Claire Navaro
December 14, 2010
CCTP 650 Final Paper
Mount Pleasant: A Village within the City
Historic Mount Pleasant
On the afternoon of May 5, 1991, the streets of Mount Pleasant erupted in
riots. Police cars were torched, dumpsters were pushed into the streets to stop all
traffic, city busses were ransacked and several stores were looted. The mayor of the
District of Columbia declared a state of emergency, and a curfew was enforced for an
entire four-mile section of the city for two days.i The riots were, in effect, a mass
demonstration against ethnic discrimination and lack of equality of justice. Though
Mount Pleasant, and DC at large, had a large number of Hispanic residents, only 140
members of the entire Washington Metropolitan Police Force were Hispanic
themselves.ii
Prior to the 1991 riots, tensions in the neighborhood had been
increasing dramatically due to a growing sentiment that the Hispanic community
writ large was being unfairly targeted by authority figures and that the DC
government was not providing equal access to information and public services.iii
How did Mount Pleasant get to the point of public rioting? How did this
neighborhood change from the elite, family-focused community of its origins to the
center of civil unrest? The story of Mount Pleasant unequivocally involves a complex
network of actors, technology, culture and community, and its evolution through
time reflects changing trends of the nation as well as the individual personality of
the neighborhood.
-- -Mount Pleasant is often referred to as ‘A Village Within A City.’ Its roots go
back to the early 1800s, when Robert Peter, the first mayor of Georgetown, and
Anthony Holmead, a British family man, were the two major proprietors of the land
that now hosts the Mount Pleasant districtiv. When Anthony Holmead died in 1802,
his family divided up portions of the estate and began to lease them to acceptable
individuals and groupsv. The first major renter was the Washington Jockey Club,
which rented a huge tract of land for use as a racetrack.vi The racetrack, as a place to
socialize, spend money, and be entertained, brought many people to the
neighborhood, thus justifying the first need for designated routes that span from the
city center to the gates of the racetrack, which sit at present day 14th Street.
Robert Peter, who was a successful man, worked to develop the land from
grand estates to an area of education and community. In 1820, Peter allowed the
Baptist Columbian College (present day George Washington University) to be built
on his Mount Pleasant land. Peter also lobbied for street names in the area to be
named after higher education institutes, such as Harvard Street.vii The Jockey Club
failed to renew their lease, and the land was divided and sold as estates “fit for
gentlemen of fortune,” as described by an 1836 Washington Globe report.viii Some of
these gentlemen of fortune were William Selden, a previous Treasurer of the United
States (from 1839-1850) and Marshal of the Supreme Court, and John Ingle, a friend
of George Washington’s family.ix
In 1850, Selden bought portions of the Holmead land and divided it into large
estates, one of which was the Mount Pleasant-famous Ingleside estate. Ingleside
was designed by Thomas Ustick Walter, the Architect of the Capitol Extension, and
was named after the previous landowner, John Ingle.x Walter was commissioned by
Hiram Walbridge to design the historic building, which sits at 1818 Newton Road
NW and was finished in 1851, remains Mount Pleasant’s oldest remaining building.xi
When the Civil War began in 1861, tensions between North and South were
high in the nation’s capital, which was a border territory. William Selden, a southern
sympathizer, sold his estate to naval agent Samuel P. Brown at a discount so he
could move back to Southern Virginia.xii However, not long after the sale, the plot of
land was occupied by the Union Army and was used as a wartime hospital. The
traffic from the city to the Mount Pleasant Hospital called for the construction of
platted roads so troops could move efficiently to and from the hospital. Immediately
after the war, Samuel Brown regained his estate and began using his power as
president of the Metropolitan Street Railroad to bring proper transportation routes
to Mount Pleasant.xiii
Samuel Brown is often referred to as the founder of Mount Pleasant., as he is
crediting with thinking that “he might do good service to the public and to himself
by selling off a portion of his farm in lots suitable for suburban residences.” xiv His
push for proper transportation also encouraged those families who could afford it to
move out of the overcrowded city after the war’s end. As families moved to the area,
the need grew for community services, such as churches and schools. Important
community buildings were erected, such as Union Hall, which served as the
neighborhood’s main meeting place, including church services of various
denominations, town dances, and a town hall.
