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harcoal, biochar and char are different names used to describe the same substance, depending on its end use; the term biochar was coined by Dr Peter Read of Massey University, (New Zealand) in attempt to differentiate it thusly. The terms charcoal and char imply use as a fuel, whereas biochar implies an application to soil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xamples include sewage and municipal solid waste treatment, papermill waste and animal manures No information exists in the literature concerning the invention date of biochar-producing stoves. Dr T.Reed invented micro-gasification stoves using a similar principle in 1985, but ash - rather than biochar - is the by-product. 3 $ ' % , & $ " * " ! & ! ! & " ! !! ; $ # $ & $ !" & " ! ' & & ! !$ - ! ; ! & !& ! ! & " & $ ! ! " " ! & " , ! ! ; " ! & ! * ! & " ! ! " " . " $ & & &$ " ; " & ! $ " , ! ! ! ! #" $ # $ ! ' ! 1 # " & ! & + ! " & ! " + "% ! $ " ! ! $ " ' ! " F " & * ! ! ! & & & ' " ! ! & $ ( ! 0 .1 2 + $ & = - ! ) & 1)# ! ! ! ! $! !" E $ " $ " $ # ! & $ " 9 ) Burnspace Cool air is heated and rises, drawing air through the ventilation cone. Air provides oxygen that fuels the combustion of firewood Biomass Jacket Ventilation Cone Combusting firewood drives pyrolysis of biomass in jacket. Gases released during pyrolysis of biomass pass out into the burnspace and are combusted Removable Bottom Plate Bottom Plate Clamp (Legs) Cool air enters burnspace but cannot enter the biomass jacket, preserving low oxygen conditions for pyrolysis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onsider if a equally high surface area biochars are introduced into a sandy soil (which has low nutrient retention) and one biochar possesses high CEC the other low. The high CEC biochar is very likely to have a beneficial effect on plant growth but the low CEC will likely not, a fact overlooked by surface area measurements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ontrast: A biochar of pH 4 – we know that it is acid and therefore unsuitable for acid soils and alkaline-loving plants. A biochar of 300m2/g S.A - we know that this is technically a high SA, but questions remain to be answered i.e is this high for biochar and importantly, what relationship to fertility can be expected for this measurement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ellulose 29-39 weight%; Hemicellulose 20.6-26.8%; Lignin 19.4 to 26.6 %, Reith and de Bont 2007 ) Advanced Studies in Appropriate Technology Laboratory, a certificatory authority based in the U.S. 7 ( 3) ! &" $ 6 " 5 ' ' ! ' $ 7 $ && & # & & @1 & ! !& & @2 & & ! ! # ! $ ) ' !& ! " ! ; " !. = ! & ! ! $ 42 & & ! (1 ! ! ! !! + #& !& + ! & ) + ! & & ! ( # $ $ ! E ! + ) ! & & (2 !$ " (& !) * ' $ " 10G3G 0 ! ! ,$ ! $ (M !# $ !" C ! # $ # ) + 292 - Burnspace 650g straw in biomass jacket Wood shavings and straw 400g of <20mm D 250mm L+ 100g of withies < 10mm 600g <25mm D split in half @250mm L 300g <25mm D split in half @125mm L 300g 1kg Field Regime (200g hardwood added later) ' % & ! !* $ ! & $ " $ # " 99 & $ $ ! E ! " ! ! $ & ! $ . & $ ! ! &! , !