the 86 sites with prehistoric components using
radiocarbon dates (n=3 new dates) and diagnostic
points and pottery from the survey and private
collections. I wish the caption for Figure 15, showing
the diagnostic artifacts, would have listed their site
proveniences. The topic on extra-regional contacts
uses obsidian sourcing on the two recovered flakes to
identify these materials as coming from the No Agua
and Valle Grande sources. The former is a source not
previously found on the Plains. They also note that, in
contrast to other High Plains survey areas, virtually no
examples of Alibates, Smoky Hill, Flint Hill or
Edwards Plateau cherts are from the Black Mesa area.
Such patterns have been documented by Saunders and
Saunders (1982) more than 20 years ago.
The volume is well written with relatively few
typographical errors and is well illustrated by maps,
pictures and site/landform frequency diagrams. It is
also handsomely formatted in an easy-to-read design.
The volume is sure to be appealing to the lay public,
regional planners, and research archaeologists. It is a
fun volume to read to obtain a general overview of the
resources of the region. I highly recommend this
volume if you are interested in the highest point in
Oklahoma.
References Cited
Lintz, Christopher
1989 The Upper Canark Regional Variant.
Comparison and Contrast of the Antelope Creek and
Apishapa Phases of the Southwestern Plains. In Light
of Past Experience (festschrift honoring Jack Hughes)
edited by Berl Cain Roper. Panhandle Archaeological
Society Publication 5: 271-294.
The one-paragraph summary of the 11 historic
resources lists the functional kinds of sites. All are
attributed to the late 19th or 20th century Hispanic
sheepherders or Anglo settlers. But tabulations
derived from Appendix A indicate that at least 22 sites
had sufficient historic materials to be mentioned as
having historic components.
Muto, Guy and Roger Saunders
1978 Cimarron County, Oklahoma. A Summary of
Historic and Prehistoric Cultural Resources. Report on
file at the State Historic Preservation Office,
Oklahoma City.
The last topic of section four is the recommendations.
The lack of trowel or shovel testing precludes
definitive assessment of integrity, the existence of
buried components, or the cultural context of most
sites. Thus further studies on 60 of 91 sites are needed
to resolve these issues. Sites not needing further study
include lithic scatters, rock walls, and most
quarries/workshops.
Saunders, Roger, and Kenneth Saunders
1982 Distribution and Density Patterns of Lithic
Materials in Cimarron County, Oklahoma. Pathways
to Plains Prehistory: Anthropological Perspectives of
Plains Natives and Their Pasts edited by Don
Wyckoff
and
Jack
Hofman.
Oklahoma
Anthropological Society Memoir 3: 99-110.
Section 5 provides a four-paragraph project
conclusion. Mostly it reiterates the need for further
work and how the scarcity of exotic lithic resources
presents an enigmatic problem as to why the
archaeological manifestations are seemingly so
isolated from regional interactions documented
elsewhere on the High Plains.
Appendix A provides brief descriptions of each of the
109 sites in Oklahoma, and Colorado. A standard
format is used in providing site data that is easily
Winter, Joe
1988 Stone Circles, Ancient Forts and Other
Antiquities of the Dry Cimarron Valley: A Study of the
Cimarron Seco Indians. New Mexico Historic
Preservation Program, Santa Fe.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
6
2004 Calendar of Events at the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center
Dennis Peterson, Historic Property Manager
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center
May 9 - 26th Birthday Celebration
May 17-21 National Park Service Workshop on Non-destructive investigations
June 19 – 20 – Summer Solstice Walks
September 22 – 23 Autumnal Equinox Walks
December 21 – Winter Solstice Walks
Equinox and Solstice Walks will start at 11a.m., 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. each day. The Walk fee is a $3.00 adults and
$2.00 child over 6.
The Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society and is open Wednesday
through Saturday from 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. and Sunday from noon – 5 p.m. Group and school tours are available by
appointment.
For further information, please call 918-962-2062 or email [email protected].
Unusual Boatstone from Caddo County
Richard R. Drass, Oklahoma Archeological Survey
This thin boatstone was found this year by Larry Sharry. It is made of a sandstone that may have some iron or
hematite. The stone is well smoothed to polished. The find came from the vicinity of 34CD18. Little is known of
this site. It was first recorded in 1956 and there have been no excavations at the site. Pottery is reported from the
site and it is assumed to be Late Prehistoric. The boatstone suggests use of an atlatl which may indicate an earlier
Woodland or Archaic occupation.
For more information on boatstones, check the Archeological Survey’s website:
http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/OKArtifacts/boatstone.htm
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
7
Fruit from the Heavens: the Ground Cherry
Seth Hawkins
propagating the very wild plants I am utilizing (the
first step to domestication?). For those of you who
prefer the often more colorful common name (in this
case several names), this inconspicuous member of
the nightshade family also goes by clammy ground
cherry, husk tomato, Chinese lantern, strawberry
tomato, popweed, or tomatillo.
I'm not one for self-flagellation but I will readily
admit to shortcomings. Well, it so happens that
every year about this time I am forced once again to
reluctantly recognize one of those deficiencies, the
absence of a "green thumb." With those warm spring
days slowly making their way up from the south, I
eagerly attempt to dismiss that one particular flaw
and get on with the business of life. My woefully
meager patch of jonquils are already a hand high, but
apart from these, my flowerbeds are brown and
seemingly lifeless, hopefully not a harbinger of
things to come. However, thankfully, the rains have
finally come, the sun continues its northward trek,
and expectation is in the air. As a result of my
flagging reputation as a "man-of-the-earth," I bolster
my chances by planting those species that seem to
have a lust for life, and that thrive under less than
optimal conditions such as too much sun and heat,
too little water, rock-hard soil, and just plain old
human neglect. With this in mind, I always stand,
arms outstretched, hands open, and eyes peering
heavenward in an attitude of supplication ready to
receive anything that nature's god might offer, and
rarely am I disappointed. Some of those gifts usually
arrive by way of winged avian messengers, dropping
their "packages" as they traverse the landscape or
make quick stopovers on the fencerow. With
anticipation I wait for the unveiling of my new and
sometimes surprising airborne arrivals as they push
their way up through the warm, moist, brown
humus.
However, this is not just another pretty plant Not
only is it attractive, but it also has its culinary and
medicinal uses. The ground cherry has a long
cultural history of use among native groups on the
plains and the eastern prairies. In fact, the
carbonized seeds have been excavated at sites in
South Dakota and Missouri. The ripe yellow fruits of
late summer and early autumn are edible, raw or
cooked. Among historic groups the berries were
normally boiled and ground in a mortar and pestle
and formed into patties or used to make a sauce with
the addition of other condiments to be added to other
dishes. (Beware the green fruits, leaves, and roots;
they may be poisonous.). As a medicinal, it has been
reported that a tea was made from the chopped roots
as a cure for stomach ailments and headache. The
root was also burned and the smoke inhaled as a cure
for headache and nerves. In addition, the ground root
was utilized as a poultice for wounds. Finally, and
definitely not to be overlooked, you can even have a
little fun with this new addition to your garden. It
has been said that Kiowa kids, among others, had a
great time smashing the ripe fruit, encased in its
sack-like membrane, against their foreheads (Thus
the name popweed.). Now tell me that wouldn't
make your day. Go ahead, start your own patch and
smack a few foreheads. The neighbors are sure to be
amused.
One particular newcomer that I have grown attached
to and that has made a permanent home among its
more domesticated neighbors is Physalis
heterophylla. Its botanical name is a good descriptor
of its major characteristics. The term “physalis”
refers to the bladder-like husk that contains the
ripening yellow fruit, and “heterophylla” describes
the leaf margins, which vary in appearance from one
leaf to the next on the same plant. These
characteristics along with its low, thick growth and
unique green coloration make it an attractive ground
cover Acting on gut feelings, I collected last year’s
crop of fruit in preparation for seeding in other areas,
and then I began to wonder if I am mimicking
prehistoric groups by not only collecting but also
BIBLOGRAPHY
Kindscher, Kelly
1987 Edible Wild Plants of the Prairie, An
Ethnobotanical Guide, University Press of
Kansas.
1992 Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie, An
Ethnobotanical Guide, University Press of
Kansas.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
8
Salvage Excavations At The Jewett Site: A Washita River Phase Village
In South-Central Oklahoma
David F. Morgan and Richard R. Drass
drainage ditches at the northern and southern ends.
The site is over 300 meters trending southeast to
northwest. The exact western extent of the site is
unknown since the cultural deposit seems to be buried
under 15 to 20 cm of sterile terrace deposits. Known
cultural deposits exist over an area of about 200
meters from east to west. The high terrace drops down
to lower terraces just north of the site, and an old
slough of the river is about 200 meters north of the
site. Several other villages are present within a mile or
two north and south of Jewett.
Abstract
During the summer of 1992, salvage excavations were
conducted at a Washita River phase village in eastern
Grady County, Oklahoma. Fifteen features were
discovered representing primarily pits and two sheet
middens. Four burials were exposed but were badly
disturbed. Artifacts reflect activities associated with
sedentary village life 600 to 700 years ago. Large soil
samples collected from the features provided
important plant and animal assemblages. Analysis of
these materials indicated reliance on corn agriculture,
with some beans and squash grown, and diverse
animal exploitation emphasizing deer and a variety of
small animals. Small fish, mussels, and small rodents
may have been important food supplements. Lithic
material use indicated some regular trade contact with
groups in north central Oklahoma as well as other
villagers along the Washita River.
The Jewett site was first reported in 1977 by the
property owners Robert and Helen Jewett when
cultural materials and human bone were uncovered
during pipeline excavations. The pipeline excavations
were for a small irrigation trench crossing the site in
two separate areas (Figure 1). A county road and an
old railroad bed, paralleling the road, previously
disturbed the site. The road and railroad have
destroyed a 200-foot wide section through the middle
of the site.
INTRODUCTION
Societies of farming people began settling along the
principal streams and rivers of the southern plains as
early as A. D. 800. These people depended on raising
corn, beans, and squash supplemented by collecting
edible plants, and hunting bison, deer, and other game.
This cultural pattern has been termed the Plains
Village tradition (Wendell 1981; Willey 1966). The
diverse nature of this subsistence pattern could mean
survival at times of crop failure or scarcity of game.
The Plains Villagers represent the most successful
adaptation to the area in prehistoric times. Many
Plains Village complexes have been identified in
western and central Oklahoma and date from A. D.
850 to A. D. 1500. These include the Custer, Paoli,
Antelope Creek, and Washita River phases (Hofman
1978, 1984; Bell 1984; Bell and Brooks 2001; Brooks
1987; Drass 1997; Lintz 1986), and the Zimms
complex (Flynn 1984; Drass et al. 1987).
In 1977, the site was visited by archeologists who
examined the disturbed burial and collected a few
materials from the site area. The irrigation pipeline
crossed the eastern edge of the site and recrossed the
site just west of the road; both pipelines run parallel to
the road. In the eastern trench several pits were crosssectioned. One pit contained human bone, flakes, and
fired clay. The other pits contained burnt sandstone,
animal bone (some burned), flakes, and shell. The pits
were examined but not excavated. The eastern trench
and railroad bed also revealed a midden buried under
20 to 30 centimeters of alluvium.
The western irrigation trench cut through what
appeared to be three house floors and another pit. This
area contained dark soil stains each extending for four
meters or more in the trench. The stains appeared to
indicate floors that were dug about 6 to 10 inches
below the original surface. The original surface with
the cultural materials is also about 15-30 cm beneath
the current surface in this west area. The extent of the
site west of the highway was not determined as many
of the materials are buried beneath the plow zone. The
1977 trenching exposed daub, bone, and pottery
sherds that are described as similar to sherds and
The Jewett site, 34GD81, is a village situated near the
Washita River in south-central Oklahoma. The site
lies on a high terrace along the west side of the
Washita River (Figure 1). The river meanders in this
area but the steep river bank forms the site’s east
boundary. The north-south extent of the site is defined
by surface finds and natural limitations such as
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
9
Figure 1. Sketch map of the Jewett site, 34GD81.
A second major disturbance to the Jewett site occurred
in the summer of 1992. An oil well pad was to be
constructed on a portion of the Jewett site. The
property owner again notified the Oklahoma
Archeological Survey of the potential disturbance to
the site and the oil company was contacted about
construction. The company agreed to allow the Survey
archeologists to monitor the well pad construction.
Over a period of a few days the bulldozers leveled the
northeast corner of the Jewett site exposing a number
of burials, pits, and midden deposits (Figure 2).
Archeologists were able to document and salvage
portions of fifteen features (Figure 3). These include
the bottoms of 13 pits, some containing burials, and
samples of two middens. Although the well pad
construction has resulted in another severe impact to
artifacts found in the eastern area. The sherds, lithics,
bone, and house patterns are similar to those found at
Washita River phase sites throughout this area and
farther west. The Washita River phase sites have been
dated between A.D. 1250 and 1400 (Drass 1997).
Based on the materials and features exposed by the
small irrigation trench, the Jewett site was nominated
to the National Register of Historic Places. It was
accepted as an important site, and it is one of the few
archeological sites in this area that is listed on the
register. The information obtained in 1977 relates
primarily to occupation areas south and west of the
well pad work described in this report. The materials
found in 1977 were not examined for this report.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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well pad (Figure 1) revealed a brown sandy silt loam
extending from the surface to 15 to 23 cm below the
surface. This overlays an orange sandy silt that
extends to a depth of 66 to 91 cm. Cores in drainage
gullies west of the southeast stake indicate the brown
sandy silt extends from 0 to 61 cm and overlays a
lighter colored, more compact clayey silt that is
present to 91 cm. A yellow clay, possibly a very old B
horizon, is exposed in these same gullies south of the
well pad area.
this village (Figure 4), we were able to gain some
information from this work. Also, large portions of the
village remain intact, including the segment west of
the road, which is the area with the least disturbance
and evidence of several houses.
Site Geology
A cross-sectional map was made of the site area
cutting through the site from southwest to northeast
(Figure 5). The map was made using information from
the Oklahoma Geological Survey Map of Grady
County and Lindsay S.W. Quadrangle topographic
map. The cross-section map shows the Jewett site and
Terry Creek resting on the older terrace deposits of the
Washita River. These deposits are gravel, silt, sand,
and clay and are approximately 50 feet thick. This
deposit meets the Chickasha formation to the
southeast. The Chickasha deposits are a heterogeneous
mixture of sandstones, shales, siltstones, and siltstone
conglomerates approximately 80 feet thick. Northwest
of the site the older terrace deposits meet and extend
under younger terrace deposits for approximately 25
feet. The younger terrace deposits are gravel, silt,
sand, and clay underlying higher stream terraces along
sides of the valley. These deposits meet the floodplain
alluvium which extends across the river and 120 feet
northwest where it meets the younger terrace deposits
again. The floodplain alluvium is gravel, sand, silt,
and clay underlying present the flood plain.
Underlying all of the deposits listed above is the
Duncan Sandstone. It is 25 feet thick and is mostly
sandstone with minor amounts of interbedded shales
and intraformational siltstone conglomerates (Davis
1955). Underlying the Duncan Sandstone is the
Hennessey Shale.
FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS
The salvage work at the Jewett site concentrated on
the remains of features exposed during the bulldozing
of the well pad. Fourteen features and a sheet midden
area were sampled (Figures 6) although many of the
features were partially or almost totally destroyed
when examined. The features are all in the southwest
portion of the well pad (see Figure 3).
