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LESSON
PAGE
VALUES
COMUNICATION AND
CRITICAL SPIRIT
COMPETENCES AND
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
1. Matter and
mixtures
4 to 21
Following a simple
set of rules in the
lab.
Explaining how water
changes states during
the water cycle.
Sense of initiative and
entrepreneurship /
Intrapersonal.
2. Energy
22 to 33 Following some tips
to use electricity
responsibly.
Talking about energy
poverty.
Learning to learn /
Naturalistic.
3. Electricity,
sound and light
42 to 55
Talk about electricity
as a basic product.
Learning to learn /
Interpersonal.
4. Forces and
machines
56 to 69 Following some
tips to our body
while sitting at the
computer.
Explaining how some
simple machines work.
Mathematical competence
and basic competence in
science and techonology /
Bodily-kinaesthetic.
5. Human beings
and health
70 to 85 Knowing some rules Talking about some
diseases.
to keeping healthy.
6. Sensivity
94 to 105 Respecting different
ways of doing
things.
Poster about me: things
that make me special
and that I like about me.
Learning to learn /
Intrapersonal.
7. Ecosystems
106 to 123 Respecting our
Explaining about life
without any of the four
spheres of the Earth.
Mathematical competence
and basic competence in
science and technology /
Naturalistic.
planet.
Social and civic competence
/ Interpersonal.
I HAVE LEARNT
Read
I can read about the
states of matter.

Speak
Talk
Write
Listen
I can name
two methods
of separating
homogeneous
mixtures.
I can talk about
two methods of
separation.
I can write about
what I have learnt
about matter.
I can listen and
understand about
changes of state.



I can name several
types of energy.
I can talk about
energy and its
effects.
I can write about
types of energy
is generated by
petroleum, gas and
coal.
I can listen about
renewable sources
of energy.
I can distinguish
elements of an
electric circuit.
I can hear muy
classmates talking
about light sources.

I can read about
what is energy.



I can read about
light reflection.
I can name sound
characteristics.
I can talk about
how sounds travel.



I can read about
compound
machines.
I can name different
simple machines.
I can explain how
computers work.



I can read about
how a cell works.

I can name parts of
a cell.
I can talk about
organ systems.






I can writte the
name of combined
forces.
I can listen to the
teacher talking
about how a bicycle
works.


I can draw a cell.

I can listen to
my classmates
speaking about life
processes.

I can read about the
senses.

I can name parts of
the brain.
I can talk about
muscles.


I can make a list of
ten actions I can
do thanks to my
muscles.
I can listen to CD
about neurons.


I can read about
relationships in
ecosystems.

I can name four
spheres of Earth.

I can talk about how I can write
the names of
plants make their
organisms that live
own food.
in freshwater and
saltwater.


I can listen to the
teacher talking
about how
photosynthesis
works.

