APPENDIX
FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT
THE ETHNICITY DATA ONLINE RESOURCE
General caveats
Rounding procedures: Throughout most of the report figures are rounded to the nearest thousand or
other convenient unit. This may result in a total disagreeing slightly with the total of the individual items
as shown in a graph or table. Some figures will not be rounded, for example where finer detail is
required, or where information is quoted from an original source.
Data Limitations: Disaggregation of data by variables such as sex, age and geography is limited.
Statistical significance is not presented for most of the data in the report, unless otherwise stated. This
is because of the small sample sizes for some surveys used in the report, with margins of error
compromising the statistical robustness of the data, particularly for smaller sized ethnicities such as
Middle Eastern, Latin American and African communities.
Liability Statement: While all care and diligence has been used in processing, analysing and extracting
data and information in this report, the Office of Ethnic Affairs gives no warranty that it is error free and
will not be liable for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the use, directly or indirectly, of
information in this report.
Office of Ethnic Affairs: ethnic population groups of interest
The term 'ethnic' (matawaka), in the context of the mandate for the Office of Ethnic Affairs, refers to
any segment of the population within New Zealand society with cultural values, customs, beliefs,
languages, traditions and characteristics that differ from the wider society. This includes people from
New Zealand born and established communities, recent migrants and refugees and people with
multiple ethnic identities.1 This resource presents data based on ethnicity, including other ethnic
population groups that fall outside the Ethnic Affairs’ portfolio, such as Māori, Pacific peoples and
New Zealand Europeans. 2
Asian ethnicities
The Asian ethnic group includes Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Southeast Asian and
other Asian ethnicities, and is New Zealand’s third largest ethnic group. In 2006, the total number
identifying as Asian was 354,549. As a proportion of the total population, the Asian ethnic group has
grown from three percent in 1991 to 10 percent in 2006. This equates to a 225 percent increase in
numbers between 1991 and 2006.
The Asian ethnic group is predominantly made up of Chinese and Indian ethnicities. In 2006, those
identifying as Chinese made up 39 percent of the total Asian ethnic group, while Indians (including
Fijian-Indians) made up 27 percent. From 2001 to 2006 the number of people identifying as Indian or
Korean each grew by 62 percent and Chinese grew by 39 percent.
1
While this definition can include Māori and Pacific peoples, they are served by Te Puni Kōkiri (Ministry of Māori
Development) and the Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs.
2
Please see Interpreting Ethnicity Data and its Limitations (pg…) which provides definitions of ethnicity and
information about Statistics NZ ethnicity classifications and standards.
Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnicities
The Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnic group (MELAA) consists of a diverse range of
nationalities and ethnicities, with little commonality in terms of culture, language and other aspects of
ethnic identity. The MELAA group was established as a Statistics NZ level one ethnic group in 2006.3
The number of people identifying as a MELAA ethnicity (for example, as Chilean) is very small.
Combining a disparate range of ethnicities with small numbers allows for a critical mass of numbers,
increased visibility and robustness in statistics.4
At less than one per cent, the MELAA group is a very small proportion of the total population in New
Zealand. Despite this small percentage, there has been a significant increase in the number of people
identifying with ethnicities that make up the MELAA group in the decade to 2006. In 1996 the number
of people identifying as MELAA was 15,288. In 2006 this had increased to 34,743 people. The six
largest ethnicities in the MELAA group were African (nfd),5 Iraqi, Iranian/Persian, Arab, Somali and
Latin American (nfd).
Continental European ethnicities
Continental European ethnicities include Dutch, German, Italian, Spanish, Serbian and Russian,
among others. In 2006, the largest Continental European ethnicity was Dutch with 28,641 people.
Apart from those identifying as German (with just over 10,000 people), all other Continental European
ethnicities each had less than 5000 people in 2006.6 Continental European ethnicities that fall under
the Office of Ethnic Affairs’ mandate are not categorised as a separate Statistics NZ ethnic group,
unlike the Asian and MELAA ethnic groups described above. Instead, the Statistics NZ ‘European’
ethnic group is most commonly used. This grouping contains all Continental European ethnicities and
also includes New Zealand European, UK/Irish Republic, South African, Zimbabwean, Australian and
North American ethnicities.7
Interpreting Ethnicity data and its limitations
The ethnicity data used in this report has been sourced from Statistics New Zealand (Statistics NZ)
and administrative and survey data from other government agencies. Most data, including Statistics
NZ’s data, is grouped using a total count method where individuals are counted in each ethnic group
they identify with. This means percentages often add up to more than 100 percent. Ethnicity is selfperceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group.
