www.pwc.com/ca Disclosing Fair Values in Annual Financial Statements Applying IFRS 13 to Investment Properties (A supplement) October, 2013 This newsletter is one of a series to illustrate and explain significant new IFRS disclosure requirements applicable for 2013 annual financial statements. Other newsletters in the series include: Disclosing Fair Values in Annual Financial Statements— Applying IFRS 13 Disclosing Employee Benefits in 2013 Annual Financial Statements Offsetting of Financial Instruments—Disclosure in 2013 Annual Financial Statements Disclosing Interests in Other Entities in 2013 Annual Financial Statements For years starting in 2013, Canadian public companies must disclose enhanced information about fair value measurements used in their IFRS annual financial statements in accordance with IFRS 13, Fair value measurement. This newsletter is a supplement to Disclosing Fair Values in Annual Financial Statements – Applying IFRS 13 and illustrates the application of the IFRS 13 disclosure requirements to non-financial assets measured on a recurring basis, using investment properties as an example. Frequently fair value measurements of non-financial assets will be classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy, resulting in significant incremental disclosures in respect of these assets when they are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes include: • A “stand back” test to consider whether disclosure objectives are met. • New criteria for grouping assets and liabilities into classes for fair value disclosure purposes. • Expanded guidance on assigning measurements as Level 1, 2 or 3 in the fair value hierarchy, including measurements of non-financial assets and liabilities. • More focused and detailed disclosures of Level 3 measurements, including a description of a company’s valuation processes. In this newsletter we illustrate the type of disclosures that a hypothetical company, Sample Co., might provide in its 2013 annual financial statements in respect of fair values of investment property. The illustrative disclosures are accompanied by explanatory notes that discuss the changes to the requirements and the judgments and other determinations that the company has made in applying them. We also highlight disclosures that are incremental to those required for 2012 annual financial statements. In this newsletter, Sample Co. is a real estate company with a calendar year-end. This illustration does not address the disclosure requirements for non-recurring fair value measurements or financial instruments measured at fair value. It also does not address the additional IFRS 13 requirements regarding disclosures of fair value when the cost model for investment properties is applied. Illustrative examples and explanatory notes for such circumstances can be found in PwC’s newsletter Disclosing Fair Values in Annual Financial Statements – Applying IFRS 13. We hope you will find this newsletter helpful. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact your local PwC representative or office. Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Explanatory Notes (ENs) EN 1 EN 2 Note Z. Fair value of investment properties Commentary This note illustrates the minimum disclosures required by IFRS 13, Fair value measurement in annual financial statements for non-financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Investment property is used as an example. Similar disclosures would be required for other recurring fair value measurements of nonfinancial assets such as: Agricultural and biological assets in scope of IAS 41, Agriculture. Property plant and equipment measured at fair value using the revaluation model in IAS 16, Property plant and equipment. The items highlighted in yellow represent the effect of new requirements in IFRS 13 for annual periods which are explained in the accompanying notes. The note does not illustrate all the disclosures required for investment properties by IAS 40, Investment property or other IFRS. Entities will have to consider the impact of the adoption of IFRS 13 on their existing accounting policy note. The determination of whether information regarding the fair values of investment property is a significant judgment or source of estimation uncertainty is entity specific and the disclosure requirements in IAS 1, Presentation of financial statements for these areas have not changed for 2013. Such disclosures are beyond the scope of this illustrative note. This example illustrates one possible format for the disclosures; there may be others. EN 3 The following presents the changes in fair value for all investment properties: Total Balance as at January 1, 2012 $ 774,276 Purchases of investment properties: - Acquisitions of properties 55,823 - Subsequent expenditure on investment property 35,823 - Initial direct leasing costs Amortization of initial direct leasing costs (1,428) Sales of investment properties (43,827) Change in fair value of investment properties 142,305 Balance as at December 31, 2012 PwC 5,928 $ 968,900 2 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Total Office Retail Canada EN 5 EN 6 Balance as at January 1, 2013 Industrial Canada $ 968,900 $ 340,132 79,723 53,749 287,932 $ US 253,643 $ Canada – $ 375,125 – – 25,974 171,650 – 116,282 17,998 6,921 1,459 487 9,131 843 394 164 89 196 386,496 $ 232,714 $ 1,623 (118,437) (13,927) (10,745) – (93,765) (27,921) (5,832) (11,255) – (10,834) $ (146,358) $ (19,759) $ (22,000) – $ (104,599) 81,973 48,459 17,233 23,859 (7,578) ( 1,418) (739) (308) (5) (366) 47,720 $ 16,925 $ 23,854 (5,525) – – (5,525) – (5,525) – – (5,525) – $1,284,068 $ 600,807 $ 250,191 $ 135,187 $ 297,883 $ 12,343 $ 23,854 $ (15,827) Purchases of investment properties: - Acquisitions of properties - Acquisitions through business combinations - Subsequent expenditure on investment property - Lease incentives and initial direct leasing costs Total additions to investment properties $ $ 116,858 $ 35,301 Disposals of investment properties: - Sales of investment properties - Transfers to disposal groups classified as held for sale Total disposals of investment properties EN 8 $ Gain and losses included in net income: - Change in fair value of investment properties - Amortization of initial direct leasing costs Total gains (losses) included in net income $ 80,555 $ $ (7,944) Gains and losses included in other comprehensive income: - Foreign currency translation loss Total gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income Balance as at December 31, 2013 $ $ Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income for the year ended December 31, 2013: - PwC Change in fair value of investment properties $ 65,293 $ 44,923 3 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) EN 4 Investment properties measured at fair value in the statement of financial position are categorized by level according to the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. December 31, 2013 EN9 Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Recurring measurements Investment properties Office $ 600,807 $ – $ – $ 600,807 Retail - Canada - United States Industrial Total 250,191 135,187 – – 250,191 135,187 297,883 – – 297,883 – $ 1,284,068 $ 1,284,068 $ – $ EN 7 The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels as of the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 fair value measurements for investment properties during the period. EN 10 Fair values for investment properties are calculated using the direct income capitalization method, which results in these measurements being classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. In applying the direct income capitalization method the stabilized net operating income (NOI) of each property is divided by an appropriate capitalization rate. EN 11 PwC Capitalization rate based on actual location, size and quality of the property and taking into account any available market data at the valuation date. Stabilized NOI revenues less property operating expenses adjusted for items such as average lease up costs, long-term vacancy rates, non-recoverable capital expenditures, management fees, straight-line rents and other non-recurring items. Investment properties are valued on a highest and best use basis. For all of the Company’s investment properties the current use is considered to be the highest and best use. 4 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) EN12 Significant unobservable inputs in Level 3 valuations are as follows: December 31, 2013 Class Input Office Retail Canada - United States Industrial Range Weighted average Stabilized NOI Capitalization rate N/A 6.25%-7% $ 39,473 6.6% Stabilized NOI Capitalization rate Stabilized NOI Capitalization rate N/A 5.25%-6.5% N/A 6%-7.25% $ 14,386 5.8% $ 9,044 6.70% Stabilized NOI Capitalization rate N/A 6.75%-8.25% $ 21,954 7.35% As at December 31, 2012 the fair value of investment properties was calculated using a weighted average capitalization rate of 6.9% (a range of 5.5%-9.5%). EN 13 Generally, an increase in stabilized NOI will result in an increase to the fair value of an investment property. An increase in the capitalization rate will result in a decrease to the fair value of an investment property. The capitalization rate magnifies the effect of a change in stabilized NOI, with a lower capitalization rate resulting in a greater impact of a change in stabilized NOI than a higher capitalization rate. EN 14 Valuation processes The Company’s finance department is responsible for determining fair value measurements included in the financial statements, including Level 3 fair values of investment properties. The Company’s finance department includes a valuations team that prepares a valuation for each investment property every quarter. The valuations team is headed by a professionally qualified valuer. At each financial year end date the Company obtains external valuations for approximately 33% of the investment property portfolio. Each property is valued by an independent valuer at least once every 3 years. In 2013 properties with a value of $409,231 were valued externally (2012 – $323,873). The external valuations are prepared by independent professionally qualified valuers who hold a recognized relevant professional qualification and have recent experience in the location and category of the respective property. For properties subject to an independent valuation report the valuations team verifies all major