n
o
s
s
Le
1and mixtures
r
e
t
t
Ma
Look and think:
Everything we can see, touch
or smell is made of matter.
Matter can be measured
and has different properties.
Our senses can tell us about
some of them: the colour, the
smell...
Do you remember what
instruments we use for
measuring matter?
4
four
The scientific method
The scientific method is the way scientists study the world. Everything can be studied with
this method. It always follows the same steps:
1. OBSERVATION AND HYPOTHESIS
 We observe something happening.
 We ask ourselves about it.
 We make a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a theory about why
something is happening.
We observe that sea water tastes salty. We ask “why?”
We formulate this hypothesis: “Sea water must contain salt”.
2. EXPERIMENT
We conduct an experiment to test
if the hypothesis is correct.
We leave some sea water outside for a few days.
3. CONCLUSION
If the experiment confirms the
hypothesis we can conclude
that it was correct.
If the experiment does not
confirm the hypothesis, we
need to formulate a new
hypothesis and conduct
another experiment.
After some days, the water has evaporated and
we see that there is salt in the container.
In this case, our hypothesis was correct.
1
Why do you think we need to experiment before accepting
a hypothesis?
Learn more about the
scientific method!
five
5
The laboratory
Laboratories (labs) are places where scientists work. In them we can find special
equipment.
Labs must be well
ventilated, with lots
of light.
Fire extinguisher
Extractor fan
We use pipettes
to move liquids
from one place
to another.
We use
microscopes
to see very
small things.
We use tongs to
hold things when
they are hot.
Test tubes
are for mixing
liquids.
Digital scales are for
measuring mass.
Thermometers
are for measuring
temperature.
Beaker
These containers are
good for heating or
mixing liquids.
Tripod
Bunsen burners are
for heating things.
Erlenmeyer
flask
2
1. Why do you think laboratories need to have good lighting?
And good ventilation?
2. What do you think can happen if we bring food to a place
where we work with toxic materials?
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six
Visit Dr. Krazy’s lab
and answer the
questions!
We use transparent containers
with measuring lines on them to
measure volume.
Volumetric flask
Graduated
cylinder
Funnels help us to
pour liquid into a
container.
Me and you
When working in the lab, we must follow a simple set of rules. This way it’s safer
and more enjoyable for everybody!
If you have long hair, tie
it up or wear a cap.
Protect your
hands with
gloves.
Wear goggles to avoid
getting stuff in your
eyes.
Never bring drinks
or food into the lab.
When working with toxic
substances, wear a mask.
All instruments and materials must
be kept clean and tidy so we can
use them again next time!
Wear a lab coat to protect
your clothes and skin!
1. Write which instrument you would use to... look at something very small - mix water and ink find out the temperature of a liquid - hold a test tube while it’s hot
2. Imagine that you are in charge of designing the school’s lab. Draw what you think it’s a good
design for a lab. How would you organise it? What rules do you think students should follow?
seven
7
Matter and its physical properties
Matter is everything that occupies space and has a mass. All matter is made up of tiny
moving pieces called molecules. Molecules are constantly moving, although we can’t see
them.
Wood molecules
Matter has physical properties that can be divided into 2 categories:
GENERAL PROPERTIES
 Mass
 Weight
 Volume
 Size
General properties depend on the
amount of matter that is present.
Mass, volume, size and weight are not
the same if we add more diamonds.
They are not characteristic to any
particular material.
A piece of butter and a diamond could have
the same mass, volume, size and weight.
Choose an object from the classroom.
1. What are its properties?
2. Are those general or special
properties?
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eight
SPECIAL PROPERTIES
 Colour, smell...  Conductivity
 Hardness, softness...
 Density
Special properties do not depend on
the amount of matter that is present.
No matter how many diamonds we have, their
colour, hardness etc is always the same.
They are usually characteristic to a
particular material.
A piece of butter and a diamond do not have
the same colour, smell, hardness etc.
1. C
ould a piece of iron and a piece of wood have
the same weight? And the same hardness? And
the same size?
2. W
hich of those are general properties and which
are special properties?
General properties of matter
Mass and volume are general properties of matter. We use them to measure amounts of
