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80000'
Mapping of the surficial geology of the
Grimsby area was initiated and completed, except
for its northwestern corner, during the summer
of 1974 under the supervision of B. Feenstra with
excellent assistance from P. Barnett, P. Fina
more, and K. Girard. The study of the Quaternary
sequence in this map-.area was also advanced by
the results of exploratory drillings by the
Geological Survey of Canada (Project 730029,
Urban Geology of Hamilton).
Parts of the following regional munici
palities are covered by the map-area:
1. Niagara in the east, including the towns of
Grimsby and Smithville;
2. Hamilton-Wfntworth in the west as far as
the town of Ancaster; and
3. Haldimand-Norfolk in the south, including
the town of Caledonia.
Bedrock Geology:
Queenston Formation outcrops (map-unit 1)
north of the Niagara Escarpment consist in many
places of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) of very weathered
bedrock (red clay) grading downward into typical
brick-red shale. The Queenston shale and the
overlying Cataract Group formations (map-unit 2;
Whirlpool sandstone, Manitoulin dolostone (only
in the west),*Cabot Head shale, and Grimsby sand
stone and shale (its lower part)) are generally
mantled by talus and relatively thick Halton Till
(map-unit 7) along the lower part of the Niagara
Escarpment. The upper part of the Grimsby Form
ation and the everlying Clinton Group formations
(map-unit 2; Thorold sandstone, Reynales dolo
stone, Irondequoit limestone and dolostone,
Rochester shale (intermittently), and DeCew dolostone), capped by Lockport Formation dolostone,
chert, and limestone (map-unit 3; Gasport and
Goat Island Members), are generally exposed along
the upper part of this escarpment. Bedrock out
crops occur frequently in a 2-. to 6-mile (3 to
10 km) wide belt along the top of the Niagara
Escarpment. They consist of dolostones of the
Lockport Formation (map-unit 3; Goat Island and
Eramosa Members), and Guelph Formation (map-unit
4) in the northwestern part of the map-area. The
Vinemount Member shaly dolostone of the Lockport
Formation is exposed at the Vinemount quarry of
Armstrong Brothers Limited and at the quarry of
A. Cope and Sons Limited south of Stoney Creek.
The Eramosa and Guelph dolostones form sub
sidiary scarps which are at least modified if
not caused solely by glacial erosion. The
northernmost Eramosa scarp possibly marks the
westward continuation of the Vinemount Member
from the Vinemount quarry. Dolostone and shale
of the Salina Formation (map-unit 5) are exposed
at several places along the Grand River near
York and Caledonia, and along the McKenzie
Creek west of York.
To Hamilton
Burlington Sl/2 m
To Burlington
43" 15
79030'
35'
\\
15'
ONTARIO
Ontario
Division of Mines
HONOURABLE LEO BERNIER, Minister of Natural Resources
DR. J. K. REYNOLDS, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources
G. A. Jewett, Executive Director, Division of Mines
E. G. Pye, Director, Geological Branch
PRELIMINARY MAP P. 993
GEOLOGICAL SERIES
SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Scale: 1:50,000
1.25 inches to l mile approximately
O
1 Mile
1000
J
NTS Reference:
Grimsby Beach
v At-
30 M/4
ODM 1975
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit
is given to the Ontario Division of Mines and the
material is properly referenced.
LEGEND
CENOZOIC
QUATERNARY
RECENT
Cultural Features:
gypsum plant
Lake Ontario beach gravel and sand
Stream deposits: predominantly clay
and silt, some sand and gravel
PLEISTOCENE
LATE WISCONSINAN
"/r /. i
Quaternary Geology;
The oldest mappable Quaternary deposit of
the map-area is the Late Wisconsinan Wentworth
Till (map-unit 6d). It is a gravelly silt till
exposed solely in the form of drumlins located
south of the Welland River and Guelph-Salina
bedrock contact (Sanford 1969). Some of them
rest directly on the irregular Salina surface,
and upwards they protrude through a cover of
proglacial Lake Warren deposits (map-unit 8).