Feature 1
This is the base of a large, roughly cylindrical pit at
the south end of the well pad (Figures 6 & 7). The
remaining portion of the pit was 150 cm across north
to south at the west end and 130 cm across west to
east at the south end. A rodent krotovena was noted
during excavation. This disturbance extended across
the east side of the feature and may have resulted in
some added depth to the south end of the feature. The
deepest portion of the pit was 50 cm below the dozed
surface, but the northwest end of the feature was only
20 cm deep. The feature contained flakes, bone,
pottery, sandstone, charcoal and ash. Two radiocarbon
dates were obtained from this feature (see Table 1).
The most reliable date is A.D. 1290 (calibrated).
Site Soils
Feature 2
The soils at the site and nearby are Dale-ReinachMcLain association: nearly level, well drained and
moderately well drained loamy soils. The site rests on
Norge silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The soils
northeast of the site are also Dale-Reinach-McLain
association, but the river bottom soil is Yahola fine
sandy loam. Soils identifications are from the Soil
Survey of Grady County, Oklahoma; United States
Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service;
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.
This is another cylindrical pit with only the bottom
remaining (Figure 6). The remaining pit has a depth of
3 to 17 cm below the dozed surface. The pit
dimensions are 112 cm east to west and 104 cm north
to south. Lots of rodent activity was noted in the
feature. The northern boundary of the pit was difficult
to find due to the rodents. Bone, flakes and burned
sandstone were noted during excavation.
Feature 3
During examination of the well pad, cores were taken
to evaluate the soil and cultural deposits. Core tests at
the northeast, northwest, and southwest corners of the
This is one of the burial pits (Burial 1). The field notes
indicate that the burial was mostly crushed by the
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Figure 6. Sketches of pit outlines at Jewett.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Figure 6 (continued).
dozer work and only the general outline of the burial
could be noted (Figure 6). The burial was near the
bottom of the plow zone and probably had been
partially disturbed by farming activity before the well
pad construction. The feature was about 93 cm
northeast to southwest and 60 cm southeast to
northwest. The remaining bone was setting on the
surface of the dozer cut. The burial was suggested to
be flexed and have a north-south orientation with the
head to the south facing west. This position, however,
was not clear due to the poor bone preservation. The
burial was near the center of the features salvaged in
1992.
(Figures 6 and 8). The deepest portion of this pit is the
north end which is 27 cm below the dozed surface.
The southeast end is only 12 cm deep. The pit
dimensions are 205 cm north to south and 95 cm east
to west at the north end. The south end of the feature
is 180 cm east to west. A large sample of this feature
was bagged for flotation. The pit contained an
abundance of charred plant material, bones, flakes,
and other artifacts. Two radiocarbon dates were
obtained from this pit (Table 1). The corn sample
dates the pit to A.D. 1327-1393 (calibrated).
Feature 4
This is the second burial feature. Burial 2 is less than
10 meters southeast of Pit 3 and Burial 1. A pit outline
for Burial 2 could not be discerned in the midden
(Figure 6). The feature consists of scattered bones
Feature 5
This feature is the farthest north of those investigated
in 1992. This is the base of a large pit with an L-shape
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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of Burial 1 and about six meters west of Burial 2.
Thus, all burials are within an area of about 10 meters,
possibly a cemetery location. Feature 10 represents
isolated bones, probably moved from their original
context. The bones were found in an area of 80 (north
to south) by 110 cm (east to west) with no discernable
pit. No artifacts were noted during excavation.
from one individual. Field notes indicate that an
obsidian flake, some pottery, deer bone, and a corn
kernel were noted in the area during excavation.
Feature 6
This is the third burial noted at the site. This feature is
represented by isolated bones in the general midden.
No pit outline was visible and the bones were likely
moved by the dozer or earlier plowing activity. The
bone was found in an area roughly 60 cm north to
south and 80 cm east to west. The location is a few
meters northeast of Feature 5 and within 10 meters
east-southeast of Feature 3. One quartzite rock was
noted but not collected.
Feature 11
This is the bottom of a circular to oval pit that extends
only 5-6 cm below the dozer-cut surface. The pit is 64
cm in diameter from east to west and 50 cm across
from north to south. No artifacts were noted in the
feature during field work.
Feature 7
Feature 12
This is the circular base of a small pit at the east end
of the features discovered in 1992. There was only
about 15 cm of feature fill remaining after the
bulldozer had exposed the feature (Figure 6). The pit
base is round and 1 meter in diameter. The pit has
steep sides and was cut into a reddish-orange subsoil.
Charcoal was noted on the feature form but no
artifacts were reported during excavation.
This is an irregular pit that is just northeast of Feature
11. The pit is 120 cm across from northwest to
southeast and 75 cm across from east-northeast to
west-southwest (Figure 6). The bulldozer removed
much of the pit fill with only about 12 or 13 cm
present in the north half of the feature and around 8-9
cm in other areas. A sherd (Lee Plain) was noted
during excavation and some other debris was found in
the flotation.
Feature 8
Feature 13
This is a roughly circular pit. It is 120 cm across east
to west and 110 cm north to south. The pit extends 15
to 17 cm below the dozed surface. The pit fill is a
brown sandy loam with charcoal while the
surrounding soil is a reddish-orange clay. A large
metate broken into four large fragments was present in
the feature fill (Figures 6 and 9). The feature also
contained burned bone, a turtle carapace,
hammerstones, and pottery (some cordmarked). The
pit is at the east end of the feature concentration, near
Feature 7.
This is a cylindrical pit found at the south edge of the
well pad. The outline of the pit is circular with nearly
straight walls (Figure 6). The pit extends 96 cm across
from east to west and 100 cm from north to south. The
remaining pit is 20 to 24 cm deep. Burned and
unburned bone, flakes, and a sherd were noted during
excavation.
Feature 14
There is no description available for this feature. It
appears to be a sheet midden situated northwest of
Feature 13 (Figure 3). Some artifacts including a Gary
point and soil samples were collected from this
location.
Feature 9
This is the base of another roughly circular pit (Figure
6). The feature is 69 cm across from east to west and
55 cm from north to south. Most of the feature had
been removed by the dozer and no depth was
obtained. Charcoal was present and a soil sample was
collected.
Sheet Midden
A second sheet midden is depicted on the site map
(Figure 3), but there are no descriptions of this
deposit. The midden is near the west edge of the well
pad. Soil samples and some debris were collected.
Feature 10
This is the fourth burial encountered during the
salvage work. This feature is six or seven meters south
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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BURIALS 1-4
SKELETAL BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
several unsideable tibial shaft fragments, and several
fragments of the left and right ilia.
by
Vicki L. Wedel
The individual in Burial 2 was a 30-34 year old
probable female. Age was estimated on the basis of
auricular surface fragments according to the method
of Lovejoy et al (1984). The appearance of the
auricular surfaces is consistent with Lovejoy’s phase
3, age 30-34 years. The sex of the skeletal remains
was determined based on the right greater sciatic
notch and preauricular sulcus. The sciatic notch is
relatively wide and shallow, and the preauricular
sulcus was only slightly developed. No evidence of
trauma was observed. Evidence of pathology was
present on two of the tibial shaft fragments.
Remodeled periostitis of slight severity was observed
on two anterior crest fragments. This remodeling
represents a healed episode of infection, which the
individual overcame. Cause of death was not evident.
Several artifacts including an obsidian flake, pot
sherds, and faunal bone were recovered in the midden
fill but likely were not intentionally placed funerary
objects.
Burial 1, Feature 3
Burial 1 was recovered at the base of a plow zone
created by bulldozer activity. This mechanical activity
reduced the burial to fragments. Bone preservation is
poor and burial position difficult to ascertain. The
burial most likely represents a primary interment, and,
based on the scatter of the bone fragments recovered,
the individual was flexed in the grave (field sketch).
There are no indications of post-mortem processing or
carnivore activity on the bone fragments. The
minimum number of individuals represented in Burial
1 is one as no skeletal elements are duplicated. Both
cranial and post-cranial elements were recovered.
Cranial fragments include the following: part of the
left mandibular ramus, several occipital bone
fragments, one portion of each mastoid process, and
one unsideable parietal fragment. Among the
innumerable post-cranial fragments are portions of
several long bones and ribs. An estimation of skeletal
age could not be reached, although the mandibular
ramus fragment is of adult size and morphology. No
teeth were present in this fragment. All had been lost
post-mortem. The sex of the skeleton could also not
be discerned. No evidence of pathology or trauma was
observed, and the cause of death was not apparent. No
formal funerary objects were recovered with this
burial.
Burial 3, Feature 6
Burial 3 consisted of fragments of each femoral shaft
and several other poorly preserved long bone
fragments. Burial position was not evident at the time
of excavation as the burial was displaced by bulldozer
activity. Rodent gnaw marks are present on the
anterior right femoral fragment at midshaft. Based on
the general morphology and size of the femoral
fragments, it can be said that this individual was an
adult. Skeletal sex could not be ascertained, and no
formal grave goods were recovered with this burial.
Burial 2, Feature 5
Burial 2 was recovered in the midden fill of Feature 5.
The skeletal remains were scattered throughout the
midden, and burial position was not evident to those
who excavated the burial (field notes). Field notes
indicate that two bones were recovered at a 25 percent
decline from the surface of the pit. Bone preservation
is poor, and the remains are very fragmentary. No
cranial fragments are present in the assemblage.
Among the post-cranial fragments recovered are the
following: four thoracic centra, one thoracic vertebral
process fragment, two thoracic articular facet and
pedicle fragments, one midshaft lower rib fragment,
four metacarpal shafts, the proximal one-third of the
shaft of the right femur, the distal shaft of a femur
(unsideable), one midshaft fragment of the left fibula,
Burial 4, Feature 10
Burial 4 was also exposed by bulldozer activity. This
scant collection of remains, including a fragmentary
mandibular canine and long bone fragments, may
represent a primary or secondary burial or a random
scatter (field notes). The long bone fragments include
one right midshaft clavicle fragment, two unsideable
midshaft fibula fragments, one large unsideable dorsal
femur fragment, and one badly eroded unsideable
humerus head. The sex of this individual could not be
determined. The gross morphology of the long bone
and tooth fragments indicate that this individual was
an adult, however a more specific age-range in years
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
19
from flotation and represent a collection of small
pieces from each feature fill. The corn cupules were
collected during examination of plant remains in some
of the flotation samples. Approximately 0.1g of
cupules and cupule fragments were submitted from
each pit. These were dated with the Atomic Mass
Spectrometer (AMS). The charcoal included 14.2g
from Pit #1 and 12.4 g from Pit #4. The charcoal
pieces were very small and no attempt was made to
identify the wood. C13/C12 ratios were run for each
charcoal sample resulting in small corrections to the
dates.
cannot be provided. No formal grave goods were
recovered in this assemblage.
RADIOCARBON DATES
Four samples of charred materials were submitted for
radiocarbon dating. A sample of charcoal and a
sample of corn cupules were submitted for Pits #1 and
#4 (Table 1). These two features contained an
abundance of charred material in the flotation and
they also had many artifacts and pieces of debris
within the pits. The charcoal samples were obtained
Table 1. Radiocarbon dates for 34GD81.
Prov.
Pit 1
Pit 1
Pit 4
Pit 4
Lab #
Beta-67428
Beta-154630
Beta-82559
B.P. Date
360 +/- 70
700 +/- 40
400 +/- 60
Calibrated Date* 1 Sigma Range
1511, 1600, 1616 1448-1644
1290
1280-1299, 1375
1473
1441-1520,
1569-1627
Beta-175253 600 +/- 40 1327, 1346, 1393 1302-1370,
1381-1404
Prob. Dist.@
1547-1634 (61%)
1273-1303 (75%)
1442-1518 (65%)
Sample
Charcoal
Corn
Charcoal
1305-1333 (40%) Corn
*All dates except B.P. column are A.D. dates. Calibrated dates are based on the University of Washington
Radiocarbon Calibration Program, Rev. 4.2, Stuiver and Reimer 1993.
@ 1 sigma age range with highest probability distribution, percentage is in ( ); from Calibration Program.
same time, the period of occupation would be around
A.D. 1300-1375.
The dates vary significantly, although all are roughly
within or overlap the time range for the Washita River
phase (see Drass 1997). The charcoal dates are 100 to
320 years more recent than the corn dates for each
feature. The corn dates, based on the 1 sigma ranges,
do not overlap the charcoal dates for each feature. The
ranges of the charcoal dates for each pit overlap as do
the date ranges for the corn samples from each pit.
The two pits are, thus, roughly contemporaneous, but
they could represent either early or late Washita River
phase, or early protohistoric occupations. Based on the
artifact assemblage, which is similar to other Washita
River phase assemblages, the corn dates would appear
to be more accurate. Also, the charcoal represents a
conglomeration of materials that may include some
more recent wood charcoal or other contaminants. The
AMS dates on the charred corn, which can be directly
attributable to prehistoric activities, are considered the
most reliable for this site. Thus, some of the trash
deposited in Pit # 1 occurred around A.D. 1280 to
1375. Trash in Pit #4 was deposited sometime around
A.D. 1302 to 1404. If the pits were used at roughly the
MATERIALS RECOVERED
Excavations at the Jewett site resulted in the recovery
of substantial quantities of material remains. A variety
of materials including chipped debris, chipped stone
tools, ceramics, ground stone, plus bone and plant
remains were available for analysis. All materials
were examined and analyzed for this report.
CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS
Many archaeologists perceive lithic technology as a
reduction process, which eventually leads to the
production of chipped and ground stone tools (Collins
1975). Artifacts such as projectile points, bifacial
knives, unifaces, and intentionally modified flakes are
the desired end products of such a reductive system.
In the process of reducing the selected raw material to
the desired form, a variety of items are produced as
by-products. In general, this material is referred to as
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
20
which tapers to a rounded base (Suhm, and Jelks
1962:197). The blade is triangular in outline with
straight to slightly convex lateral edges. Shoulders
vary with some broad specimens. Gary points are
found throughout Oklahoma (with the exception of the
panhandle and northwestern portion of the state).
Presently, the temporal range for Gary points is from
approximately 2000 B.C. to A.D. 1400-1500 (Bell
1958:28).
flaking debris or debitage. Groups below present the
description of the chipped stone artifacts recovered
from the Jewett site.
Dart Points
Dart points are bifaces, which have received final
trimming and exhibit a point or tip opposite a welldefined haft element. Dart points were used in
conjunction with a spear or fore shaft and were hurled
(perhaps with the aid of an atlatl) at the target. Many
dart points also functioned as knives and scrapers.
Thus, dart points represent multi-functional tools
equivalent to the Swiss army knife of today. Based on
their morphological characteristics, one dart point type
has been identified at the Jewett site.
The Gary point recovered from Feature 14 at the
Jewett site is a medium-sized point with the top of the
blade and the base of the stem broken off. The length
of the point is 3.5 cm long and is 8 mm thick. The
blade is 2.5 cm long and 2.3 cm wide at the shoulder
and 2 cm at the point where the blade snapped. The
stem is 2 cm wide at the shoulder and 1.1 mm at the
fracture. The point is made from Johns Valley Chert,
which is found in southeast Oklahoma, and its weight
is 9 grams.
Gary
Sample size: 1 (Figure 11e)
Description: Gary points exhibit a contracting stem,
Figure 11. Projectile points and chipped stone tools from 34GD81. a & c) Harrells, b) Fresno, d) side-notched
arrow point fragment, e) Gary, f) scraper, g) arrow preform, h, j, & k) modified flake scrapers, and i) flake graver.
short shaft and propelled by a bow rather than being
hurled on a spear shaft by hand or with the aid of an
atlatl. Three different types of arrow points are
identified from specimens recovered during the Jewett
site investigations. Arrow point types are identified
based on morphological characteristics.