matter.
MASS
VOLUME
Mass is the amount of matter that
an object contains.
Volume is the amount of space that an
object occupies.
An elephant occupies more space in a room
than a mouse, so its volume is greater.
An elephant has more matter
than a mouse, so its mass is greater.
■W
e
measure mass
using scales.
■W
e
■W
e
■W
e
can measure volume
using transparent containers
with measuring lines on
them.
measure mass in units called
grams and kilograms (usually
called kilos).
F or really heavy things we use
tonnes.
measure volume in units
called litres and millilitres
(usually called mils).
e also use units called cubic
W
metres and centimetres.
1 kilo (kg)
=
1,000 grams (g)
1 litre (L)
=
1,000 millilitres (ml)
1,000 kilos (kg)
=
1 tonne (T)
1 millilitre (ml)
=
1 cubic centimetre
Which of these balls has
more mass? Which has
more volume?
1. W
hich do you think has more mass: 1 kg of iron
or 1 kg of cork? And more volume?
2. W
hat units off mass would you use to
measure: an airplane - a handful of sand - your
bodyweight ?
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9
Special properties of matter
Every kind of matter (material) has its own unique set of special properties that make it
different from every other kind of matter, and that make it useful for certain purposes.
DENSITY
Density is how close together molecules are.
Lower density
Higher density
Molecules are very small, so we can’t see the density of a material just by looking at
it. We have to calculate it from the relationship between its mass and volume:
A
B
Steel
Wood
C
Steel
D
■ A and B have the same volume.
■ C and D have the same mass.
■ A has more mass.
■ C has less volume.
■ A is denser than B.
■ C is denser than D.
BUOYANCY
Materials with a lower density than water can float
on it. The ability to float on water is called buoyancy.
Wood is less dense
than water, so it floats.
B
A
Steel is denser than
water, so it sinks.
Wood
Fact!
Some boats are made of steel but
they don’t sink because they
are full of air. Air is less dense
than water, so it floats.
1. If object 1 occupies the same space as object 2, but weighs 1 kilo less, Which has more mass?
And more volume? Which is denser?
2. Experiment: Put some water in a glass and add some oil. What happens? Why?
3. Explain in your own words why some objects float and others don’t.
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ten
CONDUCTIVITY
Aluminium
OTHER PROPERTIES
Wood
Insulators of heat
Conductors of heat
let heat travel through don’t let heat travel
through them easily.
them easily.
Steel bike
Rigid materials
don’t bend easily.
Diamond
Rubber flippers
Flexible materials
bend easily.
Butter
Copper wire
Conductors of electricity let electricity
travel through them easily.
Rubber or plastic
Insulators of electricity don’t let
electricity travel through them easily.
Hard materials are
difficult to scratch.
Iron teapot
Strong materials
are hard to break.
Soft materials are
easy to scratch.
Ceramic teapot
Fragile materials
are easy to break.
Test the characteristics of these materials!
http://links.edebe.com/kun
1. Why do you think some metal tools have rubber or plastic handles?
2. What other properties does this tool have?
3. What properties define these objects?
Spring - Iron bar - Wooden spoon - Plasticine - Glass
eleven
11
States of matter
Matter can exist in 3 states: solid, liquid or gas.
SOLIDS
The molecules are very close
together and can not move much.
hold their shape: they don’t take on
the shape of the container, and their volume
doesn’t change.
■S
olids
■Y
ou
can hold them.
■Y
ou
can cut them or change their shape.
Solids can be hard or soft, big or even really small like grains of sand.
Plasticine
Chair
Salt
Fabric
Flour
Plastic bottle
Sand
Ice
Sand under a microscope
Even though you can pour them, things like sand, salt, sugar and flour are
all solids! This is because they are actually made up of many small solids.
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Rock
LIQUIDS
GASES
The molecules are
further apart and can
move freely.
The molecules are not
so close together and
can move a bit.
take on the shape of
the container, but their volume
does not change (they do not
expand to fill the container).
■L
iquids
■T
hey
■Y
ou
are difficult to hold.
also take on the shape of the
container and their volume changes:
they expand to fill the container.
■G
ases
■Y
ou
can’t hold them in your hand.
■T
hey
can pour them.
are often invisible.
Air
Water
Soup
Coffee
Hot air inside a
hot air balloon
1. If we put a liquid inside a wine
glass, what shape does it have?
2. What about a gas? And a solid?
Clouds (water vapour)
Read about matter and its states!
http://links.edebe.com/2r4ku
