Journal of Recent Advances in agriculture
Socio Economic Profile of Sheep Reared Dhangar Pastoralists
of Maharashtra, India
Patil D. S., Meena H. R., Tripathi H., Kumar S. and Singh D.P.
J Rec Adv Agri 2012, 1(3): 84-91
Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com
PATIL ET AL.
Original Article
Socio Economic Profile of Sheep Reared Dhangar
Pastoralists of Maharashtra, India
1
1,2
Patil D. S., 2Meena H. R., 3Tripathi H., 4Kumar S. and 5Singh, D.P.
Division of Extension Education, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
3
KVK, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
4
ARIC Cell, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
5
Division of AG&B, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
Abstract
Pastoral societies have revived strong and renewed interest among the social scientist. Pastoralism is a
subsistence pattern in which people make their living by domesticating large herds of animals. The pastoral
subsistence economy provides an adaptation to such conditions since it promotes the conversion of the low
quality plant resources into portable, high quality animal foods. However, the overall low level of energy
availability necessitates low population density and high mobility among pastoral population. The study deals
with Dhanger pastoral groups of Maharashtra state raise herds of sheep. These societies use animals as
providers of food, fuel, fiber, draught power and transportation. However, nomadic, seminomadic and
transhumant pastoralist societies have lifestyles that revolve mainly around their livestock. The transhumant
pastoral societies inhabiting the areas exploit the seasonal abundance of grazing areas. Many of them left their
traditional transhumant way of life and settled along valleys. Some have settled in urban areas others stick to the
pastoral activities by changing the composition of livestock by increasing number of goats, cattle, buffalo and
decreasing number of Sheep. State policies regarding forests, agriculture, irrigation, fodder, famine, pastoral
rights and migration are some of the mechanisms that contribute to the alteration of pastoral life-style. The
qualitative information was collected from 120 Dhanger sheep pastoralists from 12 selected villages of Sangli
and Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. Socio economic profile of Dhangar pastoralist i.e age, family type, family
size, education status, land holding, annual income, sheep ownership and sources of inform were studied.
Key wards: Pastoralists, sheep husbandry, socio-economic, Maharashtra, India

Corresponding author: Division of Extension Education, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
Online Published on: June 2012
84
J. Rec. Adv. Agri., 2012, 1(3):84-91
SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF SHEEP REARED DHANGAR PASTORALISTS …
Introduction
Pastoralists can be defined as “member of caste
or ethnic group with a strong traditional association
with livestock-keeping, where a substantial
proportion of the group derive over 50% of
household consumption from livestock products or
their sale and where over 90% of animal
consumption is from natural pasture or browse and
where households are responsible for the full cycle
of livestock breeding”. Other researcher defined
Pastoralists are people who derive more than 50 per
cent of their incomes from livestock and livestock
products, while agro-pastoralists are people who
derive less than 50 per cent of their incomes from
livestock and livestock products, and most of the
remaining income from cultivation, who live mostly
in dry remote areas. Golla, Karuma, Monpa,
Rabari, Bharwad, Charan, Aahir, Kuruba,
Dhangar, Toda, Raika, Gujjar and Sandhi are the
major pastoralists groups found in various states of
India. According to a semi-popular magazine, more
than 200 tribes, comprising six percent of the
country’s population, are engaged in pastoralism
(Khurana1999). Pastoralists mainly depend on three
resources livestock, pasture and water and for this
purpose they migrate and this is the only way for
they can survive and sustain the ecological balance
of nature. It is strongly believed that without the
participation of the pastoral people, the Millennium
Development goals of the United Nations cannot be
achieved properly in the regions where pastoral
people live. (Cordone et al 2009). The state of
Maharashtra alone has 11.23 crore human
population which is 9.29 per cent of the country.
Dhangar is the traditionally semi-nomadic pastoral
society primarily located in the state of
Maharashtra. In current situation, due to increasing
population pressure on land and the greater
intensification in agriculture in state made difficult
Dhangars to survive on sheep rearing. Dhangars
being forced to give up their traditional profession
and take to cultivation of land or unskilled labour
since traditionally nomadic pastorals had not
established right over land, most of them are now
forced to cultivate small tracts of marginal land.