inputs to the valuation and reviews the results with the independent valuer. The valuation team reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and the Audit Committee (AC). Discussions of valuation processes, key inputs and results are held between the CFO, AC and the valuation team at least once every quarter, in line with the Company’s quarterly reporting dates. Changes in Level 3 fair values are analyzed at each reporting date during the quarterly valuation discussions between the CFO, AC and the valuation team. As part of this discussion, the team presents a report that explains the reasons for the fair value movements. PwC 5 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change Discussion 1. Effective for years beginning on or after January 1, 2013, entities must apply IFRS 13, Fair value measurement. IFRS 13 defines “fair value” and provides guidance on the how to measure fair value in financial statements and also sets out disclosures required when fair value measurements are used or disclosed. Overview As a result of IFRS 13’s broad scope, the standard’s measurement and disclosure requirements apply to recurring fair value measurements of non-financial assets, such as investment properties, and to many disclosures of fair value that are made in the financial statements, including those that are required when an entity applies the cost method to measure its investment properties. We have summarized the major changes from the 2012 annual requirements and their effect on Sample Co.’s financial statement disclosures below as they relate to investment property carried at fair value. A more detailed review of the scope provisions of IFRS 13 and an illustration of the disclosure requirements to other assets and liabilities is provided in PwC’s newsletter “Disclosing Fair Values in Annual Financial Statements – Applying IFRS 13”. 2. Stand back assessment of the adequacy of disclosures (IFRS 13.91 and .92) In 2012, entities had to provide only the minimum disclosures specified by individual IFRSs, subject to the fair presentation criteria set out in IAS 1, Presentation of financial statements. In 2013, disclosures regarding fair values must be sufficient to help users of its financial statements assess the following: (a) The valuation techniques and inputs used to develop recurring fair value measurements, including those used to measure non-financial assets; and (b) For measurements involving the use of significant unobservable inputs, the effect of those measurements on profit or loss or other comprehensive income. Assessments of the sufficiency of disclosures involve considering the level of detail necessary, how much emphasis to place on each requirement, how much aggregation or disaggregation to undertake and whether the users of financial statements need additional information beyond the minimum required by IFRS. After considering its compliance with the requirements of IFRS 13.93-.99, Sample Co. concluded that further disclosures relating to the fair values of investment properties were not necessary to meet the disclosure objectives of the standard. PwC 6 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change Discussion 3. Comparative Transitional provisions of IFRS 13 state the minimum disclosures are not required for comparative periods before the initial application period. Accordingly “new” disclosures that IFRS 13 requires do not need to be provided for prior years. In some cases disclosures over inputs, assumptions and sensitivity of investment property fair values now required by IFRS 13 may have been made voluntarily or to comply with other standards, such as the requirements in IAS 1 to disclose sources of significant measurement uncertainty. period disclosures (IFRS 13.C3) To the extent that fair value disclosures required by IFRS 13 were previously made in respect of prior periods, we believe these disclosures should be brought forward to the 2013 annual financial statements as comparative information. In 2012, in compliance with IAS 40, Sample Co. presented a reconciliation of investment properties carried at fair value on a total portfolio basis and provided information on assumptions used to value each property on an aggregated weighted average basis. Sample Co. has continued to present the information provided in the 2012 financial statements as comparative information and provides the additional disclosures required by IFRS 13 by class of assets (see EN5) for its 2013 annual period only. 4. Disclosing the level in the fair value hierarchy (IFRS 13.93(b)) New in 2013 is the requirement to categorize recurring fair value measurements for non-financial assets into the fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy itself is the same as that required for financial instruments in 2012. 