1. Which of these adapts to the shape of its container? Are they solids, liquids or gases?
Milk - Air - Wood - Alcohol - Gold - Plastic - Helium - Gasoline - Iron - Clouds - Soda - Ice - Aluminium
2. Write: What have you learnt about matter that you didn’t know before? Could you apply this
knowledge to any daily situation? How?
thirteen
13
Physical changes in matter
These are changes in which the appearance of the matter changes, but no new
substance is created. These changes are usually (but not always) reversible. This means
the matter can change back to how it was before.
GAS
SOLID
LIQUID
SOLID
EVAPORATION
MELTING
SOLIDIFICATION
LIQUID
LIQUID
When a liquid is cooled a
lot it solidifies into a solid.
When a solid is heated a
lot it melts into a liquid.
When a liquid is heated
it evaporates into a gas.
Every material has a specific temperature at which it changes its state.
FREEZING POINT
The temperature at which
a liquid turns into a solid
is called its freezing point.
The freezing point of water is
0 degrees centigrade (0 ºC).
MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
The temperature at which
a solid turns into a liquid
is called its melting point.
The temperature at which
a liquid turns into a gas
is called its boiling point.
The melting point of ice
(frozen water) is 0ºC.
The boiling point of
water is 100ºC.
3
1. Can solids turn directly into gases? How? And gases into solids?
2. Could we reverse those changes? How?
3. How can we reverse a change of position? And a change of shape?
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Learn more
about changes
of state!
CHANGES OF STATE
Heating or cooling causes matter to change its temperature. If we heat or cool
the matter enough, it can change its state between solid, liquid and gas.
CONDENSATION
SUBLIMATION
LIQUID
Iodine gas
GAS
GAS
SOLID
Iodine crystals
When a gas is cooled it
condensates into a liquid.
Some solids can sublime
directly into a gas at room
temperature.
DEPOSITION
SOLID
GAS
Iodine crystals
Iodine gas
When this gas touches
something very cold, it
deposits back directly
into a solid.
OTHER PHYSICAL CHANGES
Matter can also change its appearance through things like cutting, breaking,
shaping, deforming or even just by moving from one place to another.
Deforming
Moving
1. Research and explain how water changes states during the water
cycle.
2. Draw a diagram showing the processes by which matter changes
states.
fifteen
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Chemical changes in matter
When molecules of different kinds of matter combine they form a new substance. This is
called a chemical reaction. Usually this reaction cannot be reversed. The combustion of
wood and oxidation of iron are examples of chemical reactions.
Carbon dioxide
Wood
Heat
Oxygen
COMBUSTION
Ash and smoke
Heat
When the wood is heated a lot, a chemical reaction
takes place and the wood combusts (burns).
Wood has a chemical
property which means
it can burn.
We use substances
that can burn for fuel.
A new substance is created.
Fact!
A chemical property is a
characteristic of one substance that
determines how it will react with another. All
matter has chemical properties.
Some metals have
a chemical property
which makes them
react with air.
A new substance is created.
Iron
Oxygen
OXIDATION
Rust
A very slow chemical reaction takes place between the
molecules in iron and oxygen, making the iron oxidise.
Fact!
The chemical industry uses chemical changes
to transform materials into plastics, cosmetics, fertilisers,
detergents...
1. Is this a physical or a chemical change?
Lighting a candle - Throwing a ball - Food going mouldy Cutting a piece of paper - Digesting food - Wood rotting
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sixteen
1. D
o you think we can
reverse these changes?
2. Do all metals oxidise?
Learn about changes
in matter!
http://links.edebe.com/fw
Pure and mixed substances
You already know that matter can be classified into solids, liquids and gases.
But we can also classify matter into pure substances and mixtures.
PURE SUBSTANCES
Pure substances are made out of just one type of molecule.
Iron
Gold
Mercury
Salt
MIXTURES
Mixtures are made up of 2 or more pure substances.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
We can see the individual
substances that make up
the mixture.
Fruit salad
We can’t see the individual
substances that make up
the mixture.
Alloy
When one or more of the
substances is a metal, the
mixture is called an alloy.
When one substance (called
solute) is dissolved into
another (called solvent), the
mixture is called a solution.
Many rocks are made
up of several minerals.
1. Can you think of other examples of
pure substances and mixtures?
2. Which do you think are more