xv
In the postwar neighborhood
growth, the Mount Pleasant Association was formed, which was open to all residents
of the community and encouraged the development of civic buildings and a focus on
family. As such, the Mount Pleasant school was constructed on land donated by
Brown himself.xvi The school was part of a group of award winning schools the
District of Columbia presented at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.xvii
As the District of Columbia was celebrating the centennial of the new nation,
communities across the capital were developing their own identities and prosperity.
Within Mount Pleasant, the neighborhood association was working to develop their
transportation and civic establishments, such as an African American Sunday
School, and a Christian Association, emphasizing the neighborhood’s unique
combination of faith and education.xviii As more people moved to the area to take
advantage of the developments, the roads in and out of the neighborhood were
continuing to develop. The initial roads in and out of Mount Pleasant were solidified
during the war by the transit of Army soldiers and hospital personnel and improved
via the campaigning by Samuel Brown. The influx of families, however, created a
need for further transportation access.
Under the leadership of Boss Shepherd in the 1870s, downtown DC was
restructured, including all of the pavements, sewage system and the planting of
trees.xix However, changes were slow to reach areas outside the immediate city
center, so the Mount Pleasant Association, which was formed under Brown,
developed their own omnibus that ran from the Treasury downtown to Park and
14th.
Around this same time, the Capital Traction Company, a city-wide
transportation system, established a car line up 14th Street to serve those customers
between downtown and the surrounding neighborhoods.xx
In the early 1900s, Washington DC was celebrating its centennial as the
nation’s capital, which coincided with its development as a major world power. In
conjunction with the centennial developments such as the Highway Act of 1898,
Congress extended the public utility grids outside of downtown DC to the
neighborhoods, thus allowing for more structured and organized development.xxi
Congress also authorized the widening of 16th Street to incorporate more traffic
flow. As transportation improved, those elite families who could afford to move out
of the crowded city housing found solace and space in the Mount Pleasant
neighborhood. Prestigious families of diplomats, political figures, athletes and
successful businessmen moved to the area. The original theme of an “Area Fit for
Gentlemen” was relevant still to those families looking for an escape from city life.xxii
Also around the turn of the century, Mary Foote Henderson arrived in the
District of Columbia. As the wife of a wealthy Senator, Mary Henderson found it her
duty to develop the area of 16th Street so it was fit for wealth and status. Henderson
was also extremely interested in civic development, and her plans coincided with
the City Beautiful movement as inspired by the Chicago World Exposition. Mary
Henderson is best known for the temporary naming and development of the
“Avenue of the Presidents,” or the conversion of 16th Street into the home of the
President’s Executive Mansion as well as regal estates for diplomats and
ambassadors. The street name was changed to Avenue of the Presidents for about a
year, but was changed back after neighborhood protest. More importantly, however,
the elite neighborhood Henderson imagined brought money and prosperity to the
Mount Pleasant area.xxiii
The development of transportation down 16th Street the “the hub of business
activity.”xxiv As such, the movement of people up and down 16th Street was
motivated by the entrance to Rock Creek Park on the far end of the Mount Pleasant
neighborhood. The shift of emphasis from 14th Street to 16th Street “destroyed social
routines, reorganized its commercial patterns, tightened its boundaries and boosted
its real estate value.”
xxv
With the inclusion of the street transportation, the
widening and development along 16th Street, and the growing appreciation for
green spaces within the District of Columbia at large, Mount Pleasant saw a major
opportunity for community and residential development.