A few pits near Boston Creek west of York
expose sand and gravel deposits which are capped
by these Warren clays (map-unit 8), and similar
buried deposits are present to the south in the
Dunnville map-area (Feenstra 1974).
The Late Wisconsinan Halton Till (map-unit
7) is a clay to clayey silt till, overlies and
is finer textured than the Wentworth Till al
though they have not been observed in the same
section in this map-area. The reference area
for these tills south of the Niagara Escarpment
in the peninsula is located along the newly con
structed Welland Canal By-Pass in the Welland
map-area (Feenstra I972b). The northernmost
exposures of the Halton Till in this map-area
occur along the Lake Ontario shore bluff; its
southernmost exposures predominantly along the
Welland River. It is exposed in the form of a
till-plain from Lake Ontario southward to the
Niagara Escarpment. It is relatively thick
(up to 100 feet ; 30 m) near the lakeshore north
east of Stoney Creek in the Redhill re-entrant in
the escarpment)in the buried bedrock valley be
tween Grimsby and Grimsby Beach,and along the
escarpment where it is lodged against its lower
section. Reference sections of the Halton Till
for this part of the map-area are found along
the shore bluff east and west of Grimsby where
it overlies the Queenston red shale and is covered
by proglacial Lake Iroquois clay, silt and sand
(map-units 13 and 14). Its basal part is red,
relatively coarser textured, and consists almost
entirely of Queenston shale (local till).
Stream terrace sand, some gravel
Alluvial fan gravel
Lake Iroquois Deposits
Glaciolacustrine beach sand and
gravel
Glaciolacustrine sand
Glaciolacustrine clay and silt
Glaciolacustrine sand
Lake Warren Deposits
11
Glaciolacustrine silt and sand
10
Glaciolacustrine sand
Glaciolacustrine silt
Glaciolacustrine clay and silt
Halton Till:
*^E3r-^f
^^^*----^i
6d
clayey silt-clay till
Wentworth Till:
(in drurnlins)
\ r~
gravelly silt till
Unconformity
PALEOZOIC
SILURIAN
r: ^:,-L
l
'
T^c-d-~.V.l
Salina Formation:
(shale, gypsum)
dolostone
Guelph Formation:
dolostone
Lockport Formation: dolostone
(limestone, chert, and shale)
Clinton and Cataract Groups: sand
stone, shale, limestone, and dolo
stone
Halton Till is also exposed south of the
Niagara Escarpment and there predominantly in
the form of the Vinemount Moraine located along
its brow, and the paralleling Niagara Falls and
Fort Erie Moraines farther southward. Between
Vineland (Feenstra 1972a) and Vinemount, the
Vinemount Moraine consists of: 1) a cap of 5to 10-foot (1.5 to 3 m) thick silty till trun
cating, 2) a l- to 9-foot (0.3 to 2.7 m) thick
stratified sequence of sand silt and clay resting
on, 3) 16- to 21-foot (4.9 to 6.4 m) thick lower
silty clayey till overlying 4) 5-foot (1.5 m)
thick laminated clay and silt which have also
been incorporated in the lower till and rest on
5) Goat Island dolostone bedrock.
ORDOVICIAN
Queenston Formation:
Note:
shale
Generally that part of a mappable unit
with thickness equal to or greater
than 3 feet (0.9 m) is outlined.
SYMBOLS
The Niagara Falls and Fort Erie Moraines
are generally covered by proglacial Lake Warren
deposits (map-units 8, 9 and 10); the Vinemount
Moraine is covered by these deposits only in the
Hamilton area (Clay, map-unit 8). The Lake
Warren deposits obscure, in particular, the tract
of the Fort Erie Moraine in the eastern part of
the map-area, and bedrock topography, controlling
the occurrence of small ridges of till north of
Smithville, complicates the eastward tracing of
the Niagara Falls Moraine.