Arrow Points
Arrow points are small bifaces (or occasionally
unifaces) and are often made from flakes. They are
generally distinguished from dart points by their
smaller size and because they were mounted on a
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
21
thick and has a weight of 0.15g. The point was
recovered from Feature 4.
Fresno
Sample Size: 1 (Figure 11b)
Description: Fresnos are triangular, un-notched arrow
points with straight to slightly convex lateral edges of
triangular, secondary reduction flakes. Points of this
type are extremely common throughout Oklahoma
during the Late Prehistoric and protohistoric times
(A.D. 900 to 1500 and later; Bell 1960:44).
Arrow Point Preforms
Sample size: 1 (Figure 11g)
Description: One biface preform was recovered from
Feature 2 SE1/4. This preform appears to be a stage 2
preform, which has “rough out (edging without
shaping),” as described by Callahan (1979). The
specimen is 30 mm long by 20 mm wide and 6 mm
thick and is made from Ogallala quartzite. There are
heat pock marks on one surface of the preform.
The Fresno arrow point was recovered from Feature 2
SE¼ at the Jewett site and is made of Boone chert that
is found in northeast Oklahoma. The tip is snapped off
the point. The width at the base is 14 mm and 8 mm at
the snap. The length of the point is 15 mm and it
weighs 0.7g. The thickness of the point is 3 mm.
Biface Fragments
Sample size: 1
Description: This is a small fragment of a biface found
in Feature 4. It is thick in cross-section but no cortex
is present on the fragment. The specimen is made
from Florence-A chert and is 18.4 mm long, 12.5 mm
wide, and 7 mm thick.
Harrell
Sample size: 2 (Figure 11a & c)
Description: Triangular blades characterize points of
this type with nearly straight lateral edges. Sidenotches are usually shallow but well made. The stem
is expanding with a straight base. This point type is
very similar to Washita points with the exception of a
notch on the base. Harrell points are found throughout
Oklahoma and date from around A.D. 1000 to 1500
(Bell 1958:30).
Scrapers
Thumb Scrapers
Sample size: 1 (Figure 11f)
Description: The scraper was made using Johns
Valley chert that has a bluish gray color. It was
recovered from Feature 4. The scraper is 23 mm long,
18 mm wide, and 10 mm thick. It has a very small
amount of stream rolled cortex on the dorsal surface
of the scraper.
The first Harrell point was recovered from Feature 1
N½ at the Jewett site and was knapped using heattreated Frisco chert found in south central Oklahoma.
The point is 13 mm long and 10 mm wide at the base.
The side notches are 3 mm wide and 2 mm deep. The
base notch is 1 mm wide and 1 mm deep. The weight
of the point is 0.3g and the thickness is 2 mm.
Modified Flake Scrapers
Sample size: 4 (Figure 11h, j, & k)
Description: The first scraper is from Feature 2 SE¼
(Figure 11h) and is made from heat-treated Reed
Springs chert. This is a secondary flake with stream
cortex on much of the dorsal face. Its dimensions are
30 mm by 34 mm by 4 mm thick. The second scraper
is from Feature 8 (Figure 11k) and is made from
Frisco chert. There is a small amount of white cortex
along one side of the flake. The dimensions are 34
mm by 30 mm by 7 mm thick. The third modified
flake tool (Figure 11j) is a scraper from Feature 4 that
is made using Frisco chert. Stream cortex covers most
of the dorsal face. One lateral edge has some unifacial
modification. The dimensions of the scraper are 27
mm by 15 mm and 6 mm thick. A fourth modified
flake scraper from Feature 4 is made from a tertiary
Florence-A flake. Two lateral edges exhibit unifacial
modification on this small, broken piece. The
The second Harrell point (Figure 11c) was recovered
from the general surface at the Jewett site. It is
knapped from heat-treated Frisco chert. The point is
20 mm long and 14 mm wide at the base. The side
notches are 3 mm long and 3 mm deep. The base
notch is 4 mm long and 2 mm deep. The weight of the
point is 0.7g and the thickness is 3 mm.
Unidentified Arrow Point
Sample size: 1 ( Figure 11d)
Description: This is a fragment of an unidentified
side-notched arrow point that is knapped from heattreated Frisco chert. Most of the blade and stem are
missing. The remaining blade at the base is 8 mm
wide just above the notches and 7 mm wide at the
point where the blade snapped. The base is 5 mm wide
at the point where it snapped. The fragment is 6 mm
long and 5.5 mm in length. The fragment is 2 mm
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
22
John’s Valley chert. The flake has stream cortex over
much of the dorsal face. One projection from a corner
exhibits fine chipping indicating use. The dimensions
of the graver are 30 mm by 24 mm and 8 mm thick.
The second tool is a secondary Ogallala quartzite
flake with evidence of unifacial use modification
along one lateral edge. This flake scraper is 35 mm by
23 mm by 6 mm and is from Feature 1 S½. The third
specimen is a flake knife from Feature 4 with
evidence of use along one lateral edge. This knife is
made from a secondary Ogallala quartzite flake and is
29 mm by 20 mm by 7.2 mm.
modified flake scraper fragment is 13 mm by 12 mm
by 1.8 mm. The fifth modified flake scraper is also
from Feature 4. This is a secondary Frisco flake
unifacially modified along one end. The tool is 25 mm
by 18 mm by 6 mm.
Modified Flake Spokeshaves
Sample size: 1
Description: This is a large secondary Frisco flake
with unifacial modification forming a concave
depression along one lateral edge. Another edge may
have been used as a knife. The specimen is 67 mm by
34 mm by 32 mm and is from the general surface
collection in the well pad area.
Cobble Bifaces
Table 2
Sample Size: 2
Description: Two cobbles with flakes removed from
two or more surfaces were recovered. Both are made
using Ogallala quartzite.
Utilized Flake Tools
Sample size: 3 (Figure 11i)
Description: The first utilized flake tool (Figure 11i) is
a graver from Feature 8 and is made using heat-treated
Table 2. Cobble bifaces, tested cobbles, cobbles and cobble fragments from 34GD81.
#
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
Artifact
Cobble Biface
Cobble Biface
Tested Cobble
Tested Cobble
Cobble Fragment (3 pieces)
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragment
Cobble Fragments
Cobble Fragment, fire cracked
Cobble, fire cracked
Cobble, fire cracked
Cobble, fire cracked
Cobble
Cobbles
Cobble
Cobble
Cobbles
Pebbles
Pebble
Pebbles
Material
Weight (g)
Ogallala quartzite
64.2
Ogallala quartzite
15.5
Quartzite
148.9
Metaquartzite
52.8
Quartzite
21.5
Quartzite
53.7
Quartzite
10.6
Quartzite
117.5
Quartzite
13.1
Quartzite
10.4
Quartzite
16
Ogallala quartzite
101
Metaquartzite
0.9
Metaquartzite
19.6
Quartzite
21
Ogallala quartzite
4.1
Quartzite
54.3
Quartzite
32.1
Quartzite
42.6
Metaquartzite
27
Metaquartzite
60.2
Metaquartzite
35.4
Metaquartzite
141.3
Metaquartzite
248.3
Metaquartzite
2.6
Metaquartzite
2.2
Metaquartzite
5.7
Provenience
Feature 1 N½
Feature 4
Feature 1 S½
Feature 1 S½
Feature 13
Feature 1 S½
Feature 13
Feature 12
Feature 1 N½
Surface
Sheet Midden
Feature 1, N½
Feature 12
Feature 1 S½
Feature 12
Feature 1 S½
Feature 1 S½
Feature 4
Feature 13
Feature 13
Surface
Feature 1 S½
Feature 1 N½
Feature 4
Feature 2 N½
Feature 13
Feature 13
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
23
#
1
3
38
Artifact
Pebble
Pebbles
Total
Material
Metaquartzite
Metaquartzite
Weight (g) Provenience
13.5
Feature 5, Burial 2 N½
8.9
Feature 2
1344.9
Description: These are sections of cobbles; all are
quartzites and one is fire-cracked.
Tested Cobbles
Table 2
Sample Size: 2
Description: These are cobbles that have had a few
flakes removed. One tested cobble is quartzite and a
second cobble is a metaquartzite.
Cobbles/Pebbles
Table 2
Sample Size: 18
Description: These are stream cobbles or smaller
pebbles that have been brought to the site but are
unmodified or only modified by burning. Three are
fire-cracked.
Cobble Fragments
Table 2
Sample Size: 13
Table 3. Reduction flakes from 34GD81.
Excavations
Flotation
Provenience
Prim. Sec. Tert.
1/4
in.+
Prim.
1/4
in.+
Sec.
1/4
in.+
Tert.
-1/4
in.
Prim.
Total
-1/4
in.
Sec.
1/4in.
Tert.
-1/4
in.
Micro
Feature 1
11
16
27
19
28
223
1
1
266
971
1563
Feature 2
1
1
1
2
1
32
0
0
53
80
171
Feature 3
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
6
Feature 4
3
7
3
0
0
0
0
0
11
55
79
Feature 5
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Feature 8
0
0
0
4
10
22
0
3
25
66
129
Feature 13
3
6
12
1
1
12
0
1
44
75
155
Feature 14
0
1
4
0
0
1
0
0
8
8
22
Sheet Midden
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
15
18
General
Surface
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Totals
19
31
49
26
41
294
1
5
411
1269
2146
Prim. = primary, Sec. = secondary, and Tert. = tertiary flakes.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
24
Reduction Flakes
in 1/4 inch screens).
Sample size: 2,065
Description: There are 2,146 reduction flakes
recovered from the Jewett site. Only 99 reduction
flakes were recovered from the on-site screening
operations. Screen mesh size used was ¼ inch. Due to
a time deadline, the fill of several features was bagged
at the site and floated at the lab. The balance (2047) of
the reduction flakes was recovered using a lab
flotation process. To determine the number of
reduction flakes that would have been recovered if all
the dirt had been screened, all of the material
recovered as a result of the flotation process was
screened through ¼ mesh screen. This process
produced 361 reduction flakes that would have been
recovered during the normal (1/4 inch) screening
process bringing that total to 460. Table 3 shows
additional reduction flake counts of 1 primary, 5
secondary, 411 tertiary, and 1269 microflakes that are
less than 1/4 inch. The microflakes are very small
sharpening or reduction finishing flakes. The addition
of the small flakes from fine screening flotation
represents a 367% increase in the flake count for the
site (78.6% of the total flakes would not be recovered
Lithic Material Use
Lithic materials used by the Jewett site inhabitants
include items from a variety of sources. A total of
2,163 pieces of chipped stone from Jewett include 11
different identified lithic materials and some
unidentified cherts (Table 4). The most common
chipped stone materials are local lithics that include
miscellaneous quartzite, Ogallala quartzite, and
petrified wood. All of these materials can be obtained
from gravel deposits on upland ridges near the
Washita River or from cobbles in stream beds. Quartz
and Alibates may also represent locally obtained
materials. Alibates agatized dolomite outcrops in the
Texas Panhandle, but cobbles have been reported in
the terraces along the Canadian and Washita rivers in
central Oklahoma (Banks 1984:74, Brooks et al.
1985:149, Wyckoff 1993). A few small quartz cobbles
are found in these same terraces although deposits of
quartz are no closer than the Wichita Mountains to the
southwest of the site. The unidentified cherts may also
represent miscellaneous materials found in the
Ogallala gravels along the Washita River.
Table 4. Lithic material types for chipped stone from Jewett.
Material Type
Quartzite
Ogallala quartzite
Frisco
Florence-A/Flint Hills
Alibates
Boone
Johns Valley
Obsidian
Dakota Quartzite
Petrified Wood
Quartz
Unidentified chert
Total
Points
1
3
1
1
1
7
Other Tools
2
4
1
1
2
10
Flakes
1320
313
280
109
22
19
1
8
5
1
68
2146
Total
1320
316
287
111
22
21
3
1
8
5
1
68
2163
Garvin County (see Drass 1997), and this material was
probably traded between villagers along the Washita
River or obtained from the source and brought up the
river to 34GD81. The amount of Frisco at Jewett,
13.3% of the assemblage, is higher than other Washita
River phase villages in Grady County near Jewett;
generally, these villages have less than 5% Frisco
although Brown, 34GD1, has 6.5%. The high amount
Nonlocal materials include Frisco, Florence-A,
Boone, Johns Valley chert, Dakota quartzite, and
obsidian. Of these materials Frisco and Florence-A are
the most common nonlocals representing 13.3% and
5.1% of the chipped stone respectively. Frisco is from
the closest source, 105 km to the southeast near
Fittstown in Pontotoc County. Frisco is common at
Washita River phase sites to the east of Jewett in
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
25
may represent local cherts or quartzites that resemble
these nonlocal materials. Johns Valley chert is from
the Ouachita Mountains in southeastern Oklahoma. It
is interesting that the material is represented as only
tools at Jewett. This may indicate trade as finished
products. The Johns Valley tools are from Features 4,
8, and 14. Dakota quartzite is a fine-grained material
with the closest source in the western Oklahoma
Panhandle (Banks 1990:89-90). The Dakota quartzite
pieces from Jewett are flakes and include one primary
and one secondary flake. All were recovered from
only two features, 1 and 8. The single obsidian flake
from Jewett is from Feature 5, Burial 2. The closest
source for obsidian is New Mexico but obsidian from
other sources such as Idaho has been documented in
Oklahoma. The source of the obsidian flake from
Jewett is unknown. It may represent down-the-line
trade from the west.
of Frisco at Jewett is somewhat comparable to
Washita River phase villages in the Pauls Valley area
that are closer to the Frisco source (see Drass
1997:96). Pauls Valley villages have assemblages
with 22% to 43% Frisco. Most initial reduction of
Frisco apparently took place at the source or
downstream; only 10 of the Frisco pieces from Jewett
have any cortex remaining. Jewett knappers appear to
have preferred Frisco for the manufacture of many of
the tools, both biface tools and flake tools. Features 1,
2, 4, 8, 13, 14, and the sheet midden at Jewett contain
some Frisco.
The source for Florence-A is considerably farther
from Jewett, approximately 222 km to the northeast,
than the Frisco. Florence-A is rare, generally less than
2% of an assemblage, at villages in Garvin County,
but other Grady County villages contain significant
amounts of Florence-A, amounts that are similar to
those found at Jewett (see Drass 1997 and Brooks et
al. 1985). Washita River villages near Jewett include
the Brown site (34GD1) containing 12.5% FlorenceA, Williams-Branch (34GD122) with 5.7%, Sparks
(34GD119) with 5.7%, and the late Washita River
phase or early protohistoric Robertson site (34GD144)
which has 16.7% Florence-A. Florence-A is often
used for chipped stone tools and debitage is primarily
tertiary or thinning flakes from the final stages of tool
manufacture. All but one (a primary flake) of the
Florence-A flakes from Jewett are tertiary or
microflakes indicating that principally finished tools
or late stage bifaces of Florence-A were brought to the
Jewett site. Florence-A is found in five of the Jewett
features (Features 1, 2, 4, 13, and 14).
In summary, inhabitants of the Jewett site used a
variety of lithic materials to produce chipped stone
tools. Jewett flint knappers preferred high-quality
cherts for formal bifacial and unifacial tools. They
obtained some of these cherts from sources
considerable distances from the village. Frisco,
obtained from the closest source for high-quality
chert, was the most frequently used material and it
appears to have been brought to the village as finished
or late stage reduction items. It may have been traded
from villagers to the east that were closer to the Frisco
source, or it could have been obtained directly from
the source. Florence-A was also a frequently used
stone, possibly indicating a significant trade
relationship with groups in north central Oklahoma.