The Mount Pleasant neighborhood flourished under the new transportation
developments. Now that people would travel easily from downtown to the
neighborhood, families increasingly moved to the area. The greater District of
Columbia area saw increases in population from 1900-1920 as well, causing urban
housing to become cramped. Families who could afford to move into the suburban
neighborhoods continued to do so.xxvi As Mary Foote Henderson was working to
improve her corner of Mount Pleasant, the neighborhood at large was working in
earnest to further improve the civic life of its residents. The homogenization of DC
suburbs in general and Mount Pleasant in specific coincided well with the City
Beautiful movement that was occurring across the nation and in the capital as
well.xxvii
During the early 20th century, Washington blossomed and its citizens were
“buoyed on by feelings of grandeur, pride and satisfaction in potential of their city as
a true “City Beautiful.”xxviii The new influx of residents to Mount Pleasant was
especially civic minded, and in 1910 they formed the Mount Pleasant Citizens’
Association. The group’s projects over the following decade focused on such things
as purchasing land for parks, constructing schools, such as Bancroft Elementary,
orphanages and women’s centers such as the House of Mercy, and the incorporation
of the Carnegie Foundation’s fiscal gift for the construction of the Mount Pleasant
branch of the Washington DC Public Library.xxix Its namesake, Andrew Carnegie,
funded the Carnegie Foundation as a way to construct buildings and institutions
dedicated to public learning.xxx
The period of 1900-1925 saw major architectural developments in forming
Mount Pleasant as it is known today. As money continued to shift out of crowded
DC housing, land became more in demand, thus more expensive in Mount Pleasant,
leaving development to those whom could best afford it. The result of this shift in
money was magnificent homes and estates, especially on what is now the historic
1800 block of Park Avenue, including the Adams house at 1801 Park Road designed
by Frederick Pyle, and the Kraemer house, which will end up being a racially
important home in the neighborhood.xxxi As the neighborhood continued to rise in
elite status, luxury hotels and apartments, such as the Kenesaw, became
increasingly important to visiting diplomats and local wealthy members of society.
As evident from the exponential growth of the first quarter of the century in
Mount Pleasant, the neighborhood was growing almost beyond its needs. The
beginning of World War 2 compounded this even further. The District of Columbia,
as a city that thrives under national times of war and crisis, began to have dramatic
problems with overcrowding and the erosion of public homes as people rushed to
the city to pick up government jobs and civil service position.xxxii People were
flocking to the District as recruitment and wartime effort hit high levels. The
District, overall, was also seeing a major increase in women workers. All of these
new residents of the District needed places to live, and the housing crisis bubbled
over from the city center to surrounding neighborhoods such as Mount Pleasant.
The Housing Crisis resulted in a major increase in row homes and apartment
buildings in the area.xxxiii
After the war, the city remained overcrowded and housing scarce. In 1948,
the Supreme Court declared racially restrictive housing covenants unconstitutional
under the 14th Amendment, meaning that house and apartment owners could not
discriminate against renting or selling their property to black people.xxxiv This began
a major influx of black families moving into previously all-white neighborhoods,
such as Mount Pleasant. In 1950, the family of Dr. Robert Deane, a prestigious
professor and doctor at Howard University, moved into the Kraemer home at 1801
Park Road. The daughter of the Kraemer family violated her own family’s housing
covenant and sold the property through a straw man, or a third party. White
neighbors in the area sued to stop the sale, but the judge threw the case out.xxxv
Similarly, after the Supreme Court decision in 1954’s landmark Brown vs. Board of
Education, “real estate agents began showing Mount Pleasant homes to African
American families relocating from Brookland, Foggy Bottom, and other parts of the
city.”xxxvi The result was Mount Pleasant’s own case of “White Flight,” in which white
families moved from city limits to suburban areas of Virginia and Maryland.
The racial tensions of Mount Pleasant and the city of DC were reflections of
countrywide feelings.