5. Identifying classes of assets and liabilities (IFRS 13.93 and .94) IFRS 13 requires disclosure of fair value information by class of assets and liabilities. In establishing the number and type of classes to present, entities have to consider the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and where its measurement is categorized in the fair value hierarchy table. Sample Co. has classified its investment property fair values into the fair value hierarchy and determined that all property fair values are Level 3 as they contain at least one significant unobservable input. This determination drives the extent of other disclosures required for the fair values of investment property. IAS 40 did not previously require disclosures for investment properties to be disaggregated into classes of assets. Generally, disclosures on investment properties were made on a portfolio basis or a segment level. For the purposes of fair value disclosures under IFRS 13, an entity must assess what classes of investment property reflect the nature, characteristics and risks of the assets and their categorization in the measurement hierarchy and present fair value information on this basis. IFRS 13 states that for assets and liabilities included in Level 3, the number of classes may need to be greater because fair value measurements have a greater degree of uncertainty and subjectivity. For example, if there is a wide range of capitalization rates used in valuing a number of properties this might suggest the properties have different risks or characteristics and therefore there is more than one class of properties. After reviewing the new criteria, Sample Co. determined that it has four classes of investment properties. Although all properties are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, Sample Co. considered that retail, office and industrial properties present significantly different risks. In addition, Sample Co. considered that further disaggregating the retail properties based on geographic PwC 7 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change Discussion location is warranted given the different nature, characteristics and risks of these properties. The format used by Sample Co. meets the requirements in IFRS 13.99 to use a tabular presentation unless another format is appropriate and reconciles to the amount recognized in statement of financial position. 6. Reconciliations (IFRS 93(e)) In 2012, entities had to reconcile the opening and closing balances reported for investment properties as a total in accordance with IAS 40.76. For 2013, IFRS 13 introduced additional reconciliation requirements for each class of Level 3 fair value measurements, specifically requiring separate disclosure of changes attributable to: (i) Gains and losses recognized in profit or loss, and the line item(s) in profit or loss in which those gains and losses are recognized. (ii) Total gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) and the line item(s) in OCI in which those gains and losses are recognized. (iii) Purchases, sales, issues and settlements, with each movement disclosed separately. (iv) Transfers into or out of Level 3, and the reasons for the transfers. In 2013, Sample Co. had categorized all investment properties as Level 3 and therefore combined the IAS 40 reconciliation requirements with the IFRS 13 Level 3 reconciliation requirements. As a result Sample Co. included the required information for each class of investment property. In addition, Sample Co. included within the reconciliation a breakdown of each line item in net income and, separately, in other comprehensive income where gains and losses related to investment property measurements have been recognized. This breakdown could also have been provided as a footnote to the table. As there were no transfers in or out of Level 3 measurements, Sample Co. did not include any transfers in their reconciliation. 7. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy and policies for transfers (IFRS 13.93(c) and (e)(iv), 13.95) PwC In 2013, entities must now disclose and discuss all transfers of fair value measurements between levels of the hierarchy, e.g., between Level 2 and Level 3, if the asset or liability is measured at fair value on recurring basis and is on hand at the end of the period. Further, it is now necessary for entities to disclose and consistently follow the same policy for determining when transfers between levels are deemed to have occurred (e.g., the date of the event or change in circumstance that caused the transfer, the beginning of the period or the end of the period). In 2013, Sample Co. disclosed its policy for transfers among levels and transfers occurring during the period in accordance with the revised requirements. As all Sample Co.’s investment properties are categorized as Level 3 there were no transfers of fair value measurements for investment properties in the period. Its disclosure that no transfers occurred in a period is optional. If there were 8 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change Discussion movements in or out of Level 3 however, they would have to be included in the reconciliation table (See EN6). 8. Unrealized gains and losses for Level 3 estimates (IFRS 13.93(f)) For Level 3 recurring measurements, including those of non-financial assets, entities must now disclose the amount of the change in unrealized gains and losses relating to those assets and liabilities held at the end of the reporting period. The specific line item(s) where the gains and losses are recognized must also be identified. Sample Co. has appended these disclosures to the reconciliation of investment property balances. The amounts noted for the change in unrealized gains and losses are not equal to the total gains and losses recognized in net income for the period as the total gains and losses include amounts realized on the disposal of investment property and for properties reclassified out of investment property during the period. 