The presence of this material at many of the villages
in the Grady County area suggests some regular
contact with groups near the source. Florence-A was
brought to the area as finished tools or late stage
reduction items. Jewett people also obtained materials
from distant sources to the west and east. These
materials are much less common and may reflect
some down-the-line trading. Although nonlocal lithics
were important for some formal tool manufacture, the
inhabitants utilized local materials for many tasks and
the predominant debitage at the village is from local
quartzites and cherts.
Boone is found in the Ozarks of northeastern
Oklahoma over 250 km from Jewett. About 1% of the
chipped stone at Jewett is Boone and all flakes are
tertiary flakes or microflakes. Boone occurs in small
amounts at many of the villages in Garvin and Grady
counties. It represents from less than 1% of an
assemblage to just over 5% of chipped stone at these
sites. Boone-like chert, however, has also been
reported from gravel deposits in central Oklahoma
(Brooks et al. 1985:150), and some of the materials
from Washita River phase villages may be local
materials. Boone was recovered from Features 1, 2, 4,
and 13 at Jewett.
GROUND AND PECKED STONE TOOLS
These items represent tools or artifacts that have been
shaped or modified by pecking or grinding. These
artifacts are described below with proveniences and
measurements listed in Tables 5 and 6.
Only a few items made from Johns Valley chert,
Dakota quartzite, and obsidian are present in the
Jewett assemblage. These materials are not typically
found at other villages in the area and some of them
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
26
exterior. The inside of the pipe is blackened from use.
The pipe is made from brown unidentified stone.
Pipe Fragment
Table 5, Figure 12
Sample size: 1
Description: The pipe
fragment is 36 mm
long from top to
bottom. The top of the
bowl rim is 7 mm high
and 4 mm thick and
rounded
on
top.
Outside diameter of
the bowl and rim is
approximately 21 mm.
The diameter of the
tobacco cylinder is 11 mm. An engraved zigzag line
circles the center of the bowl and decorates the pipe
Manos
Table 5
Sample size: 7
Specimen 1
Description: This mano fragment has one face present;
the other has three fresh brakes removing most of the
surface. It was recovered from Feature 14. Three sides
are shaped (Figure 13).
Specimen 2
Description: The mano fragment has one face present
with two sides shaped and the other face and two sides
are broken. It was recovered from Feature 5, Burial 2.
Table 5. Ground stone from 34GD81.
Length Width Thick.
Description
mm
mm
mm
Split section with engraved
30
11
7
decoration.
Shaped, broken, one face
86.6
74.3
51.2
present.
#
Artifact
Provenience
Material
1
Pipe fragment
Feature 4
Unidentified
stone
1
Mano
Feature 14
Sandstone
1
Mano
Feature 5,
Burial 2
Sandstone
55.9
55.7
42.2
Unifacial fragment
Feature 14
Sandstone
86.9
47.5
40.8
Bifacial fragment, Shaped.
Feature 4
Feature 2
N1/2
Feature 1 S
1/2
Sandstone
54.5
33.7
21.8
Bifacial fragment, shaped.
Sandstone
69.5
42.7
29.1
Fragment, one face present.
Sandstone
101.4
67.6
33.1
1
Mano/Nutting
stone
Mano
1
Mano
1
Mano
1
Mano
Feature 1
S1/2
Sandstone
74
49
23
1
Metate
Feature 8
Sandstone
345
295
110
1
Metate
Feature 8
Sandstone
275
210
110
1
Metate/mano
Feature 1
S1/2
Sandstone
60.7
45
23
1
Ground frag.
Sandstone
62
39
15
1
Ground frag.
Sandstone
31
29
20
1
Ground frag.
Sandstone
59
28.3
26.2
1
Feature 2
N1/2
Feature 1
S1/2
Feature 14
Six bifacial fragments,
possibly shaped.
One face ground and one
side shaped, other surface
and sides broken and burned.
1 large and 3 smaller
fragments were refitted.
1 large and 2 smaller
fragments possibly part of
the metate above, but would
not refit
Burned fragment with one
face ground and the others
broken.
Ground on one surface
Ground on all surfaces,
almost round
Bifacial, small fragment
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
27
#
Artifact
Provenience
1
Ground frag.
1
Ground frag.
Feature 1
S1/2
Feature 14
1
Ground frag.
Feature 1 N14
1
Ground frag.
1
Ground frag.
1
Ground frag.
1
Ground frag.
1
Ground frag.
1
Ground frag.
Feature 4
Sandstone
1
Ground frag.
Total = 24
Feature 14
Sandstone
Feature 1
S1/2
Feature 1
S1/2
Feature I
N1/2
Feature 2N1/2
Feature 2
N1/2
Material
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Length Width Thick.
Description
mm
mm
mm
Shaped, ground on one
41
24
17
surface
55
25
24
Ground some on all sides
Fragment ground on one
24
22
13
surface.
Ground on all surfaces,
29
30
23
almost round
Burned and shaped, ground
41
23
17
on 5 of 6 surfaces
Burned, ground on one
22
24
12
surface
40
34
21
Ground on two surfaces
Ground on all surfaces
63
38
12
except one
Fragment ground on 3 of 6
17
22
6
surfaces
57
25
27
Ground on all surfaces
grinding basin could extend far enough to make the
shape oblong. It was found in Feature 8.
Specimen 2
Description: Three large sandstone fragments have
part of a grinding basin surface but do not refit. They
could be part of the same metate listed as specimen 1.
Specimen 3
Description: This mano/nutting stone fragment was
recovered from Feature 14. It has two sides shaped
and the top surface has a nutting depression. The
bottom has a grinding surface.
Specimen 4
Description: The fragment was recovered from
Feature 4. It has two grinding surfaces and two shaped
sides.
Specimen 5
Description: This mano fragment was recovered from
Feature 2 N1/2. It has only one grinding surface and
two shaped sides.
Specimen 6
Description: This sspecimen consists of six refitted
pieces. Two of the six mano fragments recovered from
Feature 1 S1/2 are bifacially ground and five of the six
fragments show shaping.
Specimen 7
Description: The mano fragment was recovered from
Feature 1 S1/2. It has only one grinding surface and
one shaped side; the other surfaces are missing.
Metates
Table 5
Sample Size: 3
Specimen 1
Description: This metate is broken into one large
piece and three small pieces that were refitted. The
sandstone metate has a grinding basin approximately
150 mm wide and 140 mm long but is broken. The
The sandstone appears to be the same consistency and
color as specimen 1. These pieces are also from
Feature 8.
Specimen 3
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
28
surface to some ground on all surfaces. Their use
could not be discerned.
Description: This is one burned sandstone fragment
with one ground flat surface. Other surfaces are
broken and fire cracked. It is from Feature 1 S½.
Hammerstones
Miscellaneous Ground Sandstone
Table 6
Sample Size: 8
Description: Eight stones exhibit battering from use as
hammers. These are made from quartzite and one
Ogallala quartzite, materials that are hard and
adequate for use in hammering.
Table 5
Sample Size: 13
Description: Two of the pieces from Feature 1 S½ are
ground almost round, roughly the shape of balls. The
other 11 fragments include sandstone ground on one
Table 6. Hammerstones from 34GD81.
#
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Artifact
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Hammerstone
Total
Material
Quartzite
Ogallala quartzite
Quartzite
Quartzite
Quartzite
Quartzite
Quartzite
Quartzite
Weight (g)
281.1
1183.7
366.8
79.1
141.4
92.6
153.8
70.6
2369.1
Provenience
Feature 14
Feature 14
Feature 8
Feature 4
Feature 1 S½
Feature 1 S½
Feature 1 S½
Feature 1 S½
Description: These are sandstone pieces having no
evidence of usage other than 11 of the 29 specimens
are burned. The pieces vary in weight from 294.8g
down to 5.6g.
UNMODIFIED STONE
Sandstone
Table 7
Sample Size: 29
Table 7: Sandstone from 34GD81.
#
Artifact
Provenience
Weight (g) Comments
5
Sandstone Feature 1 N½
20.6
1
Sandstone Feature 1 S½
232.5
1
Sandstone Feature 1 S½
294.8
3
Sandstone Feature 2 SE¼
92.3
1
Sandstone Feature 4
38
3
Sandstone Feature 4
60.9
1
Sandstone Feature 5, Burial 2
5.6
2
Sandstone Feature 8
20.8
7
Sandstone Feature 13
18.5
Small fragments
Burned
Burned
Burned
Burned Small Fragments
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
29
#
Artifact
Provenience
1
Sandstone Feature 13
Weight (g) Comments
752
29 Total
Burned
1536
sherds were recovered from the Jewett site. These
sherds encompass three different ceramic wares and
possibly as many as 18 vessels are represented. The
pottery types are described below and Tables 8
through 10 provide information on the sherds.
CERAMICS AND BURNED CLAY/DAUB
Pottery
No complete pottery vessels were found but 139
Table 8. Rim and neck sherds from 34GD81.
# Temper
Thickness Rim
mm
Form
Vessel
Shape
Neck
Provenience
Core
Color
Exterior
Color
Globular Feat. 1 N1/2
Brown
Dark
Brown
Lee Plain
Sherd at
neck curve
constricted
1 Limestone
7
Unknown
1 Limestone
5 to 8.5
Unknown
Globular Feat. 1 N1/2
Brown
Dark
Brown
1 Limestone
8
Unknown
Globular Feat. 1 N1/2
Dark
Brown
Brown
1 Stone
9
Unknown
Constricted
Globular Feat. 1 N1/2
Neck
Brown
Brown
1 Stone
7
Unknown
Globular Feat. 1 N1/2
1 Stone
7
Unknown
Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
8
Unknown
Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
2 Stone
7.1, 8
Excurving
Slightly
Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
Constricted
3 Stone
8.3, 8.3,
9.6
Excurving Constricted Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
6.2
Feat. 1 S/2
Slightly
Constricted Globular Upper
Excurving
portion
1
Large
Limestone
1 Stone/shell
Very
Grayish Dark
Brown Grayish
Brown
Very
Dark
Dark
Grayish
Grayish
Brown
Brown
Very
Dark
Dark
Brown Grayish
Brown
Very
Dark
Dark
Gray to Gray to
Gray
Brownish
Yellow
Very
Gray
Dark
Gray
Dark
Dark
Grayish
Gray
Brown
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
30
1 Stone
8
Unknown,
Globular Feat. 2 N1/2
Brown
1 Stone
9
Unknown
Globular Feat. 2 N1/2
Dark
Brown
Exterior
Color
Dark
Brown
Dark
Brown
1 Untempered
6
Unknown,
Globular Feat. 2
Brown
Brown
1 Untempered
7
Unknown
Globular Feat. 2
Brown
# Temper
Thickness Rim
mm
Form
Vessel
Shape
Neck
Provenience
Core
Color
1 Stone
8.4
Straight
Slightly
Globular Feat. 14
Constricted
Dark
Brown
1 Stone/shell
8.9
Excurving
Slightly
Globular Surface
Constricted
Dark
Gray
Dark
Brown
Dark
Brown
Light
Yellowish
Brown
Lee Plain Subtotal = 19
Lindsay Cordmarked
1 Shell
8
Straight
Slightly
Globular Surface
Constricted
Brown
Light
Brown
Nocona Plain
Dark
Grayish
Brown
Dark
Dark
Gray to Grayish
Gray
Brown
Dark
Brown grayish
Brown
Dark
Reddish
Brown Brown
1 Shell
6.5
Slightly
Excurving
Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
Constricted
3 Shell
7.2, 7.2,
7.3
Slightly
Slightly
Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
Excurving Constricted
1 Shell
7.5
Straight
1 Shell
8.1
Excurving Constricted Globular Feat. 2 N1/2
1 Shell
7.7
Slightly
Slightly
Globular Feat. 4
Excurving Constricted
Gray
Slightly
Globular Feat. 1 S1/2
Constricted
Dark
Gray
Brown
2 Shell
9.6, 10
Excurving Constricted Globular Feat. 4
Very
Brown to
Dark
Very
Gray to
Dark
Dark
Gray
Gray
1 Shell
7.7
Sheet
Slightly
Slightly
Globular
Midden
Excurving Constricted
Gray
Brown
1 Shell
9.2
Straight
Slightly
Sheet
Globular
Constricted
Midden
Dark
Gray
Light
Yellowish
Brown
1 Shell
10.1
Excurving
Slightly
Globular Surface
Constricted
Dark
Gray
Brown
Nocona Plain Subtotal = 12
Rim & Neck Total = 32
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
31
Table 9. Pottery bases from 34GD81.
# Temper
1 shell
Base
Diameter
? base
fragment
stone -little
71.5 mm
temper
stone /shell
? base
1 - little shell
fragment
temper
1
Thick. Base
mm
Form
Type
Name
Nocona
Plain
Lee
Plain
16.3
flat disk
15.4
flat disk
14.5
flat disk
Lee
with
Plain
concavity
Provenience
Feature 1
S1/2
Feature 1
S1/2
Feature 4
Exterior
Color
Dark Grayish
Brown
Interior
Color
Dark
Brown
Dark
Brown
Brown
Dark
Dark Grayish
Brown
Brown
Total Bases = 3
Table 10. Body sherds from 34GD81.
#
Temper
Thickness
mm
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Provenience
Light Yellowish Brown
to Very Dark Gray
Light Yellowish
Brown to Dark
Brown
Feature 1 S1/2
Lee Plain
10 Stone
7.5-10.2
1
Stone/Shell
?
N.A., eroded
Brown
Feature 1 S1/2
1
Limestone
7
Pale Brown
Brown
Feature 1 S1/2
1
Sandstone
8
Light Yellow Brown
Brown
Feature 1 S1/2
1
Limestone/Shell
Brown
Brown
Feature 1 N1/2
1
Limestone
7
Light Brown
Pink
Feature 1 N1/2
1
Limestone
-
Red
N.A. eroded
Feature 1 N1/2
1
Stone
9
Brown
Brown
Feature 1 N1/2
1
Stone/Shell
7.3
Brown
Brown
Feature 1 N1/2
1
Untempered?
13
Brown
Dark Gray
Feature 2
1
Stone
?
Dark Grayish Brown
N A., eroded
Feature 2
1
Stone
11
Brown
Brown
Feature 2 N1/2
1
Stone
-
N.A. Eroded
Dark Brown
Feature 2 N1/2
1
Stone
11.2
Dark Brown
Grayish Brown
Feature 2 SE1/4
16 Stone/Shell
6.5-11.8
Gray to Black
Feature 4
Dark Brown
Feature 4
3
Stone/Shell and
Shell-tempered
7
Shell/Stone
3
Stone
7.5
9, 10, 11
9-13
7.8, 8.9,
10.3
Light Yellow Brown to
Dark Grayish Brown
Tan, Brown, Dark
Brown
Reddish Tan to Dark
Brown
Brown to Gray
Brown to Dark
Gray
Grayish Brown to
Very Dark Gray
Feature 4
Feature 5
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
32
Thickness
mm
#
Temper
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Provenience
1
Stone
8.4
Light Gray
Light Yellowish
Brown
Feature 12
1
Stone/Shell
6.4
Dark Grayish Brown
Brown
Feature 13
7
Stone
6 -11.3
Brown to Dark Grayish
Brown
4
Stone
8.2-11.1
Reddish Yellow to
Dark Grayish Brown
Light Yellow
Brown to Dark
Grayish Brown
Brown to Dark
Grayish Brown
1
Stone/Shell
10.9
Light Yellowish Brown
Brown
6
Stone/Shell
6.9-11.3
5
Stone
9.2-12.5
4
Stone/Shell
8.5-11.6
Light Gray to Brown
Light Yellowish Brown
to Dark Grayish Brown
Light Yellow Brown to
Strong Gray
Feature 13
Feature 14
Feature 14
Brown to Very
Dark Gray
Reddish Yellow
to Brown
Light Brown to
Dark Gray
Sheet Midden
Sheet Midden
Surface
Lee Plain Subtotal = 81, Average Thickness = 9.4
Lee Decorated (Nodes)
1
Stone
10.1
Light Brownish Gray
Grayish Brown
Feature 5
1
Stone/Fiber
14.8
Light Yellowish Brown
Brown
Feature 14
N.A.