Some have been able to establish land holding
85
J. Rec. Adv. Agri., 2012, 1(3):84-91
under irrigation, the bulk of them experienced
lowering quality of life over century (Malhotra et al
1981). Further reduction in common property
resource led to acute shortage of pasture land,
overgrazing, rapid loss of tree cover has reduced the
carrying capacity of the land for animal herds of
Dhangars. Due to decrease in rainfall, draught
conditions it is difficult for Dhangars to provide
fodder and water to their animals. Under the
circumstances discussed above, a study which
focuses on socio economic conditions of Dhangar
Pastoralists was conducted.
Review of literature
Rathore (1986) found that majority of Raika
pastoralists were illiterate and lived a nomadic life
mostly in jungles. Thebaud (1988) reported that the
pastoralist’s crisis led to a complex socio-economic
transformation
often
leading
to
further
marginalization of the pastoralists, understood as
inferiority in relation to access to resources and
local socio-economic influence. Kunzru et al (1989)
observed that marginal, small and medium-large
categories of livestock owners had significantly
higher livestock holding and availability of critical
inputs than the landless that significantly had lower
economic status, lesser income livestock enterprises
and lower family education status. Sperling and
Galaty (1990) reported that in reality, the impacts of
outside influences have caused changes in the
traditional livelihood patterns of most pastoral
groups, nomadic and transhumant alike. Hogg
(1992) reported that many African pastoralists make
decisions between livelihood patterns and resource
allocation on a yearly basis, depending on the
nature of the resources they have on hand at the
time. Hutchinson (1996) reported that pastoral
behaviors as logical consequences of social-cultural
systems that have evolved from centuries of
adaptation to marginal environments. Aligula et a.
(1997) and Reid et a. (1999) reported that as human
population has increased, agriculture has expanded
into more marginal areas and formerly open
communal grazing lands have been transformed into
high-density rural settlements of small-scale
farmers engaged in cultivation in livestock grazing.
Saberwal (1999) reported that in social evolutionary
PATIL ET AL.
thinking, the nomadic lifestyle has traditionally
been treated as less civilized, less productive and
more degrading than a settled lifestyle. Little et al.
(1999) reported that modern factors such as
population growth and agro-pastoral conflict have
lead pastoralists to depend increasingly on
nonpastoral assets such as agricultural labor, wage
labor and trading as means to further diversify risk.
Agrawal (1999); Mehta (2000); Kohler Rollefson
(2003); Kher (2006) and Dhas (2006) reported that
India also has a large population of nomadic people
not all of whom are pastoralists. Indian pastoralists
studied and being discussed here live in mixed crop
and livestock production systems in Rajasthan,
Gujarat and Deccan plateau regions. These
pastoralists hail from regions of fragile, semi-arid
ecologies that were arguably more suited for grass
lands but have seen increasing advent of settled
agriculture. They have been engaged in pastoralism
as a traditional occupation for generations and have
evolved coping strategies that help them co-exist
with the agriculturists though the effectiveness of
these coping strategies is now increasingly in
question. Geerlings (2001) reported that most Raika
Pastoralists combined crop production during the
rainy season with (nomadic) pastoralism for part of
the year. Of all households Interviewed 45% did
own a piece of land for crop production, 55%
responded not to have land in ownership. This is not
to say that 55% does not engage in crop production.
Some Raika households rent a piece of land for part
of the year or sharecrop. Jost (2002) reported that
two important aspects of animal husbandry in
pastoral societies are herd composition and size.
Both are ruled by environmental conditions, family
subsistence needs, cultural precedent and the need
to minimize risk. Rajput (2002) reported that 40
percent of the Raika pastoralists of Bikaner district
of Rajasthan were illiterate, 55 per cent were
educated up to primary and middle and the rest 5
per cent respondents who were found educated up
to 12th standard and majority of the respondents had
Agriculture as main family occupation. Sharma et
al. (2003) reported that according to commonly
used indicators for social development, pastoralists
qualify as some of the poorest rural groups. In
comparison with other segments of rural population,
infant mortality is high and literacy rates are
86
extremely low. They are usually poor in terms of
cash and land ownership. Dutt (2003) reported that
Indian nomadic pastoralists form a sub-set of the
nomadic people in India. She reports that 7% of the
population of India is nomadic but despite their
sizeable numbers they are generally neglected by
the policy planners. She states that when
communications were not very easy, nomadic
groups served as useful adjuncts to a largely
sedentary population of settled agriculturists as the
former provided useful services to them. There are
three nomadic occupational groups: the pastoralists,
the artisans and craftsmen and the hunters and
trappers. Artisans and craftsmen and pastoralists
form possibly equally large groups in terms of
numbers. Mohammed (2004) reported that the
majority of the Afar pastoralists depend on nomadic
pastroralism, the data on occupation/type of
activity/ of the surveyed population aged ten years
and above, indicates that the major type of activity
of the population is pastoralism 76.4%. This is
followed by mixing farming 22.9% that is, both
farming and livestock rearing (agro -pastoralism).