Bedrock Outcrop (small)
Geological boundary (actual or approximate)
Geological boundary (assumed)
Glacial striae on bedrock (direction of ice
movement known)
Gypsum mine
Near Elfrida this moraine consists of 45
feet (13.7 m) of Halton Till over dolostone bed
rock, and represents definitely, as does the
Vinemount Moraine and possibly the Fort Erie
Moraine in this map-area, a substantial increase
(30 feet (9 m) or more) in thickness of the tillsheet south of the escarpment. Thin (4 to 8 feet;
1.2 to 2.4 m) silty clayey Halton Till is exposed
predominantly along the distal slope of the Fort
Erie Moraine in the Rerforth-Southcote area due
to erosion of the overlying, relatively thin (3
to 8 feet; 0.9 to 2.4 m), glaciolacustrine cover
(map-units 8, 9, and 10). The till overlies,
here and 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west of Southcote, similar glaciolacustrine deposits which rest
probably on Wentworth Till; south of the Fort Erie
Moraine, between Glanford Station and the Welland
River, it rests directly on bedrock and is
covered by thicker (53 feet; 16 m) Warren clay
and silt (map-unit 8).
Moraine crest
Rock quarry
Scarp
Sand and gravel pit
Shoreline, abandoned
Rock drumlin
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Geology by B.H. Feenstra and assistants, 1974.
Topography from Map 30 K/4E, and 30 M/4W of the
National Topographic Series.
The Wentworth Till records the penultimate
advance of the Ontario glacial lobe across the
map-area and the alignment of drumlins indicates
that the direction of ice movement varied locally
between southwest and slightly south of west.
The Halton Till records the last advance of this
lobe moving towards the southwest in the maparea. The margin of the main body of ice was
located between the Grand and Welland River
courses of today and bordered proglacial Lake
Warren. The moraines mark grounded ice-marginal
positions during north-northeastward general
retreat of the glacial lobe. The sequence in
the Vinemount Moraine between Vineland and Vine
mount records one or two local re-advances of
the lobe into Lake Warren.
Deposits of proglacial Lake Warren in this
map-area form a vast lake-plain south of the
43W
Niagara Escarpment. These deposits consist pre
80000'
dominantly of interstratified clay and silt
(map-unit 8) which are overlain by silt (mapunit 9), and shallow-water glaciolacustrineThin sheets of sand in the Redhill re-entrant
deltaic sand (map-unit 10), forming a deposi
in the Niagara Escarpment (map-unit 12), in the
tional scarp, in the northwestern part of the
Twelve Mile Creek re-entrant and in the one near
map-area. The clay and silt unit thickens south
St. Davids (Bell Terrace) in the Niagara map-area
ward to more than 70 feet (21 m); the silt unit
(Feenstra I972a) to the east were probably de
is more than 10 feet (3m) thick in places, and
posited in a proglacial lake with a level about
the sand unit is about 20 feet (6 m) thick.
120 feet (40 m) higher than that of Lake Iroquois
Shoreline features of former proglacial lakes
north of the escarpment. Older alluvium along
mapped in other parts of the peninsula south
Twenty Mile Creek between Balls Falls and Jordan,
of the Niagara Escarpment (Feenstra I972a,b; 1974)
also in the Niagara map-area (ibid, map-unit 4),
are very scarce in this map-area. Glaciola
was deposited during this lake stage and one at
custrine sand and gravel representing reworked
lower elevation.
Wentworth Till, but too small to be mapped on
The abandoned shoreline of proglacial Lake
this scale, occur on drumlins at elevations of
Iroquois, the most prominent of all such strand700 feet (200 m) amsl and 640 to 650 feet (195
lines in the peninsula, follows partly along the
to 198 m) amsl, while interbedded sand silt, and
talus-covered base of the Niagara Escarpment, or
some gravel (map-unit 11) at 630 to 650 feet
consists of a bluff composed of Halton Till, or
(192 to 198 m) constitute a thin unit of re
a thin and narrow bay-mouth bar (map-unit 15)
worked Halton Till along the distal slope of
along King Street across the Redhill re-entrant.
the Vinemount Moraine southwest of Grimsby.