Sometimes, administrative and survey data from government agencies do not use a total count
method. Instead individuals may be grouped according to a prioritised system. For example, if
someone identifies as being both Chinese and Māori, under the prioritised ethnicity method, they are
classified as Māori for the purposes of analysis.8
3
For an explanation of Statistics NZ level one ethnic groups see Interpreting Ethnicity Data and its Limitations on
pg….
4
Statistics NZ combined MELAA ethnicities into a single ethnic group so that it was separated from the ‘Other
ethnicity’ group. From 2006 the ‘other ethnicity’ group contained the ‘New Zealander’ ethnicity classification.
5
‘Nfd’ means not further defined, please see Notes at the end of this chapter for an explanation of this term.
6
It is possible that people of Continental European origin may have identified themselves as ‘European (nfd)’ in
the Census (this had a total of 21,855 responses in 2006).
7
For consistency, most graphs, figures and tables in this report do not include a separate Continental European
ethnic group. Rather, Continental European ethnicities are included in the Statistics NZ level one European
category.
8
The aim of prioritisation is to ensure that where some need exists to assign people to a single ethnic group, that
those of policy importance, or of small size, are not engulfed by the New Zealand European ethnic group.
2
Statistics NZ Ethnicity Standard and Classification System
The 1in4 report adheres as much as possible to Statistics NZ’s Ethnicity Standard and Classification
System.9
The current Official Statistics Ethnicity Standard, (Statistics NZ, 2005), defines ethnicity as the ethnic
group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Ethnicity is a concept quite separate
and distinct from race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship, although it can incorporate elements of
these concepts. In defining ethnicity, the Ethnicity Standard defines an ethnic group as one made up
of some, or all, of the following characteristics:
 a common proper name
 one or more elements of common culture which need not be specified, but may include
religion, customs, or language
 a unique community of interests, feelings and actions
 a shared sense of common origins or ancestry, and
 a common geographic origin.
As detailed in the Ethnicity Standard, six high-level ethnic groups are used when summarising data
(referred to as level one). These are: European, Māori, ‘Other’ ethnicity, Asian, Pacific peoples and
MELAA. In 2006, the ‘Other’ ethnicity group consisted largely of people who identified their ethnicity as
‘New Zealander’. Most data in the report is presented as level one ‘ethnic groups’, which consist of a
number of specific ethnicities. For example, the Asian ethnic group consists of ethnicities such as
Chinese, Indian and Southeast Asian ethnicities.
The six level one ethnic groups can be further disaggregated into level two, three and four categories,
with over 200 ethnic categories at the most detailed level of classification.
The table below shows level one and level two ethnic groups. These groups are the most commonly
used ethnic categories used throughout this report:
Level One
Level Two
1. European
10. European nfd*
11. New Zealand European
12. Other European
2. Māori
21. Māori
3. Pacific Peoples
30. Pacific Peoples nfd*
31. Samoan
32. Cook Islands Maori
33. Tongan
34. Niuean
35. Tokelauan
36. Fijian
37. Other Pacific Peoples
4. Asian
40. Asian nfd*
41. Southeast Asian
42. Chinese
9
Statistics New Zealand, “Ethnicity Classification”. Retrieved from:
http://www.stats.govt.nz/statistical-methods/classifications-and-related-statistical-standards/ethnicity/default.htm
3
Level One
Level Two
43. Indian
44. Other Asian
5. MELAA
51. Middle Eastern
52. Latin American
53. African
6. Other ethnicity
61. Other ethnicity (includes ‘New Zealander’ responses)
Notes: * ‘nfd’ indicates that the ethnicity category is ‘not further defined’
Other related terms
Not all agencies collect data based on ethnicity; other terms that feature in this report include:10
 Region of origin and nationality – these terms differ from ethnicity because they describe a
geographic location rather than an aspect of cultural identity
 Migrants and refugees – these terms refer to people now residing in New Zealand who were born
overseas. Migrants enter into New Zealand through specific immigration approval categories.
Migrants in the context this report are permanent or long-term migrants, meaning they intend to
live in New Zealand for longer than 12 months. New Zealand uses the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees’ definition of a refugee as someone who “owing to a well-founded fear
of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to
such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”.11 New Zealand accepts
refugees according to humanitarian need and also based on a United Nations mandated quota
system (often referred to as ‘quota refugees’).