Dhas et al (2006) reported Maharashtra and
Karnataka have communities such as Dhangars who
keep small ruminants. Barrow and Mogaka (2007)
state that the situation of women and men in
pastoral communities is not static, as incidences of
drought have led to transformation in the sociocultural and socio-economic organization of
pastoral societies. Hartmann et al. (2009) reported
that pastoralism is the principle mode of production
system in the Somaliland area, mainly herding a
combination of camels, sheep and goats. It is
estimated that 60-80% of food and income sources
of the pastoral communities is derived from
livestock and livestock products (milk and Ghee).
Kakar et al. (2011) reported that Pastoralists in the
Cholisten desert of Pakistan knows the cultural
events along their migratory routes and hence they
participate in the fairs to sell their male animals and
milk. He also reported that stay near the peripheries
in the fairs to sell their male animals and milk. They
also stay near the peripheries of the cities to sell
camel milk, which is usually mixed with buffalo
milk by middlemen. Usually the pastoral women
sell the camel milk and the earnings go to them.
J. Rec. Adv. Agri., 2012, 1(3):84-91
SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF SHEEP REARED DHANGAR PASTORALISTS …
Research Methodology
The present study was conducted in Sangli and
Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra state of India.
Total 12 villages from two blocks were selected
purposively for study on the basis of existence of
maximum Dhangar Pastoralists. A total 120
respondents were selected randomly from 12
selected villages. Quantitative and Qualitative data
were generated through personal interview schedule
along with participatory observation, interaction and
discussion with key informants, aged persons,
housewives and traditional healers. Data thus
generated were analyzed by calculating simple
frequencies, percentages, means etc. along with
descriptive analysis.
Results and Discussion
Socio economic profile of Dhangar pastoralist
i.e age, family type, family size, education status,
land holding, annual income and sheep ownership
were studied. Table 1 indicated that majority of
respondents (51%) belonged to middle age group
(37-54 yrs) followed by 29 percent old age (55-72)
and rest (20%) middle age group. Joint family
system was found more prevalent (57%) among
Dhangars followed by nuclear family system 43
percent.
Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their socioeconomic profile
Variables
Sangli N=60
Kolhapur N=60
Frequency (%)
Frequency (%)
Age
Young(18-36)
14(23)
10(17)
Middle (37-54)
30(50)
31(51)
Old(55-72)
16(26)
19(32)
Family type
Nuclear
27(45)
24(40)
Joint
33(55)
36(60)
Family size
Small(1-4)
12(20)
10(17)
Medium(5-8)
20(33)
22(37)
Large(>8)
28(46)
28(47)
Education status
Illiterate
34(57)
38(63)
Primary school
10(17)
18(30)
Secondary school
15(25)
4(6)
High school
1(1)
0(0)
Land holding
Landless
5(8)
12(20)
Marginal(Up to 2.5 acres)
26(43)
39(65)
Small(2.5-5 acres)
16(26)
6(10)
Medium(5-10 acres)
2(3)
3(5)
Large (above 10 acres)
11(18)
0(0)
Annual Income
<Rs. 60000
13(21)
19(31)
Rs.60000-120000
21(35)
32(53)
Rs.120000- 180000
16(27)
6(10)
>Rs. 180000
10(17)
3(5)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentages which are presented in round figures
87
J. Rec. Adv. Agri., 2012, 1(3):84-91
Pooled N=120
Frequency (%)
24(20)
61(51)
35(29)
51(43)
69(57)
22(18)
42(35)
56(46)
72(60)
28(23)
19(16)
1(1)
17(14)
65(54)
22(18)
5(4)
11(9)
32(27)
53(44)
22(18)
13(11)
PATIL ET AL.
In case of family size majority of the
respondent (47%) had more than 8 members
followed by 5-8 members and 18 percent
respondents had size family size. Respondents
education revealed that majority of the respondents
(60%) was illiterate, followed by Primary (23),
secondary school (15%) and high school (1%). In
pooled sample it was observed that majority of the
Dhangars (54%) belonged marginal land holding
followed by 18% small land holding and (14%) of
the respondents were found landless. Only (10%) of
the respondents were found large farmers category
having more than 10 acres of land.