1000 Metres
Aerial Photography:
Ontario Division of Lands.
Issued 1975
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit
is given to the Ontario Division of Mines. It is
recommended that reference to this map be made in
the following form:
Feenstra, B.H.
1975:
Quaternary Geology of the Grimsby
Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Div.
Mines, Prelim. Map P.993, Geol. Ser.,
scale 1:50,000. Geology 1974.
x
7
Clanbrassil2llzm
The base of the bluff occurs generally at ele
vations between 350 and 360 feet (106 to 109 m)
while the top of the bay-mouth bar is at slightly
higher elevation. A small spit (map-unit 15) was
formed in this lake west of Winona. The lake
terrace is mainly underlain by Queenston shale
and Halton Till although a sheet of predominantly
fine sand (map-unit 14) was deposited along the
shoreline and is relatively thicker (up to 15
feet; 4.5 m) in Hamilton and in the vicinity of
Grimsby. Finer material (clay and silt of mapunit 13) was deposited in basinal areas north
of Stoney Creek and east of Grimsby, or in small
areas along the escarpment which were protected
by barriers from the open lake. The Grimsby
alluvial fan deposit (map-unit 16) occurs at
the mouth of the gorge cut into the Niagara
Escarpment by Forty Mile Creek and just below
the former level of proglacial Lake Iroquois. A
remnant of a possible similar fan deposit, also
To Dunnville
situated below this former lake level, occurs
near Twenty Mile Creek between Jordan and Jordan
Station in the Niagara map-area (Feenstra I972a;
map-unit 5c). They were likely developed during
lowering of the proglacial lake level.
Older alluvium (map-unit 17) consisting
mainly of sand was deposited in the form of
terraces, at elevations between 610 and 631
feet (185 and 192.3 m) along the Grand River.
They developed when an ancestral Grand River
entered a lake (± 600 feet; 180 m) in the Erie
basin near Dunnville (Feenstra 1974) south of the
map-area.
Mappable, Recent deposits consist of alluvium
(map-unit 18), predominantly along the Grand River,
Welland River, and Twenty Mile Creek, and Lake
Ontario beach gravel and sand (map-unit 19) north
of Stoney Creek.
\
^
Canfield 3 m
Industrial Mineral Resources:
The Eramosa dolostone (Lockport Formation,
map-unit 3) is quarried for road construction,
asphaltic concrete, and concrete aggregate at
the Vinemount quarry of Armstrong Brothers Company
Ltd., I*E miles (2.5 km) southeast of Vinemount,
and at the quarry of A. Cope and Sons Limited
located south of Stoney Creek and the Niagara
Escarpment, and west of Highway 20. Gypsum
(Salina Formation, map-unit 5) is mined at Cale
donia by Domtar Construction Materials Limited
for the production of various types of board.
Sand and gravel are extracted from glaciolacustrine-deltaic deposits (map-unit 10) near
Ancaster, and from ice-contact (t) deposits,
capped by Warren clay and silt (map-unit 8),
south of Caledonia. These resources are quite
limited in the map-area and are mainly used
locally in road and sewer construction.
X
40'
Adjoins
Dunnville Area, R 981
79030'
Canboro
SELECTED REFERENCES
BEDROCK GEOLOGY:
Bolton, T.E.
1957:
Silurian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of
the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario; Geol.
Surv. Canada, Mem. 289, 145p. Accompanied
by plates and charts.
Caley, J.F.
1940:
Palaeozoic Geology of the Toronto-Hamilton
area, Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem.
224, 284p. (reprinted 1961). Accompanied
by Map 584A scale l inch to 4 miles or
1:253,440 and Map 585A scale l inch to 2
miles or 1:126,720.
