DOI 10.4010/2016.1818
ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC
`
Research Article
Volume 6 Issue No. 6
Impact of Present Climate on Physical and Biochemical Properties
of Two Sesame (Sesame Indicum L) Cultivars
Seemaparoha1, Ravi Prakash Mishra2, Varsha Thakur 3
Professor1, 2
Project Coordination Unit, All India Coordination Project (Sesame and Niger), Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Jabalpur, M.P, India1;
Department of Post-Graduate Studies and Research In Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, M.P, India2, 3
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract:
This discipline experiments were convened to enumerate the influence of climate on sesame. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is
world’s most mandatory oil crops, impact of climate change mainly rainfall and temperature which is one of the foremost
concerns. Aim of this work was to evaluate those effects of present climate on oil percent and protein percent as well as the
morphology in the two Sesame seed GT-10 (Black seed) and TKG-22 (White seed) based on the obtained results. Experiment was
convened in three replications during two successive kharif seasons 2014 and 2015. The monthly temperature and rainfall data
were collected from metrological department of JNKVV, Jabalpur. The results showed that monthly temperature and rainfall had
significantly effect on number of branches/plant, seed weight, seed yield/plant, oil content, proient, carbohydrate content, oxalic
acid as well as free fatty acid.
Keywords: - Sesamum indicum, oil percent, protein percent, seed morphology, oxalic acid and fatty acid
INTRODUCTION
Sesame is a supernatural biomedicinal plant and
health care edible oil. The major producing countries are
China, India, Myanmar and Sudan. In the sudan, the crop is
grown under rainfed conditions (300-800 mm), in an area of 3
million feddans, which represents 13% of the world
production. Sesame crop has early origins in East Africa and
India. It had earned a poetic label “Queen of oilseeds”
because seeds have high quality poly-unsaturated stable fatty
acids which offer resistance to rancidity. It is affluent in
polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-6-fatty acids). Sesame
seeds are legendary serenity because it decisively protest
oxidative rancidity after long exposure to air.
Sesame is excellent source of oil 57-63%, Protein 2325%, Carbohydrate 20-25% and ash 5-6 %. Vitamins contains
A, B- B1, D and E. Sesame seed contain amino acids 2.85 to
3.85%. Seeds contain valuable quantity of phytic acid 5%) and
oxalic acids 2.5%.10 besides, Sesame contains minerals Cu,
Ca. P, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. Copper provides relief for
rheumatoid arthritis. It is established that Sesame seeds
contain excess amount of calcium than milk. Calcium helps
prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis, and migraine while
magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health systems
zinc is known to promote health.
Sesame oil is conversant for its sublimate nutritional
magnitude and is unique in containing dignified scale of
lignans (methylenedioxyphenyl compounds) such as sesamin,
sesamol, sesamolin and tocopherols substances,
Agrarian
economics is impacted by the climate. Indian economy is
initially rely on agricultural an activity which in turn is rely on
climatic component such as rainfall and variability of
temperature beside varietal genetics, soil fertility, and crop
management factors performance of the crop is affected by
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2016
factor such as climatic, nutrients, water availability, inter and
intra- specific, completions pest and disease as well as sociocultural and socio-economic factor among other things.
In India sesame is grown in rain-fed crop. The
total area of production varies from one year to another year,
mainly due to fluctuations of rainfall and temperature. The
total area cultivated in India is about 19.01 lakh hectares with
8.6 lakh tones production and earns rupees 2880 crore through
export. It is grown in all the seasons and being a sort duration
crop, fits well in to various cropping systems. In India the
volume of research related to sesame crop climate relation is
relatively very small in comparison with other oil seed.
Motive of present study the effect from monthly temperature
and rainfall on various parameters of sesame.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was consisted with field
experimentation and several analytical works in the
laboratories. Field experiment was conducted on kharif
sesame to observe its growth development and yield as
influenced by monthly temperature and rainfall. The materials
used and methodologies employed during the course of
investigation on the field and laboratories are concisely
described in this chapter.
The present study was consisted with analytical works
in the laboratories and field experimentation on kharif sesame
to observe growth development and yield as influenced by
monthly temperature and rainfall.