These mounted and came to a head during the 1968
Washington riots in protest of the Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination. After the
riots, the neighborhood saw a severe drop in rent prices as the area became less in
demand. As an example of the changes happening within the Mount Pleasant region,
a glance at the census data from the 1960s and 1970s demonstrate the dramatic
shift in racial groups. The 1960 Census reported that in Mount Pleasant, of 11,554
residents, 8,445 or 73 percent were white. By 1970, the white population had done
a complete reversal and was at 32 percent of all residents in the Mount Pleasant
neighborhood.xxxvii
As the rents continued to drop, minorities and young professionals began to
take advantage of the “bargain” district. The increase in young white professionals
in the area, who were looking for cheap rent, reversed the previous outflow of white
residents to the area. The US Census reported that by 1980, the percentages had
shifted to 35 percent white and 49 percent black.
xxxviii
The remaining population
was largely of Hispanic descent.xxxix
The low rent prices of the area attracted many Latino residents to the area,
and by the early 1980s, Mount Pleasant had a full-fledged Hispanic population. The
first bodega of the neighborhood, Casa Dilone, saw huge successes and encouraged
other Spanish-speaking residents to create businesses much like those they had in
their home countries.xl Mount Pleasant became a barrio of sorts, and major Hispanic
rights leaders such Carlos Rosario became spokespeople for the Hispanic
population, which was greatly underrepresented. Carlos Rosario represents a
common story of many transplant residents from Central America. Rosario was
born in Puerto Rico and moved to Washington DC in and joined the Department of
Health, Education and Welfare.xli Rosario was moved to represent the Hispanic
community and “embarked on a mission to establish organizations to meet those
needs, and did so with great success and dedicated leadership.”xlii Rosario eventually
became the namesake for the Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School in
Washington, DC.xliii The largest contingent of Latin American group to move to the
District in the 1970s was El Salvadorans, who moved after the Salvadoran civil
war.xliv Despite activists in the area, the tensions continued to grow between
Hispanic residents and the city enforcement, such as police and lawmakers, as
residents felt they had no voice in the community and no proper methods of
communication.xlv
The 1970s and 1980s in Mount Pleasant saw a unique struggle between
those long-time residents who were focused on preserving the historic quality of the
neighborhood and the newer residents, who were greatly in need of housing codes
and civil protection. The neighborhood association focused on getting historic
status for the neighborhood, which they did in 1985. Meanwhile, the Hispanic
population was getting silenced, and the Latino community’s desperation came to
the forefront in a 1986 blaze. A fire tore through an Irving Street apartment complex
and killed 9 Latino residents. The small apartment was housing 16 people
altogether and failed to meet building codes.xlvi
The fire put a story to the struggle among DC authorities, civil associations,
and Latino residents. The Tensions continued to mount and finally erupted one
night in May 1991 when rumors spread that an unarmed Hispanic man was shot
and killed during an altercation with police. Riots broke out and protestors stormed
the streets. Over 400 youths filled the Mount Pleasant streets, and over 600 people
raged for a second night.xlvii
The United States Commission on Civil Rights issued its Mount Pleasant
report, which was an investigation of Hispanic treatment by police and government
officials. The results found that Hispanics were not being treated with equal justice
and they were not receiving proportional amounts of public services. The report
noted that though the city is “surrounded by one of the richest metropolitan areas in
the country, Washington DC has many residents suffering from economic
deprivation. In the mid-1980s, roughly one-half of the households in the District of
Columbia had annual earnings below $20,000 and one fifth below $10,000.”xlviii
Given that the disparity between rich and poor was growing city wide, the Mount
Pleasant report initiated many changes in the neighborhood specifically and in the
city overall. As a result of the report, actions were taken to improve the living
conditions for Hispanics in the area, including providing government documents in
Spanish and English.xlix
Table 1.1: Population of the District of Columbia by Race and
Ethnicity, 1980 and 1990l
1980
1990
RACE
Number
Percentage
Number
Percentage
Non-Hispanic
164,244
25.7
166,131
27.4
445,154
69.7
395,213
65.1
Hispanics
17,679
2.8
32,710
5.4
Other
11,256
1.8
12,846
2.1
Total
638,333
100
606,900
100
Whites
Non-Hispanic
Blacks
With the increased efforts in civil services and neighborhood appreciation,
Mount Pleasant experienced overall increases in activities relating to art, culture
and the diversity of the area.