Hewitt, D.F.
1971:
The Niagara Escarpment; Ontario Dept. Mines
and Northern Affairs, IMR35, 71p.
Sanford, B.V.
1969:
Geology, Toronto-Windsor Area, Ontario;
Geol. Surv. Canada, Map 1263A, scale l inch
to 3.95 miles or 1:250,000.
Sanford, J.T.
1972:
Niagaran-Alexandrian (Silurian) Strati
graphy and Tectonics; p.2-18 in Niagaran
Stratigraphy: Hamilton, Ont., edited by
R. Thomas Segall and Pobert A. Dunn,
Michigan Basin Geological Society, Annual
Field Excursion, 89p.
QUATERNARY GEOLOGY, PEDOLOGY, AND PHYSIOGRAPHY:
Chapman, L.T., and Putnam, D.F.
1966:
The Physiography of Southern Ontario;
University of Toronto Press, 2nd ed., 386p.
Accompanied by 5 maps.
Coleman, A. P.
1936:
Lake Iroquois; Ontario Dept. Mines, Vol.45,
pt. 7, p. 1-36 (published 1937). Accompanied
by Map 45f, scale l inch to 5 miles or
1:316,800.
Cowan, W. R.
1972:
Pleistocene Geology of the Brantford Area,
Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines and
Northern Affairs, IMR37, 66p. Accompanied
by l chart and 2 maps .
Feenstra, B. H.
I972a: Quaternary Geology of the Niagara Area,
Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines,
Prelim. Map P. 764, Geol. Ser. , scale
1:50,000. Geology 1969, 1970, 1971.
1972b: Quaternary Geology of the Welland Area,
Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines,
Prelim. Map P. 796, Geol. Ser., scale
1:50,000. Geology 1972.
1974:
Quaternary Geology of the Dunnville Area,
Southern Ontario; Ontario Division Mines,
Prelim. Map P.981, Geol. Ser., Scale
1:50,000. Geology 1973.
Karrow, P.F.
1963:
Pleistocene Geology of the Hamilton-Gait
Area; Ontario Dept. Mines, GR16, 68p.
Accompanied by 4 maps, scale l inch to
l mile or 1:63,360.
Ontario Agricultural College
1935:
Soil Survey Map of County of Haldimand,
Province of Ontario; Rept. No. 4 of the
Soil Survey, Guelph, scale k inch to
l mile or 1:31,680.
Fresant, E.W., Wicklund, R.E., and Matthews, B.C.
1965:
The Soils of Wentworth County; Ontario
Soil Surv. Rept. No. 32, Guelph, Ontario,
72p. Accompanied by map scale l inch to
l mile or 1:63,360.
Wicklund, R.E., and Matthews, B.C.
1963:
The Soil Survey of Lincoln County; Ontario
Soil Surv. Rept. No. 34, Guelph, Ontario,
48p. Accompanied by l map, scale l inch
to l mile or 1:63,360.
INDUSTRIAL MINERAL RESOURCES:
Guillet, G.R.
1964:
Gypsum in Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines,
IMR18, 126p.
1967:
The Clay Products Industry of Ontario;
Ontario Dept. Mines, IMR22, 206p. Accom
panied by Maps 2130, 2131, scale l inch
to 16 miles or 1:1,013,760.
Hewitt, D.F.
I960:
The Limestone Industries of Ontario;
Ontario Dept. Mines, IMC5, 177p. Accom
panied by Map No.
, scale l inch to
20 miles or 1:267,200 and Map No. I960d,
scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360.
1964:
The Limestone Industries of Ontario Dept.
Mines, IMR13, 77p. Accompanied by Map
2059, scale l inch to 16 miles or
1:1,013,760.
Vos, M.A.
1969:
Stone Resources of the Niagara Escarpment;
Ont. Dept. Mines, IMR31, 68p. Accompanied
by 5 maps and l chart. Reprinted 1972,
with some specifications revised.