Climate:- Jabalpur is situated at 23’90” North latitude and 79’
58” East longitude at an altitude of 411 meter (1,348 feet) up
the mean sea level it falls under subtropical climatic
conditions which is characterized by the features of hot dry
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summers and cool dry winters. The 10 years mean annual
rainfall is receives under this term between end of June to end
of September. The rainfall is often erratic and ill distributed
along with on occasional long dry spells or frequent heavy
rainy days during rainy seasons. There is possibility of
occasional and little rainfall during rest period of the year. The
maximum and minimum temperature ranges between 24˚C
and 45˚C and 4˚C to 32˚C, respectively within a year in some
of the years, maximum temperature reaches as high as 45˚C in
the month of May or June, while minimum temperature falls
2˚C down to a limit of 4˚C during end of December or January
months.
Weather condition:- The present investigation was conducted
during kharif seasons. Monthly data were be recorded from
July to November, ranges between 31.2˚C to 20.66˚C in 2014
and 31.72˚C to 20.92˚C in 2015 respectively, The total rainfall
received from July to November during the crop season was
798.8 mm in 2014. Which was equally distributed in 46 rainy
days and in year 2015 received rainfall is 929.2 mm. which
was equally distributed in 36 days? Therefore the crop did not
suffer due to adverse effect of rains on the sesame weather
became clear and dry immediately after rains. As a whole
weather conditions prevailed during the crop season were
almost conductive for proper growth development and yield of
sesame crop.
Experimental site: - Field experiment was conducted in the
demonstration farm faculty of agriculture university of
Jabalpur at research form project coordinating unit (sesame
and nizer) during kharif season 2014 -2015. All physical
facilities are available in the research form to carry out the
field experiment. The analytical works were done in the
laboratory of project coordinating unit (sesame and nizer)
J.N.K.V.V. Jabalpur.
Experimental Layout: Sowing: Sowing was on 15 July
2014 and 15 July 2015 the crop was sown on the top of the
ridge 70 cm apart in holes at a spacing of 15 cm. ten seeds
were placed in each hole
Meteorological Data: - During the period of this work
different weather parameters viz. temperature rainfall of
Jabalpur during entire crop season was recorded from the
meteorological observatory Agriculture Engineering collage.
Jabalpur. These data are presented in table 2 and also
illustrated graphically through the figure 2.
Physical properties;- Dimension of sesame seeds, length,
width and thickness are measured by Electronic Digital Venire
Caliper and Seed weight was measured with the help of a
electric balance. The mean values of seed dimension
parameters were obtained from a set of n=10 seeds in
triplicates of both cultivars (IPGRI, 2004)20. Digital dial
caliper: Dimension (Length, width, and thickness) of sesame
seeds were determined considering the three axes xx, yy, and
zz. A digital caliper reading up to 15 cm was used. Its
accuracy is 0.05mm.
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Growth Attributes:- .
1. Number of offshoot/plant - Number of offshoot was
determined by counting the number of primary
reproductive branches.
2. Involucres per plant – numbers are properly filled
involucres was recorded at physiological maturity.
3. 1000-seed sinker – one thousands filled seeds were taken
randomly after shad drying and weighted in gram to
assess the boldness of seeds
4. Seed sequel (kg/ha) – seed sequel is dependent character
which is sum total of positive and negative effects of
different yield attributing traits, seed yield per plant was
recorded and converted in to seed kg/ha by multiplying it
with conversion factor which is calculated by following
formula = 10 / net plot size.
Yield Attributes: The final grain yield (t/ha) was determined
as follows:
Grain yield (t / ha) = Grain weight (t) of plot X 10000
Biochemical Analysis
Firstly before analysis collected sesame seed from
J.N.K.V.V. Jabalpur experimental field and prepared squashy
samples was used for biochemical analysis.
Oil content: - Take 2g black and white seed sample were
treated with petroleum ether 60-80˚c, volume may be 80 ml.
used as a solvent by soxplus apparatus leave the process about
45 – 60 minutes. After the process time increase the
temperature to recovery temperature (Max. boiling point 2).
Ex: If the boiling point is 600C recovery temperature can be
1200C. Now do the rinsing about 2 times in order to collect the
remaining fat that may present in the sample. Now takeout all
the beakers from the system and put them in a hot air oven.
