Plant Evo-Devo II UW Biology 415!
Charles Carey!
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center!
ccarey (at) fhcrc.org Maize genome published Nov 20, 2009!
Some angiosperms we use (and 1 gymnosperm)!
Cucumber genome Nov 2, !
2009 Nature Genetics!
references. Centrioles vs microtubule organizing genes!
references. blue, flowering plants; green, non-­‐flowering land plants; lime green, green algae; orange, Metazoa; light brown, fungi; sky blue, Protozoa 1 – shoots!
2 – leaves!
3 – flowers!
4 – polyploidy !
Roots evolved twice?!
Friedman et. al. The EvoluCon of Plant Development. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1726–1741. 2004. What about bryophytes? !
Are their shoots similar?!
Gametophytic shoot and leaf determined by asymmetric cell
division – !
Not by multicellular multilayer positional cues!
Harrison et. al. (2009). Local Cues and Asymmetric Cell Divisions Underpin Body Plan TransiCons in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. Current Biology 19, 461–471. Image G from : Bharathan, G., Goliber, T. E., Moore, C., Kessler, Pham, S. T., Neelima R. Sinha. N. R. (2002) Homologies in Leaf Form Inferred from KNOXI Gene Expression during Development. Science 296: 1858-­‐1860 Bryophytes - Are their shoots similar?!
Gametophyte - NO!
What about regulation in sporophyte?!
1 – auxins regulating elongation!
2- knox genes repressing differentiation!
Dolan 2009. Body building on land — morphological evoluCon of land plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. Volume 12, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 4-­‐8 Singer and Ashton. RevelaCon of ancestral roles of KNOX genes by a funcConal analysis of Physcomitrella homologues. Plant Cell Rep (2007) 26:2039–2054 Evolution of leaves from shoots !
(seed plants)!
Cronk (2001) Nature Reviews 2, 607-­‐619. GeneEcs Leaves!
3 gametophytic, 3 sporophytic origins?!
Friedman et. al. The EvoluCon of Plant Development. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1726–1741. 2004. Leaves!
Friedman et. al. The EvoluCon of Plant Development. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1726–1741. 2004. Parts of an angiosperm flower!
Mariana Ruiz. Wikimedia commons. How to make the organs of a flower?!
Female and male Amborella trichopoda!
Carl Zimmer. Where did all the flowers come from? Sept 7, 2009 New York Times. hip://fgp.huck.psu.edu/taxa/taxa.php?acCon=view&org_id=4 (floral genome project) Where do flower parts come from?!
Furthermore I must confess to you that I have nearly discovered the secret of plant generaCon and structure, and that it is the simplest thing imaginable…. Namely it had become apparent to me that in the plant organ which we ordinarily call the leaf a true Proteaus is concealed, who can hide and reveal himself in all sorts of configuraCons. From top to boiom a plant is all leaf*, united so inseparably with the future bud that one cannot be imagined without the other. -­‐Goethe 1787 * May apply to flowers, but we seem to know now the plant came before the leaf Flowers are modified leaves specified
by MADS box genes !
(ex. sepallata specifying floral identity)!
Diia, Pinyopich, Robles, Pelaz and Yanofsky. . The SEP4 Gene of Arabidopsis thaliana FuncCons in Floral Organ and Meristem IdenCty. Volume 14, Issue 21, 9 November 2004, Pages 1935-­‐1940 ABC(DE) model !
explains many !
diverse floral !
organ plan!
ABC A-­‐B-­‐C-­‐ Weigel and Meyerowitz. 1994. The ABCs of Floral HomeoCc Genes. Cell (78) p203-­‐209. ABC(DE) model !
explains many !
diverse floral !
organ plan!
Theissen and Melzer. Molecular Mechanisms of Floral EvoluCon. Annals of Botany 100: 603–619, 2007 also see quartet model for expansion on ABC AGL9, AGL2/3/4
angiosperm
specific!
MADS box (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) Zahn et. al. The EvoluCon of the SEPALLATA Subfamily of MADS-­‐Box Genes A Preangiosperm Origin With MulEple DuplicaEons Throughout Angiosperm History. GeneCcs. 2005 April; 169(4): 2209–2223. Stars = duplicaCons MADS box E class
duplications in
angiosperms
(Sepallata)!
?!
Busch and Zachgo. 2009. Flower symmetry evoluCon: towards understanding the abominable mystery of angiosperm radiaCon. BioEssays 31:1181–1190. Zygomorphy = bilateral symmetry!
= monosymmetry !
Cubas. 2004. Floral zygomorphy, the recurring evoluCon of a successful trait. BioEssays 26:1175–1184. polysymmetry = radial symmetry
restored in cycloidea/dichotoma mutants !
D V Cubas. 2004. Floral zygomorphy, the recurring evoluCon of a successful trait. BioEssays 26:1175–1184. also see Busch and Zachgo Cycloidea duplictions in angiosperms!
(red = eudicots)!
Kim 2008 reading is about Ray1, Ray2 genes = Cyc genes!
What might happen if you expressed Cyc throughout the flower!
35S::Ray (35S Cauliflower Mosaic Virus… most parts of plant)!
TCP bhlh genes are plant specific transcription factors!
Independent evolution of zygomorphy!
Cubas (2004) BioEssays 26:1175–1184. Genome Duplications!
Especially common in plants!
Two of many ways to allotetraploidy!
M.J. Hegarty and S.J. Hiscock. Genomic Clues to the EvoluConary Success of Polyploid Plants. Current Biology 18, R435–R444, May 20, 2008 Polyploid events are frequent in
angiosperms (30-80% are polyploids)1!
15% (angiosperms) - 30% (ferns) !
of speciation events2!
1-­‐Blanca and Wolfe. Widespread paleopolyploidy in model plant species inferred from age distribuCons of duplicate genes. The Plant Cell 16:1667-­‐1678 (2004) 2-­‐Wood TE, Takebayashi N, Barker MS, Mayrose I, Greenspoon PB, Rieseberg LH.The frequency of polyploid speciaCon in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 18;106(33):13875-­‐9 Hegarty and Hiscock. Genomic Clues to the EvoluConary Success of Polyploid Plants. Current Biology 18, R435–R444, May 20, 2008 Hybrid swarms!
Campbell, Kellogg, Stevens, Donoghue, Judd. Plant SystemaCcs: a phylogeneCc approach. Sinauer Associates; 2nd ediCon (July 2002)