9. Separating recurring from non-recurring measurements in the fair value hierarchy (IFRS 13.93(a) and (b)) Starting in 2013, certain of the disclosure requirements depend on whether fair value measurements included in the fair value hierarchy table are recurring or non-recurring. A recurring fair value measurement is one that IFRS requires or permits in the statement of financial position at the end of each reporting period. A non-recurring measurement is one that IFRS requires or permits in the statement of financial position in particular circumstances. Disclosure of the level of the fair value hierarchy is required for both categories of fair value measurement. 10. Valuation techniques and inputs (IFRS 13.93(d)) IAS 40 does not require entities to disclose the valuation techniques used to value investment properties, although many real estate entities may include some information as part of a detailed accounting policy note. In its 2013 fair value disclosures, Sample Co. has identified in the note disclosure investment property fair value measurements as recurring measurements. In 2013, the valuation techniques used for measurements of non-financial assets classified as Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy and the “inputs” used in those measurements (e.g., the fact that an entity discounted cash flows in estimating fair value) are disclosed. Valuation techniques must be applied to the unit being measured. For investment properties this is generally at the individual property level. IFRS 13 continues guidance formerly in IAS 40 specifying that portfolio premiums and synergies would not be included in the determination of fair values of investment properties as they relate to the number of properties held by the entity, and are not a characteristic of the investment property unit being measured. Disclosure of the quantitative information about inputs (e.g., the actual discount rate used) is required only for Level 3 measurements (see “quantitative information about unobservable inputs” in EN12 on page 10). Consistent with the new requirements, Sample Co. has included information on the valuation techniques used for recurring measurements of investment property. Sample Co. uses the direct income capitalization method. PwC 9 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change Discussion Disclosures about quantitative information are limited to Level 3 measurements. There were no changes in the valuation techniques during the period. 11. Highest and best use of non-financial assets (IFRS 13.93(i)) From 2013, entities must ensure that the valuation premise used to value investment property and other non-financial assets is the highest and best use of the asset. The highest and best use is the one that maximises value to market participants of the asset either by itself or with other assets and liabilities. If an asset being measured at fair value is not currently used in its highest and best use then this fact must be disclosed, along with the reasons why. Sample Co. is a real estate company focused on managing a portfolio of investment properties. The Company has reviewed each of its investment properties and has concluded it is using each of its properties in their highest and best use. The disclosure that current use is considered to be the highest and best use is voluntary. 12. Quantitative information about unobservable inputs (IFRS 3.93(d)) In 2012, entities were not required by IAS 40 to disclose significant assumptions or quantitative data about investment properties, unless they did so as part of their disclosure on sources of significant measurement uncertainty. Starting in 2013, entities are required to provide quantitative information in respect of significant unobservable inputs used in all recurring or non-recurring Level 3 fair value measurements. The entity does not have to create quantitative information for unobservable inputs that were not developed by the entity (e.g., an entity uses prices from prior transactions or third party pricing information without adjustment) but an entity cannot ignore information that is reasonably available to it. IFRS 13 does not provide specific guidance on what quantitative information is necessary but requires entities to provide this information, at a minimum, for each class of assets and liabilities measured at fair value. Disclosure should contain sufficient detail to allow users to understand the unobservable inputs used and how those inputs vary over time. To be in accordance with IFRS 13.99, information generally should be provided in a tabular format. In 2013, Sample Co. provides quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of its investment properties. It has determined that both the capitalization rate and the stabilized NOI are significant unobservable inputs as management uses internally generated data and applies significant judgment in