Websites such as hearmountpleasant.org and
mtpleasantmainstreet.org popped up, showcasing the nightlife and cultural events
and people of the neighborhood. However, as the community development has
occurred and quality of life improved, rents have begun to rise again, causing a sort
of “regentrification” process. Data from the United States Census Bureau
demonstrates that the neighborhood population of Mount Pleasant gentrifying.li
From a study on the gentrification process occurring in Mount Pleasant,
researcher Kristin Hanaoka notes:
Mount Pleasant is no exception when addressing the issue of displacement.
African American Non-Hispanics are being pushed out of the area, evidenced
by the shift in racial composition. One such benefit of gentrification is that
the area is being renewed and revitalized, through reinvestment of the area.
For example there are parts of Mount Pleasant now deemed as ‘Historical’ in
which tourists and revenue will increase to the area. The impact of such is
that it allows for historical preservation of an area that has gone through
massive turmoil. Further, services provided within the area increase in
quality, thereby improving the life of residents within the area.lii
Through this gentrification process, the neighborhood of Mount Pleasant has
been experiencing increasing rent prices and a large increase in nightlife and
entertainment venues, as well as encouragement for young people to appreciate the
neighborhood.liii Much like its neighbor Adams Morgan, Mount Pleasant is often
noted in the “Going out Gurus” section of the Washington Post, a section dedicated to
the best nightlife in the District and new and upcoming restaurants.liv
From its inception, Mount Pleasant has been a neighborhood dedicated to its
citizens and its own identity within the large framework of the District of Columbia.
Mount Pleasant has experienced large changes of population, often reflecting major
national movements. As such, the movements of large groups of people in and out
of the city led to the Mount Pleasant riots, and subsequently the re-gentrification of
the area. Despite the re-gentrification process, Mount Pleasant remains one of the
most integrated in the District. Michelle Obama visited Bancroft Elementary in 2009
as part of a health education outreach project, indicating the importance of the area
within the nation’s capital.lv
Despite years of changes, Mount Pleasant has created a distinct identity and
its residents have displayed loyalty to the area throughout time. Residents can
browse through the Farmer’s Market in the summer, grab an empanada in the
bodega district, stroll past beautiful historical homes, and trace the route of the
District’s first suburban streetcar. This unmatched blend of time, history, culture,
diversity, and residential participation make Mount Pleasant a truly unique
neighborhood within this nation’s capital city.lvi
Photo Index: Mount Pleasant History in Images
1. Mount Pleasant Hospital; Army Hospital in Mount Pleasant area during Civil War.
Photograph division, Historical Society of Washington D.C. 1863-1867. Call no. CHS
05982
2. Samuel P. Brown; originally from the Library of Congress, borrowed from
Cherkasky, Mara. (2007). Mount Pleasant. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. P. 17.
3. Maps of Mount Pleasant. Original drawings by Samuel Brown. Library of
Congress, Geography and Maps Division.
4. Mount Pleasant School; original from Charles Sumner School Museum and
Archives. Cherkasky, Mara. (2007). Mount Pleasant. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. P.
22.
5. Ingleside Elevation; The Atheneaum of Philadelphia
6. Mount Pleasant Streetcar. Washingtoniana Division, Washington DC Public Library.
Mount Pleasant vertical file.
7. Lamont Park (on “The Loop” of the 42nd Streetcar Route). Historical Society of
Washington, D.C.; Mount Pleasant vertical file.
8. Breuninger House on the corner of 18th Street and Park Road NW; Historical
Society of Washington, D.C. 1907. Call number CHS 01365.
9. Sacred Heart Church. Sacred Heart Church at 16th Street and Park Road NW. View
to northeast. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. Photograph by John P. Wymer.
