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Published by
Archaeopress
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
England
[email protected]
www.archaeopress.com
BAR S2138
Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America:
Morphology, materiality, technology, function and context
© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2010
ISBN 978 1 4073 0679 7
Printed in England by 4edge, Hockley
All BAR titles are available from:
Hadrian Books Ltd
122 Banbury Road
Oxford
OX2 7BP
England
[email protected]
The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available
free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com
Ritual Technology:
An Experimental Approach to Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic Figurines
#
Dragos Gheorghiu
Abstract
$%&'(# )*+# ,*-./&.0)*0/# )1-20)0&'3# &4# 3&5)*+-3)# 651&7+8# )*+# ,5/5)+'09:107&.;+# )1-20)0&'# 2037.-;3# )*+# %&3)# 20<+13+# );7&.&(;# &4# /+1-%0/#
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%&25.+3#&4#/.-;8#+%7*-30?0'(#)*+#3)15/)51+#&4#)*+#)+/*'&.&(;#&4#%-@0'(#-'2#A1+-@-(+=#,&%7-1+2#B0)*#)*+#3)15/)51+#&4#10)5-.38#)*+#!"#$%&'
()*+#,(+-&#1+<+-.3#1+7+)0)0<+#-'2#3)-'2-120?+2#-/)0&'38#B*0/*#0%7.0+3#-#10)5-.0?+2#/*-1-/)+1#&4#)*+#)+/*'&.&(0+3#&4#%-@0'(#-'2#2+/&'3)15/)0&'3#
&4#)*+#40(510'+3=#:*+#3+%0&)0/#&4#)*+#2+/&1-)0&'#03#-.3&#203/533+28#B*0/*#-.3&#3++%3#)&#*-<+#*-2#-#10)5-.#/*-1-/)+1#25+#)&#0)3#1+7+)0)0<+#-'2#
3)-'2-120?+2#7-))+1'3=#
Key-words:#,*-./&.0)*0/C#,5/5)+'09:107&.;+C#+>7+10%+')C#!"#$%&'()*+#,(+-&C#10)5-.= #
#
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Introduction
D1&%7)+2#A;#)*+#70&'++10'(#B&1@#&4#E-10F-#G0%A5)-3#H"IJKC#
"ILIC#"II"C#"IIIM8#)*+#40(510'+3#&4#3&5)*+-3)+1'#651&7+#*-<+#
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H+=(=8# R-?-1&<0/0# ,9E=# PSSQM8# /&17&1+-.0);# H+=(=8# N-0.+;#
PSSQ-C# E-1-'(&5# PSSIM8# &1# !"#$%&./()*+#,(+-&.# H+=(=8#
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'&)#.+-2#)&#-'#5'2+13)-'20'(#&4#)*+#20<+130);#-'2#/&%7.+>0);#
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N-0.+;# "IIKC# N-0.+;# "II!C# N-0.+;# PSSQ-M8# -3# B+# /-'# 40'2# 0'#
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Methods
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Cucuteni–Triploye: A short description#
:*+# 71&25/)0&'# &4# /+1-%0/# 40(510'+3# 0'# 3&5)*+-3)+1'# 651&7+#
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#
Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America Morphology, Materiality,
Technology, Function, and Context
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#
Fig. 1: Broken figurine from an unknown site, Precucuteni tradition
(Photo by the author).
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Dragos Gheorghiu: Ritual Technology: An Experimental Approach to Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic Figurines
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#
#
#
#
Fig. 2: Broken Side view of an experimentally modelled figurine
(Photo by Cornelia C!tuna).#
!T#
#
Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America Morphology, Materiality,
Technology, Function, and Context
#
#
Fig. 6: Twisting the point of the feet during an experiment by the
author (Photo by Cornelia C!tuna).#
Fig. 3: Three equal lumps of clay used in an experiment by the author
(Photo by Cornelia C!tuna).#
#
#
Fig: 7: Forming the torso by pinching the clay during an experiment
by the author (Photo by Cornelia C!tuna).