determining the appropriate capitalization rate for a property and in adjusting NOI to obtain stabilized NOI. (Note: The quantitative amounts in the accompanying note are arbitrary and have been used for illustrative purposes only. The applicable rates and assumptions will depend on the specific facts and circumstances.) PwC 10 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change 13. Sensitivity analysis (IFRS 13.93(h)(i)) Discussion Starting in 2013, entities must provide: (a) A narrative description of the sensitivity of fair value measurements to changes in unobservable inputs that might result in a significantly higher or lower fair value; and (b) If there are inter-relationships with other unobservable inputs, a description of the inter-relationships and how they might magnify or mitigate the effects. The requirements in IFRS 13 to disclose the effects of changing one or more unobservable inputs (i.e., a quantitative sensitivity analysis) apply only to financial assets and liabilities and not to non-financial assets such as investment property. However, if an entity previously provided an analysis of the sensitivity of investment property fair values to changes in assumptions, for example to meet the disclosure requirements for measurement uncertainty in IAS 1, then we would expect these disclosures to continue to be relevant in 2013. In 2013, Sample Co. added a description of the sensitivity to significant unobservable inputs and their inter-relationships for the Level 3 recurring measurements of investment properties. As the same valuation techniques were used for all classes of investment property the disclosures made apply to all Level 3 measurements of investment properties. If Sample Co. used a different valuation technique for some property (e.g., discounted cash flow) then a separate sensitivity analysis would be provided for these properties. 14. Valuation processes estimates (IFRS 13.93(g)) In 2012, entities were required to disclose the extent to which the fair value of investment property was based on a valuation by an independent valuer. Disclosure of any significant adjustments to the valuations obtained from an independent valuer was also required. Beginning in 2013, entities are required to include a description of its valuation processes for items that are measured at fair value in the statement of financial position and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. This includes, for example, how it decides its valuation policies and procedures and analyses changes in fair value measurements from period to period. In addition to the discussion on the use of independent valuations, an entity might disclose the following to comply with this requirement: PwC Who decides the entity’s valuation policies and procedures, to whom that individual or group reports, and the internal reporting procedures in place (e.g., whether and, if so, how audit and other relevant Board committees discuss and assess the fair value measurements); How the entity determined that third-party information, such as appraisers, broker quotes or pricing services, used in the fair value measurement was developed in accordance with IFRS; The methods used to develop and substantiate the unobservable inputs used in a fair value measurement; and The process for analyzing changes in fair value measurements from period to period. 11 Disclosing fair values in annual financial statements Applying IFRS 13 to investment properties (A supplement) Change Discussion In 2013, Sample Co. supplemented its previous disclosures regarding independent valuations and provided an explanation of the valuation processes it followed in making Level 3 estimates. 15. Other changes not illustrated in this newsletter The following disclosures are not illustrated as they are not applicable to Sample Co.’s investment properties: 1. Disclosures required regarding the disclosure of fair value in the financial statements. (IFRS 13.97). For an illustration and explanation of the required disclosures for disclosed fair values please see PwC’s newsletter “Disclosing Fair Values in Annual Financial Statements – Applying IFRS 13”. 2. The use of the “portfolio exception” for measuring a group of financial assets and financial liabilities on a net position basis. (IFRS 13.96) 3. The existence of inseparable third-party credit enhancements. (IFRS 13.98) 4. Disclosure requirements for fair value measurements classified as Level 1 or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. PwC 12 This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. It does not take into account any objectives, financial situation or needs of any recipient; any recipient should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining independent professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, its members, employees and agents do not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it. © 2013 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership. All rights reserved. PwC refers to the Canadian member firm, and may sometimes refer to the PwC network. Each member firm is a separate legal entity. Please see www.pwc.com/structure for further details.
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