common in nature?
Soluble means can be dissolved.
Insoluble means cannot be dissolved.
Steel
Iron
Carbon
Solution
Seawater
Water (solvent) Salt (solute)
1. Classify these:
Silver — Cola soft drink — Paella — Soil — Iron
fork — Stainless steel fork - Fruit salad — Hot
chocolate drink
seventeen
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Separating heterogeneous mixtures
Mixtures can be separated through physical changes. We can use different methods,
depending on what kind of the substances are in the mixtures. For example:
DECANTATION
Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid
Some substances can
be separated from
others by pouring.
Filtration is similar to decantation, but
we use a filter to catch the insoluble
solid.
1. Separating an insoluble solid
from a liquid
Filter
A coffee filter filters coffee
from coffee grounds.
Sand and water
Sand
FILTRATION
Sand
Water
2. Separating two liquids with
different densities
Oil (less dense)
Water (denser)
Water
USING A MAGNET
A sieve filters rice
from water.
Separating magnetic from non-magnetic solids
The magnet attracts the
iron pieces, but not the
sand.
Iron pieces
1. What instruments are used in each method of
separation?
2. Can you think of any other mixtures that could
be separated using these methods?
18
eighteen
Sand
1. I f you had a mixture of water, oil,
small rocks and iron, how would you
separate all its components? (You may
need to use several different methods).
Separating homogeneous mixtures
There are a variety of ways to separate homogeneous mixtures. Here are two examples:
EVAPORATION
Separating a soluble solid from a liquid
The liquid is heated until it
evaporates and we are left
with the solid.
1
Salty water
2
Salt
Heat
Similar to evaporation, but with distillation we catch the liquid
again after it evaporates. It works by taking advantage of the fact
that different substances have different boiling points.
Separating a soluble solid from a liquid
1
Water vapour
condenses as it
cools.
Water vapour
Salty water
DISTILLATION
Separating two liquids
1 Ethanol
vapour
Ethanol vapour
condenses as it
cools.
Solution of water
and ethanol.
Ethanol has a
lower boiling
point than water.
Heat
Evaporated
water
2
Just enough heat
so the ethanol
evaporates but
not the water.
2
Salt
Water
How do you think they separate the
water from the salt in the saltworks?
Water
Ethanol
4
1. Write which types of mixtures these are and how can we separate them:
Coffee and sugar - Water and alcohol - Iron bits and confetti - Gold
nuggets and water
Listen, take notes
and answer the
questions!
nineteen
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Matter and materials
We use materials for every activity we do in our daily lives. As you know, there are natural
and man-made materials. Technology has provided us with some materials that make
our lives easier in many ways.
CERAMICS
METAL ALLOYS
They are made by exposing clay to
several physical changes.
There are many metal alloys. Each
one has different properties that
make them more suitable for certain
tasks.
Raw material (clay)
Raw material (iron)
Pottery is made by changing
the shape of the clay and
baking it in an oven so it
becomes more resistant.
PAPER
Paper is made from cellulose, a fibre
that certain trees have.
To make paper, cellulose is mixed with
water and then heated and dried.
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twenty
Cutlery is made of stainless
steel, which, as opposed to
iron, does not oxidise.
PAINT
Paint is made by dissolving colour
pigments into other liquids.
Some pigments can be extracted from minerals.
Others are artificially made in a laboratory.
Using recycled paper avoids cutting down trees! Look
for this symbol to make sure that you are using recycled paper:
Fact!
PLASTIC
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
A fibre is a very thin thread. Synthetic
fibres are made by weaving thousands
of small fibres of material.
Carbon fibre has many
applications because it is
very resistant and much
lighter than other
materials.
Plastics are materials made from
petroleum (oil). They have many
different applications.
Plastic was invented at the
beginning of the 20th
century. Today, many of
the objects we use daily
are made of plastic.
Fibre detail
1. What do we use all the objects in the
pictures for? 2. Could we do those things if we
didn’t have these materials?
Learn how to make recycled
paper at home!
http://links.edebe.com/5dcn5a
1. Write three things that you use daily that are made of plastic.
2. Look for information about the materials in these pages. When were they invented? How do you
think they made our lives easier?
twenty-one
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