Further information about how to correctly interpret ethnicity data can be found from Goodyear R.K.
(2009), The differences within, diversity in age structure between and within ethnic groups, Wellington, Statistics
NZ.
TECHNICAL NOTES
The following section provides selected general and technical information about the data-sets
(Census, survey, and administrative data) used in this resource. Web links have also been
provided for most data-sets, to access further technical information.
Statistics New Zealand – Census
The Census is the official count of how many people and dwellings there are in
New Zealand. It takes a snapshot of the people in New Zealand and the places where we live. The
Census provides a unique source of detailed demographic, social and economic data relating to the
entire population at a single point in time. The key strength of the Census is its ability to provide data
for small geographic areas and small population groups.
10
The Department of Labour, for example, uses terms such as ‘migrants’, ‘refugees’ and ‘region of origin’ when
collecting data because of their requirements for setting immigration policy.
11
The UNHCR 1951 Refugee Convention. Retrieved from:
http://unhcr.org.au/unhcr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=179&Itemid=54
4
The Census covers all dwellings in New Zealand on 7 March 2006 and every man, woman, child and
baby alive in New Zealand on 7 March 2006 who was on New Zealand soil; on a vessel in New
Zealand waters; or on a passage between New Zealand ports.
Overseas residents and other people in diplomatic residences in New Zealand, including
housekeeping staff, uniformed military personnel or members of diplomats’ families are included in the
Census, as are foreign military personnel and their families located in New Zealand on Census night
(including foreign warships in New Zealand territorial waters on census night).
Ethnicity is based on total response method. People who reported more than one ethnic group have
been counted in each applicable group.
Other/NZ Ethnicity includes the New Zealander category.
Data results and totals do not include people whose responses were unidentifiable, outside the scope
of possible answers or not clearly stated.
Confidentiality rules have been applied to the data by randomly rounding cells to a multiple of three.
Ethnicity
Ethnicity is the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Ethnicity is a
measure of cultural affiliation, as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality, or citizenship. Ethnicity is selfperceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group.
The ethnicity data used in this report has been sourced from Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New
Zealand’s data is grouped using a total count method where individuals are counted in each ethnic
group they identify with. Ethnicity is self-perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic
group (with up to six ethnic responses counted in official collections).
Ethnicity groupings have been defined using the groupings supplied in the 2006 Census data. These
include the classifications: European, Māori, Pacific Peoples, Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin American
and African (MELAA), and Other. Each of these groups is made up of individual ethnicities. For the
sake of accurate analysis we have often referred to New Zealand European as its own grouping, while
it technically falls under the classification of European.
Communities of interest: The Office of Ethnic Affairs’ responsibility is for New Zealand’s ‘ethnic’
communities. For the purposes of this report this includes ethnicities outside of New Zealand
European, British and Irish, New Zealander, Māori and Pacific peoples. For the most part that means
the ethnicities that we are interested in are the ‘Asian’ and ‘MELAA’ ethnicities, and ethnicities for
continental-Europe. There are several exceptions to this (notably the South African ethnicity), which
have been highlighted here.
The individual ethnicities for each ethnic group are:

European - New Zealand European, English, Dutch, British (nfd), Australian, European (nfd),
South African (nec), Scottish, Irish, German, American, Canadian, Russian, French, Welsh,
Italian, Zimbabwean, Croatian, Greek, Swiss, Polish, Danish, Spanish, Romanian, Celtic (nfd),
Afrikaner, Hungarian, Serbian and Other European.
5

Asian - Chinese (nfd), Indian (nfd), Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Sri Lankan (nfd), Cambodian, Thai,
Fijian Indian, Taiwanese, Vietnamese, Malay, Indonesian, Afghani, Asian (nfd), Pakistani,
Eurasian, Bangladeshi, Malaysian Chinese, Laotian and Other Asian.

MELAA - African (nfd), Iraqi, Iranian/Persian, Arab, Somali, Latin American (nfd) Assyrian, Middle
Eastern (nfd), Israeli/Jewish, Brazilian, Egyptian, Chilean, Ethiopian, African (nec) and Other
MELAA.
‘Nfd’ indicates the category is ‘not further defined’.
‘Nec’ the category is ‘not elsewhere contained’. ‘Other’ Asian, European and MELAA refers to all
individual ethnicities for each ethnic group that had less than 1,000 responses at the time of the 2006
Census.