After 15 to 20 minutes, take out all the beakers and place them
in desiccators for about 5 minutes. Then solvent was
evaporated and collect oil. According to (Pearson, 1976). 21
Oil content (percent) = extracted oil weight (g) X 100
W2 –W1 X 100
W
Weight of the sample Oil yield (t/ha) was determined as
follows:
FFA percent – 1 ml oil dissolved in 20 ml neutral solution of
95% ethanol then boiled it and titrated with .1 N alkali KOH
in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator FFA % calculated
using the following formula.
FFA% = 2.303x Normality of KOH x Titrate value (ml)
Weight of oil sample (g)
Protein: - protein percent sample was define by Lowery
method.
Oxalic acid: - oxalic acid content of the sesame seed was
define by titration method as (AOCS, 1980)23
Oxalic acid % = 6.303 X normality of KMnO4 X volume of KMnO4
Weight of seed sample (gm.)
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Carbohydrate: - carbohydrate content of the sesame seed
sample was determined according to an-throne method as
described by lowery.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact of climate on cultivars and their interaction on
physiology of sesame and seed oil, protein content of sesame
crop. In this study we take two sesame cultivars GT-10 and
Table 1;- Physical properties of sesame genotype
Genotypes
Color
Shape
texture
TKG-22
White
seed
Black
seed
GT-10
Fig 1:-
Oval
with
convex side
Oval
with
convex side
TKG-22. GT-10 are black color seeded shape in oval with
convex side, smooth+ rough texture length of seed showed
2.61±0.078, width is 1.81±0.078 and thickness is 0.87±0.048.
While TKG-22 is white color seeded oval with convex side
shape and smooth in texture, length 2.95±0.35, and 1.85±0.05
width and 0.84±0.07 thickness. Sesame seed size is parallel
with the study by (Harmond et al., 1965).24 lengths 2.5, Width
1.65, Thickness 0.94.
Mean
Length
(mm) µ±S.D
Mean Width (mm)
µ±S.D
Mean
Thickness
(mm) µ±S.D
smooth
2.95 ± 0.35
1.85 ± .05
0 .84 ± .07
Smooth +
rough
2.61 ± .078
1.81 ± .078
0.87 ± .048
GT-10 Black sesame seed and TKG-22 White sesame seed
Table 2;-Monthly rainfall and temperature in the year of 2014-2015
Month
January
Temperature (ºC )
2014
Maxi.
Mini.
Temp.
Temp.
22.6
10,5
Mini.
Temp.
8.6
Rainfall (mm)
2014
Maxi.
No.
of
Rainfall
rainy days.
24.8
2
2015
Maxi.
Temp.
21.2
2015
Maxi.
Rainfall
58.7
No. of rainy
days
2
February
March
25.6
30.7
10.4
13.7
27.5
29.4
11.0
14.6
76.0
15.6
6
2
20.6
91.0
2
7
April
38.0
19.2
36.5
20.5
0.0
0
13.4
2
May
40.2
24.3
41.7
25.5
10.6
1
10.6
2
June
39.6
26.8
37.7
26.2
159.4
8
100.0
8
July
32.7
24.9
31.6
24.2
316.5
18
413.2
16
August
31.0
24.3
30.9
23.8
241.7
11
366.6
12
September
31.5
23.1
32.4
23.0
199,0
14
109.4
07
October
31.2
18.8
33.4
18.4
41.6
3
040.0
01
November
29.9
12.2
30.3
15.2
0.00
0
000
00
24.6
31.26
7.7
20.66
26.1
31.72
8.1
20.92
4.8
798.8
1
46
000
929.2
00
36
December
Average
between
July to November
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Table 3:- Morphological characteristic of both sesame cultivars
Genotypes
No. of offshoot/plant
involucres number/plant
1000-seed sinker
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2.5±0.11
54.7±1.08
55.7±1.26
2.57±0.1
2.68±0.1
653 ±6.06
739.1±2.1
4 ±0.24
72.42±0.9
68.85±1.001
2.71±0.03
2.71±0.05
1098±9.57
1113.7±29.2
GT -10
2.1±0.07
4.3±0.10
TKG-22
Table 4:- biochemical content obtained from both cultivars of sesame
Genotypes Oil content (%)
Protein content (%)
Carbohydrate
content (%)
Seed sequel/plant
Free
(%)
Fatty
acid
2015
Oxalic acid (%)
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
GT-10
46.7±1.9
48.4±0.4
16.3±0.1
18.4±0.09
18.5±0.09
19±0.8
2.5±0.3
2.5±0.3
1.8±0.1
TKG-22
47.7±1.02
49.4±0.2
16.8±0.1
19.0±0.8
17.9±0.1
17.6±0.1
0.9±0.2
0.8±0.2
0.95±0.02
1.7±0.