Fig. 4: Experimental modelling the conical legs (Photo by Cornelia
C!tuna)#
#
#
#
Fig. 5: Experimentally modelled conical legs and pelvis (Photo by
Cornelia C!tuna).#
Fig. 8: Experimental modelling of the head (Photo by Cornelia
C!tuna).#
!K#
#
Dragos Gheorghiu: Ritual Technology: An Experimental Approach to Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic Figurines
$3#A+0'(#)*+#71&25/)#&4#-#'-)51-.#3+)#&4#(+3)51+38#)*+#!"#$%&/
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2+/&1-)0&'#-4)+1#-'#0')+1157)0&'#&4#)*1++#;+-13=#HX0(=#""M=#
#
Fig. 9: Final assemblage of the experimental figurine by pressing the
torso onto the pelvic area (Photo by Cornelia C!tuna).#
#
X&1#)*+#40(510'+3#%-2+#&4#)*1++#70+/+38#)*+#)*012#3)-(+#&4#)*+#
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%-)+10-.#B0)*&5)#-.)+10'(#)*+#71&7&1)0&'#&4#)*+#A&2;=#
#
Fig. 10: Precucuteni II tradition figurines showing the legs separated
along the soldering line after the firing process; from Poduri –Dealul
Ghindaru, Neam" County Museum Complex, Piatra Neam". (Photo by
the author).#
#
Fig. 11. A figurine made by a 9 year old child from the village of
V#dastra after three years from his first experiment (Photo by the
author in 2003)#
6>7+10%+')3# -.3&# 1+<+-.# )*+# !"#$%&/()*+#,(+-&# &4#
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#
#
#
!Q#
#
Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America Morphology, Materiality,
Technology, Function, and Context
Ritual decoration#
#
Fig. 12: Dough impressed with a design using a replica of a Neolithic
clay stamp from Maliq (after Gheorghiu 2008, 89, fig.6)#
:*+#2+/&1-)0&'#&4#)*+#+')01+#A&2;8#+>/+7)#4&1#)*+01#*+-28#B-3#
+>+/5)+2#B0)*#1+(5.-18#1+7+)0)0<+#/*+<1&'#7-))+1'8#-.&'+#&1#0'#
-33&/0-)0&'#B0)*#7-1-..+.#.0'+3C#)*03#-77+-13#)&#*-<+#A++'#)*+#
1+35.)#&4#-#10)5-.#&7+1-)0&'=#6>7+10%+')3#1+<+-.#)*+#20440/5.);#
0'# 1+71&25/0'(# )*03# @0'2# &4# 0'/03+2# 7-))+1'# B0)*# -# /-1+45.#
1+7+)0)0<+# -/)0&'8# B*0/*# 03# /*-1-/)+103)0/# &4# -# 10)5-.# -/)0<0);=#
O0%0.-1# -))+')0&'#B-3# (0<+'# )&# )*+# 0'/030&'#&4# 3701-.# 7-))+1'3#
&'#)*+#7+.<0/#&1#2&13-.#?&'+3#&4#)*+#40(510'+3#&4#)*+#,5/5)+'0#
7*-3+3# $# -'2# $aN8# B*&3+# %+-'0'(# 71&A-A.;# B-3# 1+.-)+2# )&#
)*+#)B03)0'(#&4#)+>)0.+#40A1+3=#
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20-(1-%%-)0/# 0..53)1-)0&'# 4&1# )B0..# 7.-0)0'(# H3++# $2&<-30&#
"IJJ8#"SQC#""TM=#W#0')+171+)#)*03#3+%0&)0/#%+33-(+#-3#-#3&1)#&4#
Z0'3)15/)0&'[# 4&1# 7.-0)0'(8# -'2# 1+71&25/+2# )*+%# )*1&5(*#
+>7+10%+')3#HX0(3=#"Q#i#"IM=#:*+#1+35.)0'(#B1-77+2#40(510'+3#
/&'3)0)5)+# 0%-(+3# 30%0.-1# )&# )*-)# &4# 45'+1-1;# B1-770'(3# 0'#
20<+13+# *03)&10/-.# -(10/5.)51-.# 3&/0+)0+3=# ,&'3+V5+').;# W#
71&7&3+# )*-)# )*03# );7+# &4# 40(510'+# /&5.2# +<&@+# )*+# 45'+1-1;#
B1-770'(3# &4# 2+/+-3+2# 7+13&'3# &1# Z-'/+3)&13[# HG*+&1(*05#
"IIPC# G*+&1(*05# "II!# -8# AC# G*+&1(*05# "IIJC# G*+&1(*05#
PSSTM=# O&%+# 40(510'+3# &4# )*+# ,5/5)+'0# 7*-3+# N# 2037.-;# )*+#
A0'20'(3# -3# 7-0')+2# .0'+3# 7&30)0&'+2# A+)B++'# 7+14&1-)+2#
@'&A3C# 0'# )*03#/-3+8# -# 30%0.-1# B1-770'(# %-;# A+# %-2+# B0)*# -#
)+>)0.+# )*1+-2# 7-33+2# )*1&5(*# )*+# 7+14&1-)0&'3# -//&120'(# )*+#
7-0')+2#20-(1-%=#
#
Fig. 13: The stamped part of the dough piece shown in Figure 12, as