Each data set includes all of the people who stated each ethnic group, whether as their only ethnic
group or as one of several ethnic groups. Where a person reported more than one ethnic group, they
have been counted in each applicable group. All figures are for the Census’ usually resident
population.
Ethnicity data has been output where the total number of responses in a category has exceeded
1,000. All remaining categories have been grouped as 'Other' (Asian/European/MELAA) and all
responses have been included.
Changes to the ethnicity question used in the 1996 Census have resulted in data that is not consistent
between 1996 and 2001, or between 1996 and 2006. For further information, refer to the ethnicity
variable on the 2006 Census Information About Data webpage: http://www.stats.govt.nz/census. The
inconsistencies include:

Ethnicity data for 1991 and 1996 has been output using up to three responses. The 2001 and
2006 data has been output using up to six responses.

‘Zimbabwean’ was a new category introduced for the 2006 Census. The 2001, 1996 and 1991
data for Zimbabwean is included in the category African (nec).

Afrikaner was a new category introduced for the 2006 Census. The 2001, 1996 and 1991 data for
Afrikaner is included in the category South African (nec). For the purposes of graphs in this
section Afrikaner has been amalgamated with South African for 2006 Census results.

Eurasian was a category for the 1991 and 2006 Census. The 2001 and 1996 data for Eurasian is
included in the category Asian (nfd).

Ethiopian was a new category introduced for the 2006 Census. The 2001, 1996 and 1991 data for
Ethiopian is included in the category African (nec).

The 1991 data includes Not Specified. The 1996 and 2001 data includes Black, Other not further
defined, Response Unidentifiable, Response Outside Scope and Not Stated.
6
Statistics New Zealand:
Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) (unpublished data)
New Zealand Income Survey (NZIS)
The HLFS is conducted quarterly in March, May, September and December. We include data that
covers June 2009 through June 2010 to represent the variability across this time period as a result of
recession. We also use June data to coordinate with the New Zealand Income Survey (NZIS), which
is an annual supplemental report to the HLFS.
The HLFS suppresses data if there are fewer than 1,000 people included in any sub-population due to
sampling errors being too high for any practical analytical purpose. We identify where these issues
exist for the MELAA and Chinese groups, and then comment as best we can on the remaining
available data.
Following Statistics New Zealand guidelines, ‘New Zealander’ is included as a possible ethnicity on
forms. For the purpose of our report, New Zealander is included in the Other Ethnicity category.
This is a sample survey and therefore the data is subject to sampling error.
Respondents complete the survey based on information for the week prior to the survey.
Data is based on the usually resident population aged 15 years and older.
Ethnicity is based on the total response method. People who reported more than one ethnic group
have been counted in each applicable group.
The MELAA group includes Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnicities.
Other/NZ Ethnicity includes the New Zealander category.
Data results and totals do not include people whose responses were unidentifiable, outside the scope
of possible answers or not clearly stated.
Results based on fewer than 1,000 people are suppressed as they are subject to sampling errors too
high for most practical purposes.
Data is not seasonally adjusted.
The actual response rates, between 85.4% and 88.3% for June 2009 through June 2010 quarterly
periods, were slightly lower than the target response rate of 90%.
New Zealand Income Survey (June 2010), Statistics New Zealand
The NZIS is compiled in June each year as a supplemental report to the HLFS. Following Statistics
New Zealand guidelines, ‘New Zealander’ is included as a possible ethnicity on forms. For the
purpose of the 1 in 4 report, New Zealander is included in the Other Ethnicity category.
This is a sample survey and therefore the data is subject to sampling error.
7
Respondents complete the survey based on information for the week prior to the survey.
Data is based on the usually resident population aged 15 years and older.
Ethnicity is based on total response method. People who reported more than one ethnic group have
been counted in each applicable group.
The MELAA group includes Middle Eastern, Latin American and African ethnicities.
Other/NZ Ethnicity includes the New Zealander category.
Note, totals include people whose ethnicity was not specified.
Statistics New Zealand: General Social Survey 2008 (GSS)
Ethnicity
Ethnicity is the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Thus, ethnicity is
self-perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. Ethnicity is a measure of cultural
affiliation, as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship.