Feature 1 N1/2
Lee Decorated (Incised)
1
Limestone
5.5
Brown
Lee Decorated Subtotal = 3, Average Thickness = 10.1
Lindsay Cordmarked
1
Limestone
8
Strong Brown
Strong Brown
Feature 2 SE1/4
1
Stone
11
Strong Brown
Strong Brown
Feature 8
1
Stone/Shell
Brown
Dark Gray
Surface
Light Yellowish Brown
to Brown
Light Brownish Gray to
Very Dark Grayish
Brown
Light Brown to
Dark Brown
Feature 1 S1/2
Brown to Gray
Feature 1 N1/2
10.3
Lindsay Cordmarked Subtotal = 3, Average Thickness = 9.8
Nocona Plain
3
Shell
6.7, 7.1, 8.5
2
Shell
7.6, 7.9
1
Shell/Fiber
8.9
Dark Grayish Brown
Dark Gray
Feature 1 N1/2
1
Shell
6.4
Strong Brown
Gray
Feature 13
4
Shell
8.7-10,3
Reddish Yellow to
Dark Grayish Brown
Brown to Dark
Gray
Feature 14
1
Shell
7.8
Brown
Reddish Yellow
Sheet Midden
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
33
#
Temper
Thickness
mm
3
Shell
7.7, 8.4, 8.6 Brown
1
Shell
10
Exterior Color
Grayish Tan
Interior Color
Provenience
Yellow to Dark
Brown
Surface
Brown
?
Nocona Plain Subtotal = 16, Average Thickness = 8.3
Sanders Plain
1
Bone/Sandy
Paste
5.2
Red
Light Brownish
Gray
Feature 5
1
Bone
6.7
Red
Brown
Feature 5
Sanders Plain Subtotal = 2
Sherd Totals for Site = 104, Sherds from Excavations = 79, Sherds from Flotation = 25
decorated with nodes and one has incised lines on the
exterior.
Lindsay Cordmarked
Sample Size: 4
Description: This is a thick, cordmarked ware
represented by large globular vessels with direct or
constricted rims and primarily rounded or conoidal
bases. Flat bases may be present but are not common.
The pottery typically has a distinctive blocky grit
temper made from crushed sandstone or limestone
(Drass 1997:192). Three body sherds and one rim
sherd were recovered from the Jewett site (Tables 8
and 10, Figure 14a). The rim sherd is unusual in
having shell temper. It is from a globular vessel with a
slightly constricted neck.
Nocona Plain
Sample Size: 29
Description: This type is defined as a smooth, shelltempered ware. The shell temper is coarse and platy
and is sometimes leached out of the sherds. Pots are
globular jars or bowls that are usually well smoothed
(Drass 1997:195). Sixteen body sherds, 12 rim and
neck sherds, and 1 base sherd were recovered from the
Jewett site (Tables 8, 9, and 10, Figure 15b). One of
the body sherds has some brush marks, probably from
smoothing. The base is a flat disk and the rims are
from globular jars with slightly constricted to
constricted necks. Rims are usually excurving.
Lee Plain and Decorated
Sample Size: 103
Description: This type is similar to Lindsay
Cordmarked in temper and shape, but the surfaces
exhibit no evidence of cordmarking. Seventy-nine
body sherds, 19 rim and neck sherds and 2 bases were
recovered from the Jewett site. Both bases are flat
disks and the rims are from globular jars with slightly
constricted to constricted necks. Rims curve outward
from the neck of the vessels. Lips are mostly rounded
but one is flattened and rolled. A few lips taper to a
rounded form. Three Lee Decorated body sherds were
also recovered from Jewett (Tables 8, 9, and 10,
Figures 14b-d & 15a). Two of the sherds are
Sanders Plain
Sample Size: 2
Description: This type is defined as a bone tempered
ware with well-smoothed interior and exterior
surfaces. The exterior surface exhibits a red slip. The
predominant vessel shapes are simple bowls and jars.
Two red slipped body sherds recovered from Feature
5 at the Jewett site are suggested to be from a Sanders
Plain vessel (Table 10, Figure 15).
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
34
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
35
Clay Figurine Fragments
Burned Clay/Daub
Sample Size: 1
Description: This is probably part of a figurine, a leg
fragment. The leg is cylindrical and is 2.3 cm long.
The fragment is 9 mm in diameter where it appeared
to attach to the body of the figurine. The other end is
broken (Figure 14e).
Sample Size: 175
Description: These are small pieces of burned clay
and daub. Some of the pieces exhibit stick
impressions. Proveniences are provided in Table 11.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
36
Table 11. Burned clay/daub from 34GD81.
Provenience
Number
Type
Weight (g)
Burned Clay/Daub from Excavations
Feature 1 N½
2
burned clay
19.8
Feature 1 S½
1
burned clay
1.9
Feature 2
2
burned clay
30.2
Feature 2 N½
2
burned clay
10.2
Feature 4
54
burned clay
32.3
Feature 5
23
burned clay
36.6
Feature 12
1
burned clay
4.2
Feature 14
21
daub
13.1
Total from Excavations
106
148.3
Burned Clay/Daub from Flotation
Feature 1
40
burned clay
11.5
Feature 2
27
burned clay
7.8
Feature 2
1
daub
0.2
Feature 14
1
daub
2.2
Total from Flotation
69
21.7
Site Total
175
170
Bone Shaft Wrenches
Description: Two shaft wrenches were recovered from
Feature 4. The first is 12.8 cm long with one side of
the worked groove broken off. The other side of the
groove is 1 cm in diameter. The bone is a well
polished deer right tibia (30.5g). The second tool is a
fragment (4.6g) with three fourths of one and half of
the other groove present. It is probably a deer long
bone, but most of the tool is missing. The piece is only
4.5 cm long (Figure 16b & c).
BONE IMPLEMENTS AND DEBRIS
Bone Tools
All bones that appeared modified for or from use as
tools are described below. Tool types are separated by
function. Twelve modified bone tools or ornaments
have been identified.
Bone Awl
Description: The awl has been well ground and
polished on all surfaces except at the break. It is 7.1
cm long, 1.7 cm wide and 5 mm thick at the break. It
is tapered to a fine point. The awl is made from a
deer-size bone (5.2g), and it was recovered from
Feature 4 (Figure 16a).
Modified Deer Metatarsal
Description: This right deer metatarsal fragment (27g)
is 6 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter and has numerous
striations in both the vascular groove and the groove
on the opposite side of the bone. Use is unknown. The
specimen was recovered from Feature 13 (Figure
16d).
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
37
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
38
to a sharp edge at the frontal end. The specimen was
recovered from Feature 4 (Figure 17a).
Bison Scapula Hoe
Description: This bone tool is 15.6 cm long and 7.8
cm wide and 2 cm thick. The right scapula (119.9g)
was a digging tool based on the polish and striations
on each side of the large proximal end. The specimen
was recovered from Feature 14 (Figure 16h).
Bison Tibia Digging Stick Tip
Description: The digging stick is 13.5 cm long and 6
cm in diameter tapering down to 4 cm in diameter
where the polish starts at the working end. This right
distal tibia fragment (88g) is well polished at the
working end and up the shaft for 10 cm. The end of
the specimen has been hollowed to haft the tool. The
Bison Horn Core Hoe
Description: This left horn core tool (70g) is 14.7 cm
long, 7 cm wide, and 1.3 cm thick and is well polished
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
39
collections. The ¼ inch screening at the site resulted
in the recovery of a relatively small sample of bones,
403 specimens. These bones were collected from six
of the features, 1, 2, 4, 5, 13, and 14, plus the surface
of the site. The flotation samples resulted in a much
larger collection of bone, although much of this
material was small and often unidentifiable to species
or element. Bone was recovered from flotation at eight
features and the sheet midden. The recovery of large
amounts of bone from the flotation samples offers
much more extensive and inclusive information on
animal exploitation than the ¼ inch screens alone
would have provided.
tool is basically worn out. The specimen was
recovered from Feature 12 (Figure 17b).
Ornamental Bones
Carved Bone
Description: This specimen is carved from a very
small (0.1g) mammal bone. It is 2.1 cm long and 3
mm in diameter with three circular grooves cut 0.5
mm deep. The first groove is 4 mm from the top end,
the second 6 mm from the top, and the third 12.5 mm
from the top. Part of the surface was split off starting
8 mm from the top (Figure 16g). The specimen was
found in the north half of Feature 1.
Heavy fractions from flotation samples were sieved
and bone greater than 1 mm in size was examined for
possible identification. Bone was identified to element
and side, when possible, using the comparative
collection at the Oklahoma Archeological Survey.
Many of the small pieces, however, could only be
identified to general categories of fish, bird, small,
medium or large mammal, etc. Other pieces were
simply sorted to burned or unburned categories, then
counted and weighed as unidentified bone.
Incised Bone
Description: The second ornamental bone is from an
unidentified mammal found in the south half of
Feature 1. The bone is a small broken piece. The piece
is 2.4 cm long, 1 cm wide at one end and tapers down
to 3 mm wide at the other end. The bone is 2 mm
thick with four shallow cut lines equally spaced along
the length of the bone extending across the width of
the bone fragment. The function of this bone is
unknown (Figure 16e).
Minimum number of individuals (MNI) was defined
on counts of element and side for each species. The
most abundant element from the same side was used
for the MNI. Size of the bone or age of the animal was
considered in establishing MNI when possible. An
exception for size is the fish bone. Since fish grow
continuously, the same elements of different size
could be used for MNIs. However, most of the fish
bone was very small and measurements would be
needed to differentiate sizes on a scale necessary for
establishing MNIs. These measurements were not
taken, thus, only the number of elements by side is
used for the MNIs of fish. It is unlikely that size
differentiation would add much to the MNIs for
catfish or any of the other fish bone.
Bone Beads
Description: The first bead is made from a bird leg
bone (0.7g). It has been cut to 1.5 mm in length and
0.7 mm wide. The bone is a highly polished bead
(Figure 16f1) from Feature 4.
Description: The second bone bead (0.3g) is another
bird bone cut to 2.6 mm long and 0.7 mm wide.
Portions of both ends have been broken. It is from
Feature 4 (Figure 16f2).
Description: The third bone bead (0.6g) is another bird
bone cut to 2.4 mm long and .5 mm wide. It is highly
polished (Figure 16f3) and comes from Feature 4.
The total bone sample from the site is 29,802
specimens including bone tools or ornaments. Some
measure of identification could be applied to only
6,497 items (21.8%), and most of these are classifiable
only to general categories such as fish, turtle, small
mammal, birds, etc. Sufficient characteristics were
present on 1,032 bones to identify elements and
classify the bone to family, genus, or species. Thus,
only 3.5% of the faunal sample could be identified.
The mussel shell fragments were generally small and
could not be classified to species or genus (Table 12).
Unmodified Bone, Faunal Analysis
Excavations in 14 features and a sheet midden
recovered a sample of bones and some mussel shell.
Many of the features were badly disturbed and little
remained, but others had significant fill. The salvage
operations at the site included excavation and
screening of the fill from features and some collection
of soil for later processing at the lab. The extent of
soil sampling varied depending on condition of the
features and time limits for recovery. Many of the pits
were only sampled, but a few had extensive soil
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
40
these fish were small, providing only a small amount
of meat as indicated by total catfish bone weight. The
presence of these very small catfish and other small
fish such as bluegill, small redhorse, and sunfishes
suggest that netting or seining may have been used to
obtain them. The wide variety of fish species
exploited may be another indication of netting or
trapping rather than hooking or spearing; a wider
variety of fish might be expected from trapping or
netting. An old oxbow lake is currently near the site
and may have been present during the period of
occupation. This lake would have been a ready fish
source for the occupants, although the Washita River
probably also was fished. The species of fish present
and the dominance of catfish in the Jewett assemblage
resemble the pattern found at other Plains Village sites
in the central Washita River basin (Drass 1997).
Tables 13 and 14 provide the counts and weights for
bones found at Jewett. The identifiable bone from the
¼ inch screens yielded primarily mammals with deer
as the most abundant by count. Bison remains were
few, but represent the largest sample by weight. One
possible neonatal bison is present, probably indicating
a late winter or spring hunt. A few birds and box
turtles are also represented.
The flotation materials expand the identified fauna
significantly. Of importance is the presence of fish
bone in the flotation sample along with a greater
variety of mammals, turtles, and birds. One frog radioulnae is the only evidence of an amphibian. The fish
include a variety of species but catfish dominate the
assemblage. Catfish represent the highest minimum
number of individuals (MNI) and, by far, the highest
identified counts from the site. However, many of
Table 12. Mussel shell from 34GD81.
#
Description
Provenience
Weight
1
Three Ridge Amblema plicata?,
Feature 4
most of left valve
32
Mussel shell fragments
Feature 4
11g
3
Mussel shell fragments, burned
Feature 4
0.3g
17
Mussel shell fragments
Feature 4
0.1g
6
Mussel shell fragments
Feature 8
3.3g
6
Mussel shell fragments
Feature 8
6.5g
2
Mussel shell fragments, float
Feature 1 N½
0.1g
225
Mussel shell fragments, float
Feature 4
10g
2
Mussel shell fragments, float
Feature 8
6.5g
18
Mussel shell fragments, float
Feature 12
1.7g
1
Mussel shell fragments, float
Feature 13
0.1g?
22
Mussel shell fragments, float
Feature 14
3.1g
335
Total Mussel Shell
16.3g
59g
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
41
Table 13. Bone from ¼ inch screens at 34GD81 (includes bone tools).
Species
Anseriformes (Waterfowl)
Anseriformes/Ciconiformes (Herons)
Canadian Goose
Canadian Goose?
Prairie Chicken
Turkey
Bison
Bison? Neonatal
Cottontail Rabbit
Jack Rabbit
Rabbit
Dog/Coyote
Deer
Deer-size
Plains Pocket Gopher
Unidentified Small, Rodent-size
Large Mammal
Small Animal
Box Turtle
Unidentified Bone
Total Bone
Site Total (includes flotation bone)
Total
Count
1
1
3
2
1
1
16
1
6
1
6
1
84
4
3
1
44
1
31
195
Total
Weight*
0.8
2.5
4.4
4.7
2.3
7.1
723.2
12.5
1.7
0.2
1.9
12.5
502.2
21.4
1.8
0.1
52.2
0.1
19.1
32
403
1402.7
29,799
2,565.5
# Burned
(Weight*)
1 (2.8)
2 (4.7)
3 (173.4)
1 (12.5)
10 (63.3)
3 (12.6)
30 (15.5)
50 (284.8)
12.4% (20.3%)
3011 (437.6)
10.1% (17.1%)
MNI
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
-
* All weights are in grams.
Table 14. Bone from flotation at 34GD81.
Species
Frog
Anseriformes (Waterfowl)
Canadian Goose
Duck-size
Mallard
Ringneck Duck
Prairie Chicken?
Quail
Turkey
Galliformes
Goldfinch
Meadowlark
Night Hawk
Robin?