seen after a period of two years (Photo by the author).#
#
Fig. 15: Left, front view of an incised figurine from Târpe$ti,
Precucuteni tradition (after Marler 2008, 116; photo courtesy of the
Institute for Archaeomythology); right, reconstruction of the pattern of
body wrapping (Drawing on photo by Radu Damian).#
#
Fig. 14: Modular parts of experimental figurines that were detached
by applying force (Photo by the author).#
!!#
#
Dragos Gheorghiu: Ritual Technology: An Experimental Approach to Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic Figurines
#
#
Fig. 16: Left, dorsal view of an incised figurine from Târpe$ti,
Precucuteni tradition (after Marler 2008, 116; photo courtesy of the
Institute for Archaeomythology); right, reconstruction of the pattern of
body wrapping (Drawing on photo by Radu Damian).
Fig. 18: Left, an incised figurine from Scânteia, Cucuteni tradition
phase A (after Marler 2008, 125; photo courtesy of the Institute for
Archaeomythology); right, a reconstruction of the pattern of body
wrapping (Drawing on photo by Radu Damian).
#
#
Fig. 17: Left, an incised figurine from Dragu$eni, Cucuteni tradition
phase A (after Marinescu-Bîlcu and Bolomey 2000, fig. 159/1; photo
courtesy of Dr. Silvia Marinescu-Bîlcu); right, reconstruction of the
pattern of body wrapping (Drawing on photo by Radu Damian).
Fig. 19: Left, an incised figurine from Dragu$eni, Cucuteni tradition
phase A (after Marinescu-Bîlcu and Bolomey 2000, fig. 160/2; photo
courtesy of Dr. Silvia Marinescu-ilcu); right, a reconstruction of the
pattern of body wrapping (Drawing on photo by Radu Damian).#
Ritual utilization
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+%7*-303+2# 3*&5.2+138# )*+# -A3+'/+# &4# -1%3# -'2# )*+#
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#
Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America Morphology, Materiality,
Technology, Function, and Context
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#
Fig. 20: Fragment of a vase with a modelled figure on a perforated
knob, from Duruitoare (after Monah 1997, 497; fig. 245/6), courtesy
Dr. Dan Monah.#
#
Fig. 21: Fragment of a vase with a modelled figure on falseimpressed cordage, from Bârlãe$ti, (after Ni"u 1976, 490).#
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#
Dragos Gheorghiu: Ritual Technology: An Experimental Approach to Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic Figurines
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#
Acknowledgements
W# B&5.2# .0@+# )&# +>71+33# %;# (1-)0)52+# )&# -..# )*+# 7+&7.+# B*&#
B&1@+2# B0)*# %+# 2510'(# )*+# +>7+10%+')3# B0)*# 71+*03)&10/#
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0%-(+3# 3*&B'# 0'# X0(3=# "Q8# "!# -'2# "L8# )&# b1=# O0.<0-#
E-10'+3/59N_./5# 4&1# 7+1%0330&'# )&# 53+# )*+# 0%-(+3# 3*&B'# 0'#
X0(3=#"J#-'2#"I#-'2#)&#b1=#b-'#E&'-*#4&1#7+1%0330&'#)&#53+#
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4&1#1+<0+B0'(#)*+#6'(.03*#&4#)*+#)+>)=##
References
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$.20'+#D5A.03*0'(#,&%7-';=#
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Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America Morphology, Materiality,
Technology, Function, and Context
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