Total responses counts the number of responses, not the number of people. People with responses
that fall into more than one group are counted once in each ethnic group at level one of the standard
ethnicity classification. A person may specify more than one ethnicity; therefore, the sum of individual
cells in a table may add to more than the total population. For example, people of Samoan, Tongan,
and German ethnicities would be counted (when outputting at the highest level of the classification)
once in the Pacific ethnic group and once in the European group.
Single and combination responses cover both people who reported only one ethnic group and people
with combination ethnic groups. People are counted just once in the ethnic group that applies to them,
according to the ethnic group or combination of ethnic groups they have reported. For example, for
outputs of ethnic group, ethnic groups may include European/Māori, or Māori/Pacific. This means that
the total population will be equal to the usual subject population for that variable, as individuals are
counted once only.
The survey received few New Zealander responses. These are categorised in the Other Ethnicity
group, which makes up 2 percent of the sample.
Ethnic groups have different age structures and immigration patterns that can have some impact on
high-level outcomes. For example, the Māori, Pacific, and Asian ethnic groups have younger median
age structures than the European grouping.
Survey population
The target population for the NZGSS is the usually resident population aged 15 years and over in
private dwellings in the North Island, South Island or Waiheke Island of New Zealand.
The target population includes:

New Zealand usual residents temporarily overseas
8



New Zealand usual residents temporarily staying elsewhere in New Zealand (including other
permanent and temporary private dwellings, institutions, and non-private dwellings; and
people who have no fixed abode, but were found in private dwellings on the household
enumeration date)
people in the New Zealand armed forces if they reside in a private dwelling
young adults at boarding schools (young adults who fall into this category are not surveyed in
the personal questionnaire, but are included as members of the household in the household
questionnaire).
Further technical information can be found at the web link below:
http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Households/nzgss_HOTP2008/T
echnical%20Notes.aspx
Quality of Life Survey 2008 National Report
This is a multi-agency research project, exploring quality of life issues in New Zealand. It is a
partnership between 12 New Zealand Local Government Councils and the Ministry of Social
Development. The aim of the survey is to measure residents’ perceptions of overall quality of life. The
Quality of Life Survey measures New Zealand residents’ perceptions of: quality of life; health and
wellbeing; crime and safety; community, culture and social networks; council decision making
processes; environment; public transport and lifestyle – work and study. The Quality of Life Survey is
carried out every two years as a collaborative effort by the Quality of Life Project and the Ministry of
Social Development.
Representativeness of data
Ideally the number of achieved interviews should represent the population of New Zealand on a range of
demographic, socio-economic and geographic characteristics. A number of measures were put in place to
increase the response rate and ensure the sample is as representative as possible. A final response rate of
37 percent was achieved, an improvement on the 22 percent achieved in the 2006 Quality of Life Survey.
Quotas were used to ensure the sample was representative by age, gender and ethnicity.
Quotas were also set to ensure the 12 cities participating in the research had sufficient sample sizes for
analysis at sub-group level (i.e. each had a sample size of 500). As a result of this, at a National level, four
cities were under-represented (Auckland, Manukau, Christchurch and the Rest of New Zealand).
Information about sample profiles, weighting and other technical information can be found in the
Appendix of the Quality of Life 2009 National Report:
http://www.bigcities.govt.nz/pdfs/Quality_of_Life_2008.pdf
New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey 2009 (NZCSS)
Measures the amount of crime experienced by New Zealand residents over the age of 15 by asking
them directly about their experience of criminal victimisation since the beginning of 2005. This survey
is part of an ongoing research programme. The future work will provide important information about
trends in crime, as part of an alternative perspective to Police-recorded crime rates. The survey counts
9
all incidents of crime that are technically criminal (as they would be classified by the Police), and
includes unreported as well as reported crime.
The ethnicity of the respondent was assessed using a question virtually identical to that in the 2006
Census. Where respondents identified themselves as belonging to more than one ethnic group, each
was used in analysis. Thus, a respondent who identified with both Maori and Pacific ethnic groups was
included in both for analysis purposes.
Survey population
The NZCASS findings are based on a national representative sample of people aged 15 years and
over, who live in private households in New Zealand.
The survey population excluded people usually resident in institutions, hospitals, retirement homes
and prisons. Also excluded were members of the New Zealand armed forces, non-New Zealand
diplomats and their non-New Zealand staff, members of non-New Zealand armed forces stationed in
New Zealand, overseas visitors in New Zealand for less than 12 months and residents of offshore
islands, except Waiheke Island.