October 28, 1948. Call number WY 0945.22
10. Executive Mansion. Pelz, Paul. Sketches of the Proposed Executive Mansion. 1901.
Library of Congress, Print and Photograph Division.
11. Charles Kraemer House. Charles Kraemer House, 1841 Park Road Northwest.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Author: Historic American
Buildings Survey, creator. Call Number: SOUTH FRONT HABS DC, WASH, 457-1.
12. Sixteenth Street. Aerial view south along the Sixteenth Street Axis from Mount
Pleasant. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Call number:
HABS DC, WASH, 635-4.
13. Mount Pleasant Branch of the Washington D.C. Public Library. Mt. Pleasant
Branch Library on the southwest corner of 16th and Lamont Streets NW. John Mymer.
Call number WY 0920.21
14. Kenesaw Apartment Building. The Kenesaw Building, Mount Pleasant. Mount
Pleasant vertical file. Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
15. Mount Pleasant Streetcar. Washington, D.C. Shoppers boarding Mount Pleasant
car at 7th and F Streets, N.W. Historical Society of Washington D.C. Photograph by
Ferrell, John. April 1942. Call number: LC-USF34- 011487-D [P&P] | LC-USF34011487-D (b&w film neg.)
16. Mount Pleasant Streetcar. Rebuilding Place in the Urban Space (website).
Photograph by Joe Testagrose as posted by Richard Layman.
17. Heller’s Bakery. Family Ran Popular Bakery in Mount Pleasant. Washington Post.
Printed Friday, July 24, 2009. (Family Photo. )
18. Mount Pleasant Riots. Mount Pleasant Riots 0040. Flickr photosharing by
secorlew. May 6, 1991.
19. Fiesta DC 2010. Schlonsky, Matt. American Way of Life Magazine. 28 September
2010.
20. Modern Mount Pleasant. Mt. Pleasant neighborhood, located on Mt. Pleasant St.
near intersection with Kilbourne Pl., NW, Washington, D.C. Photograph by Carol
Highsmith, 2010. Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
Sanchez, Carlos (1991-05-07), "Dixon Imposes Curfew on Mt. Pleasant Area As
Police, Youths Clash for a Second Night", The Washington Post: A1
ii Sanchez, Rene (1991-05-08), "Curfew Leaves Mt. Pleasant Area Quieter", The
Washington Post: A1
iii Ibid.
iv Mount Pleasant Historic District Brochure. (2000). D.C. Historic Preservation
Office. Washington, D.C., p. 1.
v Ibid.
vi Ibid.
vii Low, Linda and Howard Gilette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 132.
viii Mount Pleasant, Inc. (1985). Application for the creation of the Mount Pleasant
Historic District under D.C. Law 2-l44. p. 7.
ix Ibid.
x “Thomas Ustick Walter.” (2010). Architects of the Capitol. Retrieved from:
http://www.aoc.gov/aoc/architects/walter.cfm.
xi Mount Pleasant, Inc. (1985). Application for the creation of the Mount Pleasant
Historic District under D.C. Law 2-l44. p. 7.
xii Ibid.
xiii Mount Pleasant Historic District Brochure. (2000). D.C. Historic Preservation
Office. Washington, D.C., p. 3.
xiv Mount Pleasant, Inc. (1985). Application for the creation of the Mount Pleasant
Historic District under D.C. Law 2-l44. p. 9.
xv Low, Linda and Howard Gilette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 134.
xvi Mount Pleasant Historic District Brochure. (2000). D.C. Historic Preservation
Office. Washington, D.C., p. 2.
xvii Ibid.
xviii Low, Linda and Howard Gilette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 134.
xix Ibid.
xx Ibid.
xxi Ibid.
xxii Low, Linda and Howard Gilette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 134.
i
Class Notes: (2010). CCTP 650. Professor Marefat. Architecture as Visual
Narrative: Capital Culture – Cultural Capital. Georgetown University,
Washington, D.C.