Table 1 also indicated that majority of the
respondents (44%) had annual income ranged
between Rs. 50000-100000 followed by (26.66%)
less than Rs. 50000. Rest of the respondents had
their yearly family income more than Rs. 100000. It
might be concluded from the find that in general
Dhangar pastoralist community had medium
economic status. In the research area it was
observed that Dhangars had their own ownership of
sheep. They did not herd others sheep on the lease
basis or with the shared ownership. They have their
emotional attachment with their own sheep. They
mainly rear sheep as ancient tradition from their
parents.
Type of Pastoral System
Table 2 indicated that in pooled sample
majority of respondents (66%) follow Seminomadic type of pastoral system and 34 percent
respondents had sedentary type of pastoral system.
No one respondent followed the nomadic type of
pastoral system. The percentage of sedentary
pastoral system followers was found higher in
Sangli district as compared to Kolhapur district.
According to Reddy et.al (2001), Dhangars of
Maharashtra are traditionally semi-nomadic
pastorals (maintaining a variety of livestock),
distributed throughout heterogeneous environments
of Maharashtra.
Herd size and composition
Dhangar pastoralists of Maharashtra are
traditionally maintaining a variety of livestock in
herd alongwith sheep. In the study area, variation of
flock size (15 to 400 sheep) between household was
88
observed. Table 4 indicated that average sheep per
family in Sangli district was 55.55 and 83.41 in
Kolhapur district reported. In pooled sample the
average sheep per family was found 69.48.
Average flock size per family in Sangli district was
observed less as compared to Kolhapur district. The
average female sheep per family was found more
(48.75) as compared to Ram (2.30). It indicates that
Dhangar are more interested in keeping female
sheep probably due to fact that females can be
utilized for milk and increase size of flock. In case
of goat in the herd in was observed that average
number of goat kept per family in Sangli district
was found 16.51 whereas in Kolhapur district 23.5.
In pooled sample the average number of goat kept
per family was found 20. The smallest goat herd
size consists of 2 goats and the biggest goat herd
size consists of 35 goats. There are many
advantages of keeping mixed herds of goats and
sheep. Goats also serve as wet nurses for lambs
whose mothers have died. Goat meat demand has
increased therefore selling of kids forms an
important part of family income especially during
dry season and also goats lead the herd and make
easier to control the herd. During dry season goats
are observed healthier than sheep and more resistant
to disease as compared to Sheep. Dhangar
pastoralist also reared small number of cattle and
buffaloes in their herd table 3 also indicated that
average number of cows and Buffaloes per family
in Sangli district was found 1.2 and 1.26
respectively. In Kolhapur district average number of
cows and Buffaloes per family found to be 0.5 and
1.083 respectively. In pooled sample average
number of cows per family was found to be 0.85
while number of Buffaloes was found 1.17. cattle
and buffalo were kept mainly for milk purpose.
Respondents also have horses and dogs in their
respective herd and findings indicated that in pooled
sample the average number of horses per family
was found 0.55. The average number of horses per
family in Kolhapur was found higher than in Sangli
district. Horses were mainly used for transportation
of luggage required during migration. It was also
observed that some respondents hired horses from
relatives and friends for migration purpose. The
same table also indicated that average number of
dogs per family was found to be 1.79. Dogs were
J. Rec. Adv. Agri., 2012, 1(3):84-91
SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF SHEEP REARED DHANGAR PASTORALISTS …
mainly reared for protection of sheep from Wolf,
thieves etc. Dogs were always wandering along
with flock of sheep during herding as well as
migration period.
Information sources utilization
In pooled sample it was observed that majority
of pastoralist (97%) used other sheep owners
followed by 62 percent vaids (village quack) and
Veterinary officer used by 51 percent of
respondents. In case of mass media sources mobile
phones was the major source of information utilized
by about 72 percent respondents followed by animal
fair (66%) and listening Radio (17%). It was
surprised that none of the respondents were used
farm literature for sheep husbandry related
information.
Work Distribution among family members
Involvement of the male and female members
of Dhangar families was studied in various outdoor
as well as indoor sheep husbandry related activities.