Sample size and response rate
The total survey sample size was 6,106 respondents. This was an increase from the sample size of
5,416 in 2006. Of the 6,106 respondents in the 2009 survey, 4,809 were from the main sample, and
1,297 were from the Mäori booster sample. The overall response rate of the 2009 survey was 70
percent.
Further technical information can be found in the NZCASS 2009 Technical Report:
http://www.justice.org.nz/publications/global-publications/c/NZCASS2009/documents/The%20New%20Zealand%20Crime%20and%20Safety%20Survey%202009%20Tec
hnical%20Report.pdf
Additional technical information is available from the Ministry of Justice.
New Faces New Futures: New Zealand, Findings from the Longitudinal
Immigration Survey: New Zealand (LisNZ) – Wave 1 (2009)
LisNZ surveys migrants who have been granted permanent residence in New Zealand. Interviews
were conducted with the same migrants at six months (Wave 1), 18 months (Wave 2), and 36 months
(Wave 3) after taking up permanent residence. The figures in the 2009 report come from interviews at
both Wave 1 and 2 (over 6,000 respondents). Wave 1 interviews were held between 1 May 2005 and
30 April 2007 and Wave 3 interviews were held between 1 November 2007 and 31 October 2009.
Longitudinal migrants are those who were interviewed in all three waves of the survey (5,144
respondents).
As this is a sample survey, data is subject to sampling error.
The target population was migrants (excluding migrants from Australia, Niue, Cook Islands and
Tokelau and all refugees) who were at least 16 years old and were approved for permanent residence
in New Zealand from 1 November 2004 to 31 October 2005.
10
The LisNZ survey was limited to migrants who lived on the North Island, South Island or Waiheke
Island at wave 1 and spoke at least one of the designated languages of the survey (English, Mandarin,
Cantonese, Samoan, Korean, Hindi and Punjabi).
The response rate for Wave 1 was 66% (7,137 respondents out of 10.856 eligible migrants), Wave 2
was 85% (6,069 respondents) and the response rate for Wave 3 was 85% (5,144 respondents).
Longitudinal weights were produced after each wave so that the achieved sample for each wave was
weighted up to represent the longitudinal population of interest.
All estimates provided have been randomly rounded to 10 to protect the confidentiality of the
respondents.
Further technical and other information can be found at:
http://dol.govt.nz/publications/research/lisnz/
Statistics New Zealand also publishes a series of short form reports using LisNZ data, called Hot off
the Press (HOTP) for Wave 1 and Wave 3 findings. These can be found at:
http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/completing-a-survey/faqs-about-oursurveys/longitudinal-immigration-survey-nz.aspx
Nielsen Media Research Panorama Survey
This is a random survey of 3,000 people aged 10 years and over per quarter. For this research people
are asked to identify the types of charities, non-profit and other community organisations they have
personally supported in the previous three months.
Support can be any of the following:
Direct donation/sponsorship
Donation of money to an appeal
Donations of goods
Volunteering and other support (such as purchasing products that support the charity/worthy cause).
The results are based on respondents’ self-classification and perceptions, as well as their recall of
their actions.
Further technical information about the survey can be accessed at the following web-link:
www.nielsenmedia.co.nz, keyword: Panorama.
The Social Report 2010
This is an annual series that builds on the social monitoring framework first established by The Social
Report 2001. The report uses a set of statistical indicators to monitor trends across 10 “domains”, or
areas of people’s lives. Together these domains provide a picture at a national, regional and territorial
authority level.
The first edition of the Social Report was produced in 2001 by the Ministry of Social Policy. In 2002,
the Ministry of Social Development undertook a review, inviting people around the country to give their
views on the role of the Social Report and the things that were important to them. In the same year,
11
the report was updated and translated into an online format for the first time. Counting the 2002
update, The Social Report 2010 is the 10th edition and the third to be published online only.
Further technical and other information can be found online at:
http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/index.html
New Zealand Health Survey 2006/7
The NZ Health Survey measures self-reported physical and mental health status (including doctordiagnosed health conditions), risk and protective behaviours for health outcomes, and the use of
health care services, among the usually resident New Zealand population living in private dwellings.
The 2006/07 NZ Health Survey is the fourth national population-based health survey. Previous NZ
Health Surveys were conducted in 1992/93, 1996/97 and 2002/03.