xxiv Mount Pleasant, Inc. (1985). Application for the creation of the Mount Pleasant
Historic District under D.C. Law 2-l44. p. 18.
xxv Ibid
xxvi Low, Linda and Howard Gilette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 135.
xxvii Low, Linda and Howard Gilette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 136.
xxviii Mount Pleasant, Inc. (1985). Application for the creation of the Mount Pleasant
Historic District under D.C. Law 2-l44. p. 19.
xxix Mount Pleasant Historic District Brochure. (2000). D.C. Historic Preservation
Office. Washington, D.C., p. 6
xxx Class Notes: (2010). CCTP 650. Professor Marefat. Architecture as Visual
Narrative: Capital Culture – Cultural Capital. Georgetown University,
Washington, D.C.
xxxi Low, Linda and Howard Gillette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 135.
xxxii Ibid.
xxxiii Ibid.
xxxiv Low, Linda and Howard Gillette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 136.
xxxv Low, Linda and Mara Cherkasky (1988). Historic Mount Pleasant in Kathryn
Schneider Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of
Neighborhoods in the Nation's Capital . Northridge, California: Windsor
Publications. Chapter 12.
xxxvi Low, Linda and Howard Gillette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn Schneider
Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in
the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 11,
p. 135.
xxxvii Ibid.
xxxviii Low, Linda and Howard Gillette, Jr. (2010). Mount Pleasant in Kathryn
Schneider Smith (Ed.) Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of
Neighborhoods in the Nation's Capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press. Chapter 11, p. 136.
xxxix Ibid.
xxiii
“D.C. Neighborhoods Pace Out Their History.” (November 2006). The Washington
Times. Retrieved from:
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/nov/15/20061115-1051067381r/
xli “History of the Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School.” (2010).
Retrieved from: http://www.carlosrosario.org/about/history/
xlii Ibid.
xliii Ibid.
xliv Cherkasky, Mara. (2007). Mount Pleasant: Images of America. Charleston, South
Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
xlv Aizenman, N.C. (February 2, 2008). “Mount Pleasant’s Growing Pain.” The
Washington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/02/01/AR2008020103463_2.html
xlvi “Brookland Fatal Fire Fits Pattern of Deadliest Fires in Nation’s Capital.”
(November 2008). WUSA News. Retrieved from:
http://www.wusa9.com/rss/local_article.aspx?storyid=80077
xlvii Lewis, Nancy. May 6, 1991. “D.C. Neighborhood Erupts After Officer Shoots
Suspect” The Washington Post: A1.
xlviii US Commission of Civil Rights. Racial and ethnic tensions on American
communities: poverty, inequality, and discrimination: v. 1: The Mount Pleasant
Report. The Commission of Civil Rights, 1993. p.9.
xlix US Commission of Civil Rights. Racial and ethnic tensions on American
communities: poverty, inequality, and discrimination: v. 1: The Mount Pleasant
Report. The Commission of Civil Rights, 1993. p.9
l Ibid.
li Hanaoka, Kristin. (2007). Gentrification and Degentrification: A Case study of Mount
Pleasant and the Woodland Cluster. American University Thesis, p. 32.
lii Hanaoka, Kristin. (2007). Gentrification and Degentrification: A Case study of Mount
Pleasant and the Woodland Cluster. American University Thesis, p. 79.
liii Hughes, Leonard. (October 21, 1993). “Young Impressions of Mount Pleasant.” The
Washington Post. C2.
liv Hahn, Fritz. (2010). “New on the Scene.” The Washington Post. Retrieved from:
http://voices.washingtonpost.com/goingoutgurus/2010/10/new_on_the_sc
ene_pizzeria_para.html
lv “About this Area: Mount Pleasant.” (2009). The Washington Post. Retrieved from:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/neighborhoods/Mount+Pleasant,+DC-neighborhood-details.html
lvi Doyle, Kathleen. Personal Interview. December 1, 2010.
xl
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