& 6 $ / 42 ' , !. & Ventilation Cone Guideline regime (all hardwood used at once) # 9 , 1 100g of withies <10mm D • G3G + Wood shavings and straw " & ' + " ) 1( ) 7& 898 • . !! ( ! ! ! & ! ! ) ! ! ! ! &$ & @ ( &) !2 " ! ! # & ! , $ . & ! # )F = ! ! & & & ! 1 & ! (- & , ! ! & ! & ! & > ! $ / ! • ' ! " 2 , & !$ ! ! ! ! & & ! $ & ! " & + & " , • • ' *& " 2 & " ! # ! & & + !& * $ ! & + " ' ! ! ! " • *. % *.. & • *& * ! = $ ! ! 320 ! ! ! & ! # " & ! ' & ! + " $ ! ' " ! & *! H; !" " > " " # $ " - ! " ! • && ! ! $ ! " & $ *. • • • ' " !" ! ! !! ! 12 " # ' ! ; ! " 1 &! , ! ! !# ! , ! & *& , ! !# H -9 B1 ! $ . " !- 1 & / * & ! ! & * !& 0 ! & !! ! "% 1 !! 1, ! & ! - ! ! && !$ " # ! $ " ; ! " " ! ! ! ! & • ' & & " ! # ! :" & $ ! ' #% $ ! ! ! & " ! ! $ ! * ! ! & ! & ! , !& " ! ! &" ! 6 HF 1 27 @ @ < ! !& & " ! " ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! $ 6 6. ) - - & 1 8 & B 03 B0 B B 3B4 B 230 B 132 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 2 & 7 1 1 744 14 1 213 1 327 1 23 !" ± # ± ' 10 & ! $ 42 ! + + + & 14 4L# 6 % ) 0 5 7 1 1BB 13 17B 10 123 % ±#" % 1 0 3 2 " :5 00 7 1 3 # 12 & 7:<8 1 02 0 00 4 B # # ±! ±% 7:1 17 14 12 12 $ ±# ! L# ! + &" ; 5 7 1 142 13 144 13B 171 # ±#% 72 ' ! $ !" :5 2 00 4 0 4 # ± 7:<8 1 0 0 01 7 0 01 B(±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ar chart showing average pH for Field & Guideline pH data 10.4 10.2 10 9.8 pH Field 9.6 Guideline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traw (1g) ' & ! " 17 1 Wood (1g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° ! !U " ! ' ( & ! && (1 2) ! " ! ( 7) $ ! ! ! ,1 56 &1 & ! & ! * $ (1 ,12 ' 56 56 ,1 ! ! $ ! ,1 ) " B ! ! & ! && " + $ A< ? #( + " " * " !" " " ! " + 2)# & " + $ " 4) & # $ " & " = ° ! ! ! " # 1 , L ° ! !# !# #" * " B " & ! 3L " = # B) * ( 11 # ? A !" # " " # ,1 ! $ #= ! " $ ! !& " + & - & , ! & + (* ) + ! B ' ! " ! 81 ! A 2 56 $ ! $ +! $ 7L ( & $ " # ' ! $ ,1 1 56 ! !& < ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! & " $ $ $ & $ && & - ' ! " ! " 9 ! # ! + ! +! " + ! & ! " $ . ' & E ( $ ! " !" & ! & 0) " ! = ! " & ! + ! (1 B4) & $ + ! , " !; B,00C G ) * (6 ! ! & ! # !" * ! $ &1 , L 4) ! $ " !" " !# ! 2 & # ! 2L # & 8 The biochar was created from sewage, which can have mineral content of up to 70% (Shinogi, 2004) and is therefore dramatically different from botanically derived biochar. Acidity in wood biochar is generally caused by organic functional groups, but little work exists on basicity. 9 Ninth Annual Report on Carcinogens 2000 * & 9 & " $ ! !& & $ & = 3 ' ! ! 11 + !& ! & ! * $ & > ! & ° (= ! # 1 20)# " ; + ! ) #! & ! $ ! && $ !: ! ! " 0 ! & # (1 , 4 0 77 2 2)# V6 ! * ( * & $ ! !# @ $ - 1 04 30 #" 9 12 7 $ ( 41 13 1 03 1 , 33 ! ! # ! " # " 6 ! 4) & ! # & D 41 0 10 ( 6 " & ! + ,1 ! ) & & * !( )N 1 1 6 V 11 " ) 0 : & (E*:# 1 B7) ! && & ! - - ) , " ' ! ( ' ! ! $ ) = !" " & & " $ $ ! ' ( & ! !# $ # 1 47. ! # # 0. # $ " ! $ !# 4). 1 & ! , 17L " + + ! ! ! && $ " & ! & " ! " & (C ) C $ " (F ) " & ! & !# " & " & !! & " # $ # !" .& ( " ! ! & ! 7) && & !6 ! " ( ( " " # ,< ! && & # $ ! # ! $ " ! # 3) + ! ! " ! ! # ( ) * ! ! " ! " ! ) ( )# $ " ( " & $ ! " + 10 $ $ < N ! # 9 " 22 ° (C % # ) ! " % # ! $ # $ & & * " " ; 9& ! ! # ! & ' '( #! & & ! & !! ! 3) ' ! ! As discussed in (1.1.5) , lignin has been shown by Demirbas (2004) to have a positive influence on biochar yield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