The 2006/07 survey involved face-to-face interviews in 12,847 households throughout New Zealand,
with 12,488 adults (15 years and over) and the primary caregivers of 4921 children (aged from birth to
14 years). By comparison, the 2002/03 survey involved face-to-face interviews with 12,929 adults, the
1996/97 survey involved face-to-face interviews with 7862 adults and the primary caregivers of 1019
children and the 1992/93 survey involved telephone interviews with 7065 adults.
Survey population
A total of 98.9% of New Zealand’s 1.4 million permanent private dwellings (households) were eligible
for participation in the NZ Health Survey. For practical reasons, a small number of households that
were part of the defined target population were excluded from the survey population, but these have
been accounted for in the final estimates via the survey weights. Households not included were those
in meshblocks with less than nine occupied dwellings (according to the 2001 New Zealand Census of
Population and Dwellings), and those located off the main islands of New Zealand (North, South and
Waiheke), such as those on other sparsely inhabited off-shore islands, on-shore islands, waterways
and inlets. Due to the small number of households omitted, any possible bias is likely to be extremely
small.
Further technical and methodological information can be found in the NZHS 2006/7 Methodology
Report:
http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/7680/$File/methodology-report-for-nz-health-survey-08.doc
Tracking Disparity: Trends in ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in
mortality, 1981-2004
The New Zealand Census-Mortality Study (NZCMS) links mortality records for the three years
following each Census back to the 1981 Census, thus creating five short-term cohort studies. The
report, “Tracking Disparity: Trends in ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, 1981-2004” is
the latest updated report on this study which links Census data with mortality data. Mortality records
were assembled for people aged 1-74 years on the previous Census night who died within three years
of each Census since 1981. Ethnicity was determined by:

Multiple ethnic group comparisons were carried out using three groupings based on
total response output: Māori, Pacific, Asian (where possible)
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
The remaining New Zealand population is used as a reference group, henceforth called
European/other in the report.
Glossary
Mortality Rate: the number of deaths in a given three-year period for a given group, divided by the
person-years observed in that group (ie, just less than three times the number of census respondents
in that group).
Standardisation: Direct standardisation, a statistical procedure whereby the age (or age-by-ethnic)
specific mortality rates of the populations of interest are weighted by the age (or age-by-ethnic)
structure of the standard population to generate standardised mortality rates. This allows the
populations of interest to be compared without age or ethnic confounding.
Standardised mortality rate: The mortality rate for a given group, standardised or weighted to an
externally specified age structure (and sometimes also ethnic structure).
Asian ethnic group: The group of people who self-identify only as an Asian ethnic group, plus those
who self-identify an Asian ethnic group as one of their two or more ethnic groups.
Māori ethnic group: The group of people who self-identify only as Māori, plus those who self-identify
Māori as one of their two or more ethnic groups.
Pacific ethnic group: The group of people who self-identify only as a Pacific ethnic group, plus those
who self-identify a Pacific ethnic group as one of their two or more ethnic groups.
European/Other: Pakeha, non-Māori, non-Pacific, non-Asian. This is a constructed group used for
analytical reference purposes. It largely comprises people of European ethnicities (including New
Zealand European), but also includes people with African, Middle Eastern and Latin American
ethnicities, and other ethnicities – most notably, the growing ‘New Zealander’ group.
Further technical information, such as record linkage, variable definitions and statistical methods can
be found on pp. 1-20 of the report and can be found here:
http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/6689/$File/tracking-disparity-inequalities-in-mortality-19812004.pdf
Asian Health Chart Book 2006
The first comprehensive review of Asian health, and the first to systematically examine inequalities
between Asian ethnic groups and between migrant and established Asian communities. The report
adopts an indicator approach in order to focus attention on specific health issues of particular
importance to Asian peoples. Information is presented on more than 80 indicators covering four
domains: health status, health risk profile, social determinants of health and patterns of health service
utilisation.
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Ethnicity
Total response output was used to categorise ethnicity in this report. A person is counted more than
once if he/she self-reports more than one ethnic identity. The ethnic groups included are Chinese,
Indian and Other Asian (combining Southeast Asians and all other Asians).
Age groups
Indicators are stratified (where possible) into the following life-cycle stages: children (0–14 years)
(sometimes disaggregated to 0–4 and 5–14 years), young people (15–24 years), young adults (25–44
years), middle-aged adults (45–64 years) and older adults (65+ years).
Further technical information can be found here:
http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/asian-health-chart-book-2006
14
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