Tufted Titmouse
Passeriformes (Perching Birds)
Unidentified Birds, small to large
Total
Count
1
7
1
2
1
1
2
6
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
12
28
Total
Weight*
0.1
2.5
0.4
1.4
0.4
0.1
1.1
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
1.4
11.5
# Burned
(Weight*)
1 (0.1)
4 (0.5)
4 (0.4)
MNI
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
42
Species
Bass (at least 5 bones from 1 Large Mouth)
Bluegill
Buffalo
Catfish
Black Bullhead Catfish
Channel Catfish
Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)
Drum
Gar (many scales)
Golden Redhorse
Redhorse
Unidentified Fish
Badger
Bison
Cottontail Rabbit
Jack Rabbit
Rabbit, unidentified
Coyote
Coyote?
Deer
Deer-size
Porcupine
Gray Fox
Red Fox
Fox Squirrel
Flying Squirrel?
Eastern Mole
Cotton Rat
Kangaroo Rat
Wood Rat
Rat
Mouse?
Plains Pocket Gopher
Unidentified Small, Rodent-size
Large Mammal
Medium Mammal
Medium-Large Mammal
Medium-Small Mammal
Small Mammal
Unidentified Mammal
3 Toe Box Turtle
Box Turtle
Mud Turtle
Soft-shelled Turtle
Stinkpot
Unidentified Turtle
Snake, nonpoisonous
Unidentified (Mammal or Bird Bone)
Unidentified (Mammal or Fish Bone)
Total
Count
29
1
10
225
8
13
19
10
128
13
1
3,955
1
2
115
8
3
2
2
63
42
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
7
12
3
1
25
1,220
71
12
7
61
3,776
218
1
59
2
2
1
263
4
30
2,628
Total
Weight*
3.5
0.1
2.1
33.5
0.4
2.3
2.1
1.4
8.3
4
0.2
127.7
1.5
13.8
24.2
2.8
0.9
5
1.3
129.5
14.9
0.3
1.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.9
1.1
2.1
0.3
0.1
7
30.2
50.4
4.8
4.1
15.4
73.6
34.3
0.2
14
0.7
0.7
0.2
64.3
0.4
4.7
99.9
# Burned
(Weight*)
2 (0.2)
15 (1.1)
1 (0.3)
145 (4)
1 (1.5)
20 (3.3)
1 (0.9)
10 (12.2)
1 (1.5)
1 (0.1)
1 (0.1)
2 (0.3)
5 (0.6)
1 (0.1)
1 (0.1)
131 (3.7)
28 (20)
2 (0.4)
1 (0.4)
2 (0.3)
544 (11)
50 (3.6)
10 (1.9)
67 (19.5)
2 (0.2)
2 (0.3)
320 (7.7)
MNI
5
1
2
12
1
2
3
3
1
4
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
43
Unidentified Bone
Total
Count
16,259
Total
Weight*
349.9
Total Bone from Flotation
29,399
1,162.3
Species
# Burned
(Weight*)
1,586 (56.5)
2,961 (152.8)
10.1%
(13.2%)
MNI
1
* All weights are in grams.
Inclusion of ¼ inch screen material changes MNIs listed above for only deer, to 6, and plains pocket gopher, to 3.
85% of total bone from flotation is from Features 4 and 1 by count and 83% by weight. Feature 4 dominates the
bone assemblage, 64.3% of bone total by count (64.2% by weight).
most meat. Cottontail rabbits, however, are wellrepresented and provided an important supplement to
the large game. Inhabitants exploited a diversity of
mammals, many probably obtained as opportunistic
kills during hunts for deer, bison, or possibly rabbits.
Bison remains were found primarily in the ¼ inch
screens and, with the exception of one element from
Feature 1 and one in Feature 2, they occur only in
Feature 4. Deer and cottontail rabbit are widespread in
the assemblage and occur at all features that contained
more than just a few identifiable bones. Deer may
have been the major large game resource, but the
irregular sampling from the various features may have
skewed the bison data. Various elements of bison are
represented including lower and upper limbs,
horn/skull pieces, carpals and phalanges, plus a
sternum. With the exception of the sternum, most of
the other bones represent high meat parts of the bison
that are easily transported from a kill (the phalanges
and carpals would have been transported as riders
with the lower limb elements). The horn core/skull
fragments would not be high meat areas, but they are
sections that are useful for tools and one of them has
evidence of use as a horn core hoe. The other horn
core fragments may have been intended for this
purpose. Two other bison bones represent tools; one is
a scapula hoe fragment and one is a polished radius
fragment from an unknown provenience. Based on
this limited evidence, it would appear that bison were
not readily available near this village and were not the
primary game of the inhabitants. However, some
bison were hunted and high-utility portions (those
with good meat and easily transported, plus those with
bones needed for tools) were brought to the village.
The bird remains indicate that waterfowl, which could
be found on the slough or the river, were exploited.
Many of these birds would have been available during
the spring or fall when they migrated through
Oklahoma. Some quail, turkey, and prairie chicken
were taken although very few of these birds are
represented in the sample. Of interest is the variety of
small perching birds in the assemblage. These birds
would generally be of minimal use for food, although
feathers may have been of use in ceremonies or for
other decorations. A minimum of 15 birds is
represented in the assemblage from four features,
indicating some regular exploitation of these animals.
Mussel shell is represented in six of the features, but
these are small unidentified pieces except for one
valve fragment from Feature 4 (Table 12). The wide
distribution of mussel shell suggests that it was
frequently collected. The mussels were probably eaten
and some of the shell was crushed for inclusion as
temper in pottery. The Three Ridge mussel valve
identified for Feature 4 is typically confined to eastern
Oklahoma. This identification, however, is uncertain.
Reptile remains represent a relatively small number
compared to finds from other villages (see Drass
1997:Tables 30 & 31). Box turtle is common at the
site but only two individuals are represented.
Carapace and plastron fragments that are usually very
common at village sites are present but not abundant.
Softshell, stinkpot, and mud turtles are additional
evidence of exploitation of riverine or lake settings.
Few of these turtles are represented at the site. A
minimum of only 6 turtles is present in the
assemblage. They are found in all but three of the
features that had faunal remains. At least one
nonpoisonous snake is present and burning of some of
the snake bone suggests that snakes may have been
cooked for food.
A variety of small rodents are represented in the
flotation assemblage, and many small rodent-size
bones were found. Rats and gophers are fairly
common and some of the bone is burned, possibly
indicating cooking. The small rodent use at Jewett
may be evidence of some resource shortages.
Extensive exploitation of these small animals is not
Mammals represent major resources for the site
occupants with deer and bison probably providing the
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
44
previously thought. This may result from increasing
sedentary populations that begin to exploit a diversity
of resources including small animals to supplement
meat from larger game that may have to be obtained
from some distance away from the villages. The
storage of corn and other foods may have also led to
increases in rodent populations at villages, providing
easy exploitation.
usually suggested for villages in this area. At some
villages the small amount of rodent bone may result
because of the standard use of primarily ¼ inch
screens in recovery. Drass (1997) reports rat, gopher,
and other rodent bones from several Paoli and
Washita River phase villages. This evidence and the
flotation samples from Jewett suggest that periodic or
regular exploitation of small rodents may be more
typical among sedentary villagers in the area than
Table 15. Bone from GD81 by provenience*.
Provenience
Bird
Fish
Reptiles Mammals Amphibians Unid. Total
Feature 1
9 (7)
115 (4)
30 (30) 3726 (197)
2,274 6,154
Feature 2
2 (1)
80 (16)
21
103
Feature 3
2 (1)
8 (0)
10
Feature 4
68 (46) 4083 (432) 212 (212) 1600 (177)
1 (1)
12,862 18,826
Feature 5
6 (6)
15
21
Feature 8
1 (1)
1 (1)
160
162
Feature 12
155 (7)
87 (87)
80 (14)
3,032 3,354
Feature 13
25 (2)
211 (6)
572
808
Feature 14
3 (3)
21 (8)
24 (24)
8 (4)
125
181
Sheet Midden
11 (3)
9 (9)
134 (0)
26
180
Surface/
1 (1)
2
3
Unknown
Totals
71 (54) 4412 (455) 363 (363) 5855 (422)
1 (1)
19,089 29,802
* includes ¼ inch screen and flotation materials.
( ) indicate number of bone identifiable to family, genus, or species level.
depended on deer and some bison meat, supplemented
by cottontail rabbits, fish, mussels, and waterfowl.
They exploited other birds, mammals, and reptiles, but
most of these represent few individuals probably
exploited as they were encountered during hunts for
the primary game or during other activities. The finesieved faunal assemblage gathered from flotation
provides a much richer sample of fauna than the ¼
inch screened materials. This flotation sample expands
the diversity of animals and indicates that fishing,
collection of mussels, and hunting/trapping of birds
and turtles were important activities. The slough near
the Jewett site probably was present during occupation
and was an important animal resource collection area.
The inhabitants apparently exploited primarily
resources available in the riverine/slough setting near
the village, perhaps going farther out onto the prairies
to occasionally hunt bison.
The amount of bone recovered varies significantly
between features. Features 1, 4, and 12 have the most
faunal remains with Feature 4 containing significantly
more bone than the other pits (Table 15). Many of the
features were highly disturbed before salvage and
smaller samples of all materials were recovered. The
human burial pits, 3 and 5, contained few or no animal
bones in the pit fill. Most of the pits for these burials,
however, were badly disturbed before the salvage
excavations. Features 1, 2, and 4 generally had the
largest flotation samples and the most screened fill.
However, large amounts of trash were apparently
dumped into Feature 4, and much of this debris
included bone from processing and consuming small
to large animals. Feature 4 contained the most
identified bone and the greatest diversity of species.
Although sampling at 34GD81 was haphazard due to
differential disturbance and preservation and time
constraints, the collection of soil samples from a
variety of pits at the site provides an interesting crosssection of the faunal assemblage. Based on this
sample, the inhabitants of this part of the village
FLORAL REMAINS, PLANT ANALYSIS
Soil samples were taken from eleven of the features
encountered during the salvage excavations at
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
45
intrusions.
34GD81. These varied in amounts with larger
amounts of soil taken from some of the pits and little
or no soil taken from a few pits (Table 16). All soils
were floated in the lab and analyses of plant remains
were undertaken for a sample from each of the eleven
features. Soil samples were usually measured before
flotation, although the sizes of a few flotation samples
were not recorded. Sample sizes varied considerably
for each flotation. Flotation was undertaken in five
gallon buckets. Soil was allowed to dry, placed in
water in the buckets, and water was run from the tap
into the buckets permitting the lighter materials to run
out a spout and collect in fine mesh sieves.
Occasionally, the water was stirred. After light
materials had been removed, the heavy materials were
collected in a small sieve and allowed to dry. Samples
were sorted for seeds, rinds, and other plant parts, but
wood charcoal was generally not sorted and identified.
All samples contain some charcoal that could be
analyzed for species or genus. Charred plant remains
in the samples are considered prehistoric, whereas
uncharred plant remains are considered modern
Light and heavy fractions of the flotation were
recovered and examined for plant remains. The
samples were passed through nested geological
screens of 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mm. The 1 and 2 mm
segments of the heavy fractions were examined for
artifacts and faunal remains. During this examination,
plant remains were also found and identified when
possible. Samples of heavy fractions were examined
for every feature although no identified remains were
found in Feature 9 (Table 17). The sample size is
uncertain on some of the flotation, but the heavy
fractions include over 309.5 liters of soil for the entire
site. The largest sample is from Feature 4 where we
found many charred seeds in the heavy fraction.
Heavy fractions below 1 mm rarely contain
identifiable plant remains and these were not usually
examined.
Table 16. Size of soil flotation from features at Jewett.
Provenience
Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Feature 4
Feature 7
Feature 8
Feature 9
Feature 12
Feature 13
Feature 14
Sheet Midden
Site Totals
Analyzed Sample for
Light Fraction in
Liters (% of Feature
Float Analyzed*)
24 (6%)
12 (11.3%)
47 (16.4%)
19 (100%)
13 (15.5%)
4 (100%)
16.5 (20.9%)
12 (14%)
12 (64.9%)
12 (46.2%)
171.5+ (15.4%)
Unanalyzed
Sample in
Liters
# of Additional
Samples of
Unknown Size
Total
Liters
377.5
94.5
240
71
62.5
74
6.5
14
940
10
1
27
1
1
3
43
401.5
106.5
?
287
19
84
4
79
86
18.5
26
1111.5
% does not include the samples of unknown size (most of these samples are probably from at least 4 liters of
soil).
occur in the heavy fraction in small amounts, but these
are much more likely to be found in the light fraction.
Corn cupules sometimes appear to trap soil in the
cupules resulting in some cupules remaining in the
heavy fraction. The weight of the nutshell, especially
walnut shell, may be sufficient that it frequently
doesn’t float from the soil samples. Lotus is an oval
seed that can also trap soil and, thus, it may not float
There appear to be some plant remains that are fairly
common in the heavy fractions. Nutshell is much
more common in the heavy fractions than in the light,
and corn cupules are found in all heavy fractions.
Beans are uncommon but appear as frequently in the
heavy as the light fraction. Lotus seeds, while found in
some of the light fractions, are much more likely to be
recovered from the heavy fractions. A few other seeds
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
46
Table 17. Plant remains found in the heavy fractions of the flotation from 34GD81.
F1
F2
F3
F4
F7
F8
F12
F13
F14
Sheet
Midden
6.5+L
36.5L
16+L
?L
188.5+L
19L
7L
9L
6+L
3, 2f
3
8
3, 7f
1, 1f
3
15
10, 18f
4f
4
7f
43
54, 3f
9, 10f
3
7
86
4, 8f
12
2
2
2
6
7f
7
4f
4
8
-
2cf
1f
-
55
-
2cf
-
-
2**
1
1 cf
(1)
-
29
-
5f (1)
2
45f
(2+)
-
-
2
1
8f
(1)
-
1
1,
8f
-
21L
2,
6f
8
2
-
309.5+L
5, 18f
1, 2f
4
30
156
30
16
17
219
11
-
109
2
1
3
-
-
336
-
1f
3
-
2*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
2
1
-
4
42
43
8
1
741
Plant
Corn Cupules, Zea mays
Kernels
Glumes
Cob Fragments
CORN TOTALS
Cf Corn Kernel Fragments
Sunflower (Helianthus sp.)
Cheno-Ams
Dropseed (Sporobolus sp.)
Lotus Seeds (Coats)@ (Nelumbo
lutea)
Beans Phaseolus vulgaris
Wild Beans Strephostyes
leiosperma
CF Wild Beans
Leguminoseae
Cf Quack Grass, Agropyron repens
266 (37)
-
-
1
2f
1
1*,
Unidentified Seeds
3
6f
Black Walnut Shell, Juglans nigra
2f
1f
1, 39f
Unidentified Nutshell
1cf
4f
3f
Cf Nutmeat
1f
Total
23
30
97
458
14
35
18
14
10
@ ( ) provide an estimate of the number of whole seeds present.
* one of the wild beans and an unidentified seed are uncharred.
** domesticated beans measure 8 X 3 mm and 10 X 5.5 X 5 mm, and broken bean from Sheet Midden is 6 mm long.
Total
well in our flotation system. The presence of beans
and the few other small seeds in the heavy fractions
may be accidental, the result of soil sticking to the
seeds.
charcoal sample from Feature 1 N1/2 was cottonwood
and two wood charcoal pieces from Feature 4 and
three from Feature 9 were also identified as
cottonwood. No other wood charcoal was examined.