1
0.8±0.
1
4
physiology of seed
3
TKG-22 White seed
2
GT-10 Black seed
1
0
length
Fig:- 2 Physiology of both sesame seed.
width
thickness
1000
800
600
2014
400
2015
200
0
Maxi. Tem.
Mini.Temp.
Rainfall(mm)
Rainydays
Fig:- 3 Monthaly rainfall and teampreture during July to November of 2014 – 2015
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60
50
40
30
20
GT-10
10
TKG-22
0
Oil %
Protien %
Carbohydrate %
Fatty acid
Oxalic acid
Biochemical parameter of 2014
Fig:- 4 Effect of climate on biochemical parameters of 2014 in both sesame cultivars.
60
50
40
30
GT-10
20
TKG-22
10
0
Oil%
Protein %
Carbohydrate %
Fatty acid
Oxalic acid
Biochemical parameter of 2015
Fig:- 5 Effect of climate on biochemical parameter of 2015 in both sesame cultivars.
In this study number of offshoot per plant are diverse between
2.1±0.07 to 4±0.24 (table-4) are similar with the study
conducted by. Involucres are divers between 54.7±1.08 to
72.42±0.85 among both cultivars. These results are similar to.
Thus 1000 seed weight ranged from 2.57±0.10 to 2.71±0.05
(table-3). These result are parallel to. Seed yield/plant showed
variation among both cultivars between 653±6.06 to
1113.7±29.2 (table-3) this result were consistent by previous
works.
Commutability in biochemical creation is recorded
between the genotypes in this study which is agreed with
statement of other finder in sesame. Economically importance
of sesame seed is predicated through the percentage of oil. The
result also indicated that seed oil of TKG-22 is high than the
GT-10 cultivars. The oil content ranged from 46.68±1.0 to
49.43±0.22 (table-4). These are parallel to 43.42 to 49.47 %.
The mean protein content in both cultivars shows variation
between 16.3±0.1 to 19.0±0.8 of both years.
Oxalic acid of both sesame cultivars showed variation
between 0.78 ±0.06 to 1.78±0.10 obtained in this study. These
results are parallel to 1.64 reported by Borchani. Sesame
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June 2016
contains 2to 3 % oxalic acid which is primarily in the hull and
dehulling sesame seeds are improve the nutritional and
gustatory characteristic.
The carbohydrate content showed variation among
both cultivars 17.56±0.12 to 19±0.81 is also low when is
compared with the reported by Ogbonna.
Free fatty acid of both sesame cultivars varied between
0.81±0.17 to 2.5±0.32 (table-4) which is high when compared
with the reported by Ogbonna.
Conclusion
In present discipline morphological and biochemical
compositions of two sesame cultivars are cultivated in
Jabalpur, (M.P.) be prescribing also collate about that
physiological competence. Cultivars demonstrate alteration
consequently fatty acid and carbohydrate, while oil values are
relatively closer to each other in both sesame cultivars.
Finding of these experiment confirm that there is potential for
sesame cultivation during the kharif season. Cropping in
Jabalpur for sustainable sesame production Rainfall 929.2 mm
and temperature 31.72˚c is recommended annually for high
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oil yield of sesame in Jabalpur TKG-22 .gave highest oil yield
per unit area and biochemical content by both genotypes tested
in this discipline. This will be helpful for the farmer of
Jabalpur region.
Acknowledgement
Compilers are grateful to Head of department P.G.
Studies and Research in Biological Science, R.D. V.V.
University, and All India Coordination Project (Sesame and
Niger), Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur
for providing Lab facilities
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