Table 5 indicates that Herding, Feeding, Drenching,
Table 2: Type of pastoral system followed by respondents
Type of Pastoral System
Sangli district
Frequency (%)
Nomadic
Semi-nomadic
34(57)
Settled
26(43)
Milking, Marketing of sheep and sheep products,
taking sheep to veterinary hospital were the
activities performed mainly by the male members of
families. Assisting ewes in labor, care of kids and
care of sick animals were also mostly performed by
the male members of Dhangar families. The
activities like handling and processing of milk and
its products were mainly performed by the female
members in families. Children were also playing
crucial role in supporting to their parents in almost
all of the activities like herding, feeding, milking,
drenching, care of kids, care of sick animals etc.
Thus, involvement of women in the sheep
husbandry practices was found less as compared to
male. Women were mainly involved in household
duties. Rajput (2003) also reported that outdoor
activities such as taking animal for grazing,
milking, bathing, ploughing, carting and training to
camels were the activities performed exclusively by
male members. Samajdar (2002) also reported that
Gujjar males perform most of the task related to
buffalo husbandry as compared to females.
Kolhapur district
Frequency (%)
45(75)
15(25)
Pooled
Frequency (%)
87(66%)
33(34%)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentages which are presented in round figures
Table 3: Herd size and composition
Sangli district
Livestock
No. of
Average
species
animals
animal/family
Sheep
3333
55.55
Ewes
2143
35.71
Rams
98
1.63
Lambs
750
12.5
Cattles
72
1.2
Buffaloes
76
1.26
Goats
991
16.51
Horses
18
0.3
Dogs
103
1.71
89
J. Rec. Adv. Agri., 2012, 1(3):84-91
Kolhapur district
No. of
Average
animals
animal/family
5005
83.41
3707
61.78
179
2.98
1095
18.25
30
0.5
65
1.08
1410
23.5
49
0.81
112
1.86
Pooled ( N=120)
No. of
Average
animals
animal/family
8338
69.48
5850
48.75
277
2.30
1845
15.37
102
0.85
141
1.17
2401
20.00
67
0.55
215
1.79
PATIL ET AL.
Table 4 : Distribution of the respondents according to utilization of information sources
Sources of information
Village Panchayat personnel
Vet doctors/compounders
Other sheep owners
Village key persons
Vaids
Mass media sources
Radio
TV
Newspaper
Farm publication
Animal fairs
Mobile phones
Sangli district
Used
Not used
9(15)
51(85)
25(42)
35(58)
57(95)
3(5)
8(14)
52(86)
36(60)
24(40)
Kolhapur district
Used
Not used
12(15)
48(85)
36(60)
24(40)
60(100)
0(0)
12(20)
48(80)
39(65)
21(35)
11 (18)
49 (82)
9 (15)
7 (12)
53 (88)
11 (18)
4 (7)
56( 93)
11 (18)
0 (0)
60 (100)
0 (0)
39 (65)
21 (35)
40 (67)
44 (73)
16 (27)
42 (70)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentages which are presented in round figures
Table 5 :Work distribution among family members
S. No.
Type of activities
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Herding
Feeding
Drenching
Milking
Handling Milk
Assisting ewes in labor
Care of kids
Care of sick animals
Selling and purchasing of sheep and sheep products
Taking Sheep to veterinary hospital
51 (85)
49 (82)
49 (82)
60(100)
20(33)
18 (30)
Men
Frequency (%)
106(88.33)
95(79.16)
118(98.33)
99(82.55)
23(19.16)
114(95)
95(79.16)
98(81.16)
118(98.33)
120(100)
Used
21(17)
61(51)
117(97)
20(17)
75(62)
Pooled
Not used
99(83)
59 (49)
3(3)
100(83)
45(38)
20 (17)
18(15)
15(13)
0 (0)
79 (66)
86 (72)
100 (83)
102(85)
105(87)
120 (100)
41 (34)
34 (28)
Women
Frequency (%)
14(11.66)
25(20.83)
2(1.66)
21(17.5)
97(80.83)
6(5)
27(22.5)
22(18.33)
2(1.66)
0(0)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentages
Conclusions
The Sheep husbandry was a traditional
occupation among Dhangars pastoralists and sheep
was found to involve in all wake of their social life.
Dhanger community facing various problems in this
changing scenario. In view of these, there is need to
bring changes in livelihood of Dhanger pastoralists
through proper educational progrmmes, proper
extension services, arranging the training camps and
participatory interaction with proper justification
will certainly benefit them socially, culturally and
economically.
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