Generally, only a sample (about 15.4% for the site) of
the light fractions from each feature was examined for
plant remains. The sample sizes varied considerably
because of the differences in the amount of soil
collected from each feature. Soil sample size was not
recorded for the small sample from Feature 3. Other
soil samples varied from as little as 4 liters from
Feature 9 to 47 liters examined for Feature 4. All but
two features, 3 and 9, had minimum sample sizes of
12 liters. Over 171.5 liters of flotation were examined
for plant remains. All sieved materials above .25 mm
were scanned though a dissecting binocular
microscope for seeds, nutshells, rinds, etc. Seeds were
identified using manuals (Martin and Barkely 1961;
Davis 1993, and Delorit 1970) and comparative
collections at the Oklahoma Archeological Survey.
The results of the scans are presented in Table 18.
A total of 2,449 seeds, corn cob fragments, and
nutshell pieces were recovered from the heavy and
light fractions of the flotation. Of this total, only 363
of the seeds are uncharred. These uncharred seeds are
distributed in all of the features, although only Feature
14 and the Sheet Midden have more uncharred seeds
than charred ones. Most of the flotation also contained
uncharred plant parts such as rootlets. Most of the
uncharred seeds are from common weeds indicating
that they represent the natural seed content of the soil
at the site. Carpetweed is the most abundant and
widespread uncharred seed at the site, but it is not
identified among the charred seeds except in Feature
1. Uncharred cheno-ams and evening primrose are
also common and widely distributed. Generally,
contamination of the samples with modern seeds is
fairly low at the site. Given the disturbances caused by
well pad construction at this site, the soil samples
collected for flotation seem to have no more evidence
of modern contamination than other villages in the
Although charcoal was not typically sorted for
identification, a few large pieces were examined. One
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
47
Table 18. Plants from light fraction flotation at 34GD81.
Feature
F1
24Lt
F2
12Lt
Charred Seeds
Corn Cupules, Zea mays
14, 32f 4, 21f
Kernels
1f
Glumes
2
1
Cob Frags.
Corn Total
49
26
Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris
Squash, Cucurbita sp.
1f R
Sunflower, Helianthus sp.
Marshelder*, Iva annua
3
Dropseed, Sporobolus sp.
3
Little Barley, Hordeum pusillum
Lotus, Nelumbo lutea
Cheno-Ams, Chenopodium/Amaranthus
5
99, 15f
Grass seeds, Gramineae
Bristle grass (Setaria sp.)
Eyebane, cf (Euphorbia nutans)
Wild bean, Strophostyles sp.
Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida
Flatsedge, Cyperus sp.
Sage cf , Salvia sp.
Bulrush, Scirpus sp.
Purslane, Portulaca sp.
2
Carpetweed, Mollugo sp.
6
Thistle cf., Cirsium sp.
1
Barberry, cf. (Berberis vulgaris)
Nightshade Family, Solonaceae
Unid. Seeds
4, 4f
2, 13f
Hickory nuts, Carya
1
Nutshell
Charred Total
72
162
Density (#/liter)
3
13.5
F3
?Lt
F4
47Lt@
1
1
4
1
8
3
17
?
269, 243f
15
2
18
547
4@@
1cf
15
36, 1cf
5f
18
2
1, 3f
1
2
1
11, 76f
724
15.4
F7
F8
F9
F12
19Lt 13Lt 4Lt 16.5Lt
F13
12Lt
3, 3f
6
1
3
2
1
1f
6f
20
1.1
7, 36f 23, 47f
1
1, 2f
1
1
1
45
75
1
1f
3
16
1
13f
1
11, 2f
3
1
1
9, 14f
50
147
4.2
12.3
1, 3f
4
3f R
2
2
6f
1f
18
1.4
1cf
1
1cf
1
3
0.8
9, 43f
52
1f
1
5
5
64
3.9
F14
12Lt
Midden
Total
12Lt
171.5Lt+
13, 41f
54
4
8
2
2
70
5.8
814
20
7
19
860
4
4f R
4
19*
71
1
18
173
7
2
2
4
1
4
8
1
3
6
1
1
1
151
1
1
1347
7.9**
Feature
Uncharred
Carpetweed
Cheno-Ams
Evening Primrose, Oenothera sp.
Purslane
Grass seed, Gramineae
Oxalis, Oxalis stricta
Flatsedge
Black Mustard cf, Brassica nigra
Crownbeard cf, Verbesina occidentalis
Euphorbicaceae
Unid. Seeds
UNCHARRED TOTAL
@
F1
24Lt
F2
12Lt
F3
?Lt
F4
47Lt@
18
16+
2
1
2
39
43
43
16
1
17
2
2
F7
F8
F9
F12
19Lt 13Lt 4Lt 16.5Lt
1
1
5
1
4
1
11
3
3
9
19
3
1
2
34
F13
12Lt
F14
12Lt
10+
1
3f
14
109
11
3
1
124
Midden
Total
12Lt
171.5Lt+
56
7
8
1
1
73
258
58
30
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
5
361
17 liters of this sample included only 1 and 2 mm fractions, smaller fractions were not sorted and identified.
measurements for beans include two split cotelydons that are at least 5 mm long and 1 bean 5 mm long.
* all marshelder measurements listed below are in mm and are corrected using formula from Adair (1988).
F2 marshelder = 3.22 X 2.22, 4.11 X 2.84, and <2.22 X ? (width broken).
F4 = 4.55+ X 3.44; 4.11 X 2.84; 2.89 X 1.97; 2.62 X 2.12; 4.93+ X 4.58; 2.07+ X 1.54; 3.23? X 1.97; 2.62+ X 1.97; 3.67 X 3.33; 2.82 X 2.7; 2.48 X
1.97; 2.62 X 2.12; 2 X 1.44; 2.56+ X 2.11; and 2.78+ X 2.11.
F12 = 6.02 X 4.15.
** Total site density excludes Feature 3 which has an unknown sample size.
@@
area, and they seem to have typical charred plant
assemblages.
and other parts of the corn cob are the most common,
but some kernels and possible kernel fragments are
also present. Corn is obviously an important plant for
these villagers and was grown at the site.
Charred nuts are present at the site but do not
represent common debris (nuts represent 2.6% of the
total charred sample). Only one hickory nutshell piece
was found in the light fractions, but black walnut
(Juglans nigra) shells and an unidentified nutmeat
were found in the heavy fractions. Most of the nuts are
from Feature 4 although the hickory is in Feature 1 as
well as some walnut. An unidentified nutshell is from
Feature 8. Nuts are, thus, not an important resource at
this site. This corresponds to suggestions (Drass
1997:121) that use of nuts declines during the Plains
Village period, especially during the Washita River
phase.
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Two halves and two complete bean cotyledons are
present in the light fraction from Feature 4, and two
beans and one fragment are in the heavy fraction. The
two bean halves are 5+ mm long, the one fragment is
6 mm long, and the four beans include two that are 5
mm long, one 8 mm, and one 10 mm long. Beans have
been recovered from several villages sites in this area
including the Arthur site, 34GV32 (Brooks 1987;
Drass 1997) the Carpenter site, 34GV90, and the
Jones site, 34GV55 (Drass 1997).
Charred seeds and pieces of corn represent the
principle plant remains identified at Jewett. The
distribution of charred plants varies with Feature 4
containing the largest amount of material, but it also
has the largest flotation sample analyzed. Based upon
the light fraction, the density (number per liter of soil)
of charred plant remains for the site is 7.9 per liter
(excludes Feature 3 which has an unknown sample
size). Densities range from 0.8 in Feature 9 to 15.4 in
Feature 4. Features 2, 4, and 14 have much higher
densities of charred plant remains than the other
features (Table 18). The variation in plant remains
may be evidence of differential disposal in the various
features. For instance, burial pits such as Features 3
may have only plant debris from midden soils that
were used to fill the pit after burial (note: soil samples
were not taken from other burial pits, 5, 6, and 10).
The variation, however, may also reflect differential
preservation of the pits at the time of salvage and,
thus, may not relate directly to prehistoric use or
disposal activities. We can state that prehistoric
groups dumped trash containing many charred seeds
in Features 2, 4, and 14 during occupation of the site.
Other features contained trash or midden fill that
included plant remains along with many other pieces
of debitage and artifacts.
Squash (Cucurbita sp.)
No squash seeds have been recovered from Jewett, but
there are four possible rind fragments. These are
small, thin pieces from Features 2 and 8. Squash rinds
have been reported from a village, 34BV4, in the
Oklahoma Panhandle (Keener 1991) and from a house
and bell-shaped pit at the Haley’s Point site, 34MA15,
near Lake Texoma (Rohn 1998). Possible squash rinds
and a seed have been found in central Oklahoma at the
Morphew site, 34GV264, in western Garvin County.
Marshelder (Iva annua)
Marshelder is present in many Plains Village
assemblages from central and western Oklahoma, and
many of the seeds are of the large, domesticated
variety, Iva annua, macrocarpa (see Drass 1997).
Marshelder seeds are present in three of the features,
2, 4, and 12, at Jewett. Sizes for these seeds are
provided in Table 18. Many of the seeds are of the
size found in the native wild marshelder but four or
five are from domesticated marshelder. Drass (1997)
has suggested that use of domesticated marshelder
declines during the Washita River phase. The sample
from Jewett seems to support this with mostly wild
marshelder and only a few cultivated seeds.
Sunflower (Helianthus sp.)
Very few sunflower seeds were recovered at Jewett
but they were present in five features. Four are
fragments of probable sunflower seeds. The seed from
Feature 4 is 3.2 X 1.5 mm and the seed from Feature
13 is 3.8 X 1.3 mm. Both are native, not domesticated
sunflower seeds. There are no documented
domesticated sunflower seeds from Plains Village
sites in central Oklahoma.
Identified Plants
Corn (Zea mays)
Corn is the only charred plant, other than charcoal,
found in every feature. It is the most abundant
identified plant remain representing 63.9% of the
charred identified plants in the light fractions and up
to 44.3% of the heavy fractions (including possible
corn kernel fragments in the heavy fractions). Cupules
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
50
seeds are edible and were “cracked, freed from the
shells and used with meat to make soup” (Gilmore
1977:27). Hill (1971:11) reports that the Delaware in
northeastern Oklahoma baked and then ate the nuts
from water lily, but he probably is actually referring to
lotus. Gilmore (1977) and others also indicate that the
tubers of the lotus were cooked and eaten. We
recovered a large number of lotus seed coat fragments
and some almost whole coats from the flotation at
Jewett. These were not common in the light fraction
but were present in the heavy fractions from most of
the features. Lotus seeds occur in 8 of the 11 features
with flotation (72.7%). The river slough near the
Jewett site could have been a source for this plant. The
seeds would be harvested in the summer, July through
September. A few lotus seeds have been reported from
a Paoli phase village, 34GV167, and from the
Duncan-Wilson rockshelter, 34CD11, in west-central
Oklahoma. They have not been found in this
abundance at any other village in central or western
Oklahoma.
Cheno-Ams (Chenopodium sp. – Amaranthus sp.)
Other than corn, cheno-ams are the most ubiquitous of
the seeds at Jewett; they occur in all but Feature 9.
These are small round seeds that represent
Chenopodium or Amaranthus. Chenopodium or
goosefoot has been identified as a cultivated plant at
sites in the eastern U.S. including caves and shelters in
northwestern Arkansas (Fritz 1984). The seed coats of
domesticated Chenopodium are thinner than their wild
counterparts. Seed coats have not been measured at
sites in Oklahoma. The seeds of goosefoot or
lambsquarter are found at every Plains Village site
that has had any flotation analysis. The plants are
common weeds and provide seeds that could be
ground into flour or greens that can be eaten. It is
assumed that the seeds from the Oklahoma sites are
from wild varieties, but cultivated varieties may also
be present.
Dropseed (Sporobolus sp.)
Dropseed is a native grass that has an edible seed.
This small seed is common at village sites and may
have been cultivated prehistorically. There is,
however, no evidence for a change in seed size to
document cultivation and the plant is native to this
area. Dropseed is widely distributed in the features at
Jewett; it is present in 81.8% (9 of 11) of the features.
The number of dropseed, however, is relatively small
in most of the features, possibly indicating that this
plant was collected from the wild.
Wild Bean (Strophostyles helvula and leiosperma)
Several wild beans were found at Jewett, but they are
not common. Two S. leiosperma beans in Feature 2
include one that is uncharred, possibly indicating a
modern source for both beans. Several bean fragments
from Feature 4 are charred and may represent S.
helvula.
Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Giant ragweed seeds have been suggested to be one of
the plants cultivated in the eastern U.S. (Gilmore
1931; Smith 1992). Only one ragweed seed (Feature
4) was found at Jewett. This seed is from Feature 4
indicating some possible use of this plant, but it is
unlikely that it was cultivated. Ragweed seeds have
been found at the Duncan-Wilson shelter and at a
small camp in Canadian County, CN46, but they are
not reported from other villages in central Oklahoma.
Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum)
Little barley is another seed that has been suggested to
have been cultivated as part of the eastern woodlands
agricultural complex (Asch and Asch 1982; Smith
1992) or as a cultivated grass in the Southwest
(Bohrer 1984, 1986). This starchy seed matures in
June and July and would be available before many
other crops are ripe. Little barley seeds are common at
many Paoli phase villages in central Oklahoma and
are present at a number of Washita River phase
villages (Drass 1997). Little barley is almost absent
from the Jewett assemblage; one seed was identified.
It is unlikely that little barley was cultivated by the
Jewett villagers, and they apparently did not collect
much of it from the wild.
Other Seeds
A variety of small seeds that are represented by one or
only a few specimens have been found at Jewett.
Unidentified grass seeds are found in several features
indicating the exploitation of these starchy seeds as
probable foods. Other seeds have no obvious food
value but the plants may have been used for other
purposes. Some of the seeds could not be adequately
identified to genus or species and are classified by
family or simply as unidentified. Other classifications
are uncertain. For example, one seed resembles
barberry but the common barberry is not found in this
Lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd.)
Lotus is an aquatic plant found in lakes and rivers in
the eastern U.S. extending as far west as central
Oklahoma. The seeds of this plant are hard and
nutlike, often described as resembling acorns but
harder. The fruits are about 1 cm in diameter. The
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
51
in one area. A large portion of this village remains to
the west and south of the well pad.
area. Two examples of bristle grass seeds appear to be
only partially charred and may represent recent
intrusions. Flatsedge, carpetweed, purslane, bulrush,
and thistle may be accidental inclusions. Possible sage
seeds in Feature 3 may relate to the burial or may
simply be accidental inclusions.
The portion of Jewett excavated in 1992 is a Washita
River phase village occupied around A.D. 1280 to
1400. Materials reported from other parts of the site
appear to represent roughly the same time period.
Houses are reported from the site but were not
discovered during the well pad construction. Given
the concentration of pits in this area, houses were
probably present but not identifiable during the
bulldozer work. Pits are represented by roughly
circular bottoms, usually 70 to 150 cm in diameter.
These pits contained trash from occupation including
bones, charred plants, pottery, and lithics. There are
some differences in the amounts of materials in some
of the features. For instance, Feature 4 contained an
abundance of animal bone and plant remains.
However, some of these differences may represent
differences in pit preservation or differences in
recovery. A large soil sample was collected from
Feature 4 and processed with fine screening in the lab.
Most of the burial pits were badly disturbed and no
burial associations were located. Bone preservation of
the burials was also poor and only small portions of
skeletons were recovered. It is possible that some of
the human bone from different features may represent
parts of one individual that were scattered by the
bulldozer or previous plowing. The burials represent
adults with Burial 2 identified as a 30-34 year old
female. No age, other than adult, or sex could be
assigned to the other burials.
Plant Summary
The flotation sample examined for Jewett is among
the largest for any village in central Oklahoma. The
plant remains recovered demonstrate the use of a
variety of resources by the villagers. Corn, however,
was a major food and it was grown with some beans
and probably squashes. Some marshelder may have
been cultivated as well as dropseed. A variety of wild
grass seeds were collected and processed for food.
Some of the processing probably involved parching
resulting in charring and preservation of these seeds.
Lotus was exploited extensively as indicated by its
wide distribution among the features. Apparently, the
lotus seeds were charred to separate the shell from the
meat and many of the charred seed coats were
preserved. On the other hand, nuts seem to have been
only a minor resource. Seeds from fruits are absent
from the assemblage. This may indicate that fruits
such as persimmon, plums, grapes, etc. were not
extensively exploited, or the pits or seeds from these
plants were not typically charred and preserved. Six to
seven hundred years ago, Plains Villagers in the
Lindsey area of the Washita River valley depended on
cultivating corn and probably beans and squash to
supply many of their carbohydrates and other
nutritional needs. A variety of wild plant seeds were
collected with grasses and lotus the major
supplements for the crops. Few nut or fruits were
collected and they may have been of minor
importance to this group.
Artifacts recovered indicate a variety of activities
associated with village life. Digging tools relate to pit
or house construction and farming activities, projectile
points, scrapers, and knives indicate hunting and
butchering, pottery is evidence for cooking and
storage, and ground stone relates to plant processing
or tool production, which is also indicated by chipped
stone debris. The plant and animal remains from the
site are among the largest samples and provide
evidence of the subsistence activities of these
villagers. As may be expected for sedentary villagers,
cultivation of corn was an important activity. In fact,
corn dominates the large plant assemblage, but there is
evidence for cultivation of beans and squash as well as
some marshelder and possibly dropseed. Collection of
wild plants occurred with a variety of plants
represented. Although the diversity of plants is
relatively high, most appear to have been of minor
importance. Lotus seeds may be an exception as they
are widely distributed among the features.
SUMMARY
Construction of a well pad at the Jewett site in the
summer of 1992 destroyed part of a National Register
of Historic Places archeological site, but salvage work
during the construction has provided some
information on this Late Prehistoric village. The well
pad destroyed a portion of the northeastern end of the
site exposing 15 features. Bulldozer work destroyed
the upper parts of these features, sometimes most of
the feature. Excavations recovered artifact and soil
samples from the bases of pits and parts of middens.
Four features included burials that were concentrated
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
52
Surprisingly few nuts appear to have been exploited
and evidence for exploitation of fruits is lacking.
Although the plant evidence is drawn from relatively
large sample sizes, the location of the samples may
have biased the results. All samples are from the
bottoms of features that remained after dozer work.
food obtained. These birds, however, may also have
been captured for feathers for decoration or
ceremonies, or for other purposes. Most of the animals
exploited by the occupants of Jewett were available
near the village in the river valley, including a slough
setting near the village.
Animal remains provide some evidence for hunting
activities. Again, this sample is biased by recovery
from only the bottoms of features. In addition, a
relatively small amount of fill was screened at the site
providing a somewhat limited amount of large animal
bones. In contrast, a much larger than normal amount
of soil was floated with recovery of many small
animal bones. This type of sample provides greater
insight into the use of small animals that are often
missed when faunal analyses include primarily ¼ inch
screen samples. The faunal assemblage indicates that
deer and bison were probably the major meat sources.
However, few bison bones were recovered and several
of these were tools. This low occurrence of bison
could indicate little reliance on bison at this site. This
pattern differs from that noted for other Washita River
phase sites in central Oklahoma (Drass 1997), but the
sample location and size at Jewett must be considered.
Only additional samples from more extensive contexts
can identify the importance of bison at Jewett. Deer,
bison, and rabbits appear to be important game at
Jewett.
Evidence of trade or contact with groups up and down
river and outside of the Washita River valley is
evident primarily from the cherts used to make
chipped stone tools. The people at Jewett had contact
with other groups to the east in the Pauls Valley area
of the Washita River valley, and they obtained highquality Frisco chert from these people or were allowed
to travel through to the Frisco source to obtain the
chert. They used less of this material than villagers in
the Pauls Valley area, but it was a significant resource
for manufacturing chipped stone tools. On the other
hand, Jewett people and occupants of other villages in
eastern Grady County had access to significant
amounts of Florence-A chert originating from sources
in north central Oklahoma. Little of this material made
its way east to the Pauls Valley area. The widespread
use of Florence-A by the villagers in Grady County
suggests that they may have had regular trade with
groups in north central Oklahoma (although they
could also have made regular scheduled trips to obtain
this chert). Jewett flint knappers also obtained small
amounts of other cherts and obsidian from the east and
west. These materials were probably obtained from
down-the-line trading that extended as far as New
Mexico in the west and northeastern Oklahoma in the
east. The presence of two Sanders Plain sherds may be
additional evidence of some trade to the east, although
Ferring and Perttula (1987) have shown that some red
slipped sherds from the Washita River area may be
locally made copies of Caddoan pots. At present there
is no evidence for contact to the south although some
other sites in the area have Edwards chert that
originates from source areas in north central Texas.
In summary, the salvage work at the Jewett site has
provided information on life in a village along the
Washita River 600 to 700 years ago. The cultural
materials reflect a village pattern found at a number of
sites along the central Washita River valley, but the
Jewett materials also exhibit some variation that
provides insight into the activities of these people. The
remains have proved significant for the insights on
animal and plant exploitation and on possible trade
contacts. Future research at this site and others in the
area is needed to refine models on the importance of
agriculture and bison hunting and on the extent of
long distance contact and trade. Although partially
The faunal assemblage indicates that the occupants
also exploited a large variety of animals that included
small to medium mammals, migratory and native
birds, fish, and mussels. Surprisingly few turtle bones
were found. Most other villages in this area have lots
of box turtles and some other species (Drass 1997).
Geese, ducks, prairie chickens, quail, and turkeys
provided some food. The bone assemblage from
flotation suggests that a variety of small fish
(particularly catfish) were caught and may have been
an important supplemental resource. Mussels are not
abundant at the site but are found in most contexts and
may have been an important food. The small animal
bone samples also reveal the capture of a variety of
small perching birds and small rodents. The use of
these small animals could be evidence of some food
stress, but it may also indicate that residents exploited
resources that were readily available. Rodents may
have been common around villages due to grain
storage and trash. Capture and use of rodents may
have been easy and a profitable supplement to major
game. Capture of small birds seems like it would have
been more difficult and less reliable for the amount of
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
53
disturbed by well pad construction and earlier railroad
and road construction as well as farming, Jewett
remains a significant village in central Oklahoma with
the potential to answer many questions about the
lifestyles of Washita River phase groups.
Bell, Robert E. and Robert L. Brooks
2001 Plains Village Tradition: Southern. Handbook
of North American Indians Volume 13, Plains, edited
by Raymond J. DeMallie, pp. 207-221. Smithsonian
Institution, Washington D.C.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bohrer, Vorsila L.
1984 Domesticated and Wild Crops of the CAEP
Study Area. In Prehistoric Cultural Development in
Central Arizona; Archaeology of the Upper New River
Region, edited by Patricia M. Spoerl and George J.
Gumerman, pp. 183-260. Occasional Paper 5. Center
for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale.
This research would not have been possible without
the interest and cooperation of the landowner. Mrs.
Helen Jewett allowed access to the site and
encouraged recovery of materials from the site.
Several Oklahoma Archeological Survey staff
participated in the excavations. Robert Brooks, Larry
Neal, Lee Bement, Lois Albert, Robert Bartlett, and
Chris Cook spent a weekend salvaging features at the
site. Vicki Wedel is thanked for her analysis of the
burials, and we appreciate the help of Virgil Swift and
the Wichita Tribe for their permission to recover the
burials and examine the remains.
1986 Plant Remains from Western Oklahoma:
Linville II (34RM492). Manuscript by Southwestern
Ethnobotanical Enterprises, Portales, New Mexico on
file at the Oklahoma Archeological Survey, University
of Oklahoma, Norman.
Brooks, Robert L.
1987 The Arthur Site: Settlement and Subsistence
Structure at a Washita River Phase Village.
University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Archeological
Survey Studies in Oklahoma’s Past 15. Norman.
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Swenson
1985 Prehistoric Farmers of the Washita River
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Hofman, Jack L.
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1984 Identification of Cultigen Amaranth and
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1931 Vegetal Remains of the Ozark Bluff-Dweller
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Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks
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2004 Spring Dig at the Bryson-Paddock Site
Richard R. Drass
Wichita “beehive” type house. Similar structures were apparently in use at the Bryson-Paddock and Deer
Creek sites and we may find the post molds for one of these buildings or perhaps a French-built log
structure.
relationships with Wichita groups in eastern and
northern Oklahoma leaving European trade items such
as flint lock guns, kettles, knives, glass beads, and
other trade goods. Two of the westernmost sites that
appear on 18th century maps of Oklahoma are Deer
Creek (or Ferdinandina) and Bryson-Paddock on the
west side of the Arkansas River in north-central
The 2004 OAS Spring Dig will be at the BrysonPaddock site in Kay County. This is an early 18th
century Wichita village with evidence of extensive
French trade. Traders from Louisiana territory made
numerous forays up the Arkansas River into
Oklahoma to obtain hides, meat and other goods from
the Wichita. They contacted and established trade
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
56
artifacts present at the site and their distributions
should provide us with information on how the
Wichita were adapting to sustained European contact.
In addition, we hope to refine the age of the site and
eventually determine if this village and the nearby
Deer Creek village were occupied at the same time or
were sequential occupations during the early to mid
18th century. The villages appear to have ties with
earlier Wichita groups in southern Kansas. Recent
work at Arkansas City sites has provided an extensive
resource on these earlier groups and the data from
Bryson-Paddock should be directly comparable.
Oklahoma. The Spring Dig site is at Bryson-Paddock,
the northernmost village.
Excavations have been conducted at Bryson-Paddock
in 1926 and again in 1975. These early excavations
were fairly limited although they did reveal houses
and an abundance of trade goods. Salvage excavations
in the summer of 2003 revealed some additional trash
mounds that will be tested this summer and remote
sensing at the site indicates a number of anomalies
that we think are features such as pits, hearths and
houses or other structures. Excavations are designed
to test some of these anomalies and identify some of
the activities at this large village.
We are hoping to have a number of speakers in the
evenings during the dig. We have no firm talks
scheduled at this time, but we have preliminary
commitments from several people. Camping is at the
Corps of Engineers campgrounds on Kaw Lake and a
field lab will be established at the camp site. There
should be a good variety of activities at this Spring
Dig and we look forward to seeing everyone there.
The dates are June 5 through the 13th.
The dig will be conducted in conjunction with an OU
and OSU field school. The students will be mapping
and setting up excavation units at the site before the
arrival of the OAS. The 10-day OAS Dig will thus
concentrate on recovering information from houses,
pits, and other features that we expect to expose
during the dig. The types of European and native
Registration For Spring Dig 2004
The 2004 OAS Spring Dig will start at 8:00 AM June 5th and run through June 13th. The fee for the dig is $10.00
per person. Please register and send dig fees to Dave Morgan 1049 S.W. 2nd Street, Moore, Oklahoma, 76130.
Circle Dates You Are Planning On Attending – 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 or Every Day
Names of those Attending:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Contact Telephone Number and/or Email: _____________________________________
Camping for the Spring Dig at the Bryson-Paddock site will be at Bear Creek Cove on Kaw Lake, a Corps of
Engineers park. RV and trailer campers will need to reserve camp site by calling 1-877-444-6777 or on-line at
ReserveUSA.com. Tent campers can camp on the same camp site with an RV or camper trailer. Charge per camp
site is $13.00 per day.
To get to Bear Creek Cove on Kaw Lake, go to Newkirk, then go east across bridge over lake and in about 2 miles
look for signs for Bear Creek Cove. Turn south on section road and it is approximately 3 miles to the camp
ground
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
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Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
58
Rock Art
By Seth Hawkins
Certification Program Looks Ahead
Lois E. Albert, Chair Certification Council
The seminar Ceramic Technology and Analysis was given on February 22. Out of ten people who had enrolled,
only four came to seminar, and only one had contacted me to cancel. Please, please, PLEASE!, people, let me
know when you can’t come to a seminar. It is not fair to the instructors who volunteer their time to give you this
opportunity to have this kind of attendance. Had we known that the seminar attendance would be that small, we
would have rescheduled at a more convenient time. We do appreciate those who faithfully attend and those who
let us know that they must cancel.
On April 24, Lee Bement will once again teach the lecture portion of Specialized Techniques: Rock Art. Has
anyone thought of a suitable location for the field portion of this seminar? If anyone has generated any leads,
please let us know. Right now, we only have four people signed up for this seminar. If we don’t have additional
people enroll, it will be cancelled.
The Spring Dig is in northcentral Oklahoma, at the Bryson-Paddock site. We have scheduled General Excavation
Techniques (S3) and General Laboratory Techniques (S4) as the seminars to be offered, on Saturday, June 5, and
Sunday, June 6, respectively. A lab will be set up at the field school camp site at the Bear Creek Cove
Campground on Kaw Lake, on the first circle drive in the campground. We plan to keep it open evenings for
people who need lab hours for certification, if we can find an evening supervisor. PLEASE NOTE: Both
seminars will be held in the lab tent at the campground, not at the dig site.
We have tentatively scheduled the Archeological Resource Management (S11) seminar for September. Because
the OU football schedule had not been finalized at the time that I write this, we don’t know which Saturday in
September will be an away game. We do know that there will be home games on three of the four Saturdays. If
you want to know which date will be effective, you can check the OU web site (www.ou.edu) for details; click on
athletics, then on schedule, and then on football. The date will be posted as soon as the schedule is known.
Whichever Saturday is the away game will be the date of the seminar. The completed fall seminar schedule will
be presented in the next issue.
Oklahoma Archeology, Vol. 52, No.2
59
Enrollment Form For Certification Program Seminars
_____ S14B1
Specialized Techniques: Rock Art, Lecture. Time: Saturday, April 24, 2004, 9:00 a.m. Place:
Oklahoma Archeological Survey Conference Room. Instructor: Dr. Lee Bement.
_____ S3
General Excavation Techniques. Time: Saturday, June 5, 2004, 8:30 a.m. Place: Bear Creek
Cove Campground on Kaw Lake (Spring Dig). Instructor: Lois Albert.
_____S4
General Laboratory Techniques. Time: Sunday, June 6, 2004, 8:30 a.m. Place: Bear Creek Cove
Campground on Kaw Lake (Spring Dig). Instructor(s): Kent Buehler and/or Lois Albert.
_____S11
Archeological Research Design. Time: Saturday, September ?? (Tentative; day will be announced
after OU football schedule is completed; see next issue). Place: Oklahoma Archeological Survey
Conference Room. Instructor: Dr. Robert L. Brooks.
Please include $2.00 per seminar as an enrollment fee (make checks payable to OU/Archeological Survey). In
seminars with limited enrollment, preference will be given to members who are in the Certification Program.
Some seminars may have an additional fee for reading or study materials; this is usually a nominal amount.
Indicate: ___ I am a current OAS member.
___ I am enrolled in the Certification Program.
Name: ____________________________________________________________________
Address: ____________________________________________________________________
City/State/Zip: ________________________________________________________________
Telephone: (____) _______________ (W), (____) _______________ (H)
email address:
Send this completed form with your payment (check/money order - make check to OU/Oklahoma
Archeological Survey) to:
Lois Albert, Certification Council Chair
Oklahoma Archeological Survey
The University of Oklahoma
111 E. Chesapeake
Norman OK 73019-5111
Telephone: (405) 325-7207; FAX (405) 325-7